Mangrove Charcoal Research Articles

Identifikasi Tumbuhan Mangrove di Hutan Lindung Padu Empat-Lebak Kerawang Desa Batu Ampar Kabupaten Kubu Raya

Mangroves in Batu Ampar Village, West Kalimantan Province are under threat of damage because they are used as various commercial purposes by the local community such as logging mangrove trees for the mangrove charcoal industry. Mangroves have a vital functions for the environment, so that mangrove conservation is necessary. One of the mangrove conservation efforts is to know the types of mangrove plants in an area. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of mangrove plants and categorize into major, minor and associated mangroves found in the Padu Empat-Lebak Kerawang Protection Forest, Batu Ampar Village, West Kalimantan. Data collection used a survey method with a zig-zag cruising technique. There were 3 routes used in this research. The herbarium was made to facilitate the identification of mangrove plants. The identification results showed that there were 7 species of mangrove which included in 5 families: Rhizophoraceae, Arecaceae, Meliaceae, Pteridaceae, and Moraceae. The seven species found were divided into 3 mangrove groups, namely 4 major mangroves including Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Nypa fruticans; 2 minor mangroves including Xylocarpus granatum and Acrostichum speciosum, and 1 associated mangrove, namely Ficus retusa.

Mangrove Rehabilitation and Brachyuran Crab Biodiversity in Ranong, Thailand

Mangroves rehabilitated after deforestation by commercial exploitation must be monitored to confirm that key ecosystem functions are being restored. Brachyuran crabs are conspicuous mangrove macrofauna and were selected as potential indicators of ecosystem recovery. A deforested former mangrove charcoal concession area in Ranong was rehabilitated by planting Rhizophora (1994), Bruguiera and Ceriops (1995) seedlings in single-species blocks. A second area, deforested and heavily degraded by tin mining, was rehabilitated with R. mucronata in 1985. Crabs at these sites were compared with those in a mixed-species conservation forest. Timed collections were made in 1999, 2008 and 2019 to compare crab diversity and relative abundance between sites and years. Thirty-three brachyuran crab species were recorded. Fiddler crabs (Austruca triangularis, Tubuca rosea) and the signal crab, Metaplax elegans, were most abundant, followed by sesarmid crabs (15 species). Species composition differed significantly between sites but not between the four planted tree species blocks. We propose Metaplax elegans as an indicator of ecological development in low-lying/newly formed sediments; fiddler crabs as equivalent indicators in young mangrove plantations/open forest habitats; and a diverse sesarmid community to indicate ecological functioning in older plantations/dense forests.

Actor’s Social Actions and Their Dynamics in The Social System: A Case Study of Traditional Charcoal-Making Business in The Livelihood of The Akit Community

The Akit community generally uses mangrove wood as raw material for charcoal. The purpose of this study was to analyze (a) the development of the charcoal-making business, (b) the type of social action in the Akit community's charcoal-making business, and (c) the dynamics of the charcoal-making business. This research was conducted using an ethnographic approach. The results: from the 1980s to 1994, production was initially regulated solely to meet local needs. In the era of 1995 to 2005, it experienced a high market demand for mangrove charcoal along with a flourishing business network with Malaysian toke. After 2005 the charcoal business dimmed again due to government regulations. The actors involved in the charcoal business are workers, owners of very small panglongs, and owners of small panglongs (tokes). The social action run the panglong business as an effort to meet their family needs, and thus they worked based on instrumental rationality. These charcoal-making entrepreneurs operated their businesses based on instrumental and traditional actions. The social action of the toke actor is instrumental rationality and value-oriented rationality. The dynamics of the charcoal business in the Akit community have experienced ups and downs.

Preparation and Characterization of Mangrove (Rizhopora Mucronata) Charcoal-Epoxy Polymer Composite

Composite materials have been widely developed and applied for various purposes. Polymer composites have excellent properties on mechanical strength and chemical resistance. This study aims to determine the strength of composite made of mangrove charcoal and epoxy since mangrove charcoal has a good character and is abundantly available. The mangrove charcoal was added into the epoxy-hardener matrix with a volume fraction of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The charcoal size was 40, 60, and 100 mesh. The highest tensile strength was found with a volume fraction of 10% with an average of 19.33 N/mm 2 at a size variation of 100 mesh mangrove charcoal. The highest elongation at break was found with a volume fraction of 10% with an average of 5.233% at 100 mesh mangrove charcoal size.

The Capability of Mangrove Charcoal in Adsorption Process of Indigosol Substance in Wastewater of Batik Industry

The development of the textile industry has had a positive impact on economic growth in Indonesia. Batik is one of the products of the textile industry that is proliferating in Indonesia. Dyes are the main ingredients in the textile and batik industrial process. One of the dyes used is indigosol, and about 15% of the total dyes used will result in industrial liquid waste. The presence of these dyes can damage the water and soil ecosystems. Liquid sewage treatment is needed to minimize the amount of contamination against groundwater and surface water. A standard method used in the handling of liquid waste is by adsorption process with various adsorbents. Commonly used adsorbents are silica gel, activated alumina, zeolite, polymer, and activated carbon. Activated charcoal from mangroves becomes an alternative to natural adsorbents with a large surface area. The ability of activated charcoal as an adsorbent was the focus of this study, both by the activation process by Fe cations and the addition of hydrogen peroxide activators. Characterization using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer is performed to see changes in indigosol concentration during the adsorption process. Results have shown that charcoal with Fe and H2O2 give a better performance on adsorption of indigosol than pure charcoal. Removal of indigosol by charcoal + Fe and H2O2 can reach 51%.

Pengaruh Media Arang Kayu Bakau Mangrove Dan Arang Kayu Asam Pada Proses Perlakuan Carburizing Terhadap Sifat Mekanik Baja Karbon ST-37

In the military field, tank is armored fighting vehicles that move using chain-shaped wheels. The tread of the tank chain is a component to tread and move so that it requires tougher properties on the surface and has ductile and tough properties on the inside and is more resistant to wear on the surface. The development of tank chain production materials is necessary for the independence of national defense and security as well as reducing dependence on imports. Imported tank chain hardness value 28 HRC or 286 HV.
 In this research, the objective of this research is to increase the surface hardness of the steel by carburizing the initial material, especially the low carbon steel ST-37. The carburizing treatment process is a method of adding carbon content in steel using solid media. The carbon media used were mangrove charcoal and tamarind wood charcoal using calcium carbonate (CaCO3) catalyst at a constant heating temperature of 900ºC, variations in holding time of 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes, cooled rapidly with water media. Then performed an analysis of the effect of the type of wood charcoal on the mechanical properties of carbon steel ST-37. The results obtained will be applied to the tank chain tread production process.
 The results of the micro structure of martensite and the highest hardness value were found in the holding time of 60 minutes of mangrove charcoal media with the microstructure results of 63.8% martensite, 36.2% bainite and a hardness value of 453.1 HV. The highest toughness value is found in the holding time of 60 minutes of tamarind wood charcoal media with an impact price (HI) of 0.4345 J/mm2. The difference between the impact test results of tamarind charcoal media with mangroves is not too significant. The higher the martensite phase, the higher the hardness value. However, there is also a bainite phase which can increase the toughness of the steel which will be used as a tread chain production material.

Analysis mixed characterization of Kalimantan coal and mangrove wood charcoal character as briquette raw material

This study using three types of coal from East Kalimantan and South Sulawesi Mangrove Wood Charcoal which consisted of various compositions. In sample analysis using analysis, namely: proximate, ultimate, and calorific value. Proximate analysis: ash content, volatile matter, moisture content, fixed carbon; ultimate analysis: carbon and sulfur content and the calorific value using the bomb calorimeter method. The results of the proximate analysis showed that the fixed carbon content was obtained in the mixture of MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 52.45%, while the lowest was obtained at IC 100% = 32.86%; The highest volatile matter was obtained at KJA 100% = 44.23%, the lowest was at MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 31.90%, the highest ash content was IC 100% = 9.14% the lowest was at MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 5.94% and the highest moisture content was seen at IC 100% = 15.17% but MWC 75% + IC 25% = 9.52%. The results of the ultimate analysis showed that the lowest sulfur content was in the mixed variation of MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 0.168%, while the highest sulfur content was obtained at IC 100% = 0.874%. However, it was still in the low sulfur category <1. The highest calorific value is obtained by varying the composition at MWC 75% + IC 25% = 5919 cal/gram, while the lowest was obtained at KJA 100% = 4913 cal/gram. So based on this research, the addition of mangrove charcoal is very good for increasing the calorific value.

Highly competitive multicomponent adsorption of organic and heavy metals using activated mangrove charcoal

Highly competitive multicomponent adsorption of organic and heavy metals using activated mangrove charcoal

Effect of the presence of metals on the adsorption and desorption of phenol on activated mangrove charcoal

Effect of the presence of metals on the adsorption and desorption of phenol on activated mangrove charcoal

Assessing of cesium removal from wastewater using functionalized wood cellulosic adsorbent

Sustainable materials are urgently desired for treatment of radioactive cesium (Cs) contaminated water to safe-guard the public health. Apart from the synthetic ligand-based materials, the Mangrove charcoal modified adsorbent was fabricated for assessing of Cs removal from waste sample. The raw charcoal was oxidized using nitrification approach and diverse oxygen containing carboxyl, carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups were introduced. After modification, the adsorbent characteristics were drastically changed as compared to the charcoal during the measurement of FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and SEM micrographs. The data clarified that charcoal modified adsorbent was exhibited high Cs transport through the inner surface of the adsorbent based on bonding ability. The adsorbent was shown comparatively slow kinetics to Cs ion; however, the adsorption capacity was high as 133.54 mg/g, which was higher than the crown ether based conjugate materials. The adsorption data were followed to the Langmuir adsorption isotherms and the monolayer coverage was possible due to the data presentation. The presence of high amount of Na and K were slightly interfered to the Cs adsorption by the charcoal modified adsorbent, however; the Na and K concentration was 350–600 folds higher than the Cs concentration. Then the proposed adsorbent was selective to Cs for the potential real radioactive Cs contaminated water. The volume reduction was established rather than desorption and reuses advantages. More than 99% volume reduction was measured by burning of Cs adsorbed adsorbent at 500 °C for ensuring the safe storage and disposal of used adsorbent. Therefore, the charcoal modified adsorbent may open the new door to treat the Cs containing wastewater.

The effect of the addition of mangrove wood charcoal to reduce sulfur content in coal

Coal in Sulawesi, especially in South Sulawesi, has several shortcomings since it contains sulfur and produces a high ash content that affects the environment. Desulphurization with High-Temperature Combustion Methods is a sulfur content analysis method using the SC-144DR Dual Range Sulfur Analyzer coal tool, which is one of the methods used to reduce sulfur in coal. Based on the results of the study, it was obtained: a mixture of coal with mangrove wood charcoal with the composition of 25% Sin coal + 75% MWC = 0.067% sulfur content, 50% Sin coal + 50% MWC = 0.089% sulfur content and 75% Sin coal + 25% MWC = 0.107% sulfur content. These results indicate that the more addition of mangrove charcoal, the lower sulfur content in the coal. Decreasing sulfur content can improve the quality of the coal produced, especially in combustion systems that affect the environment.

Analisa Pengaruh Arang Kayu Bakau, Arang Tempurung Kelapa Dan Arang Kayu Leban Pada Proses Pack Carburizing Terhadap Kekerasan Baja Karbon St 37

This research was conducted to determine the effect of variations in activated charcoal media and temperature variations on the price of rockwell hardness and the chemical composition of ST 37 steel in the carburizing process. The carburizing process is widely used to increase hardness and add carbon to steel which has a low hardness value and needs to be given special treatment to increase the hardness of the steel. In this study, the carburizing media used were mangrove charcoal, coconut shell charcoal, lebanese wood charcoal that had been made into powder and a mixture of BaCO3 as a catalyst. In this study, the carburizing process was carried out with temperature variations, namely 750 o C, 850 o C and 900 o C after reaching the desired temperature and then held with a holding time of 2 hours. The percentage of carbon absorption is more absorbed in lebanese charcoal at a temperature of 900 o C with the addition of carbon by 0.61%. Whereas for rockwell hardness testing the highest hardness value at 900oC was found in lebanese charcoal with a hardness value of 79.9 HRC.

The Production of Activated Carbon from Indonesian Mangrove Charcoal

Activated Carbon is an important material for purification, colour removal, adsorbent, and catalyst in the chemical industry. One of the iodine industries in East Java use active carbon as adsorbent that captures iodine from the solution. Indonesia still imports activated carbon despite the numerous raw materials of activated carbon in Indonesia. This research aims to determine the effect of the concentration of phosphoric acid (activating agent) and activation temperature on the production of activated carbon from mangrove charcoal. The activating agent used was phosphoric acid with 0.4-1.0 M and 2 hour immersion. The activation temperature was 650-725°C. The activated carbon of the research results was tested for its proximate level, iodine number, and specific surface area. The results showed that water content ranged from 0.11-0.38%, iodine number was around 769.075-1,019.087 mg/g. The highest iodine number was 1,019.87 mg/g and the surface area of 354.977 m2/g that occurred at 725 °C with activator concentration of 1 M. Proximate analysis, iodine number, and specific surface area of activated carbon from mangrove charcoal have met Indonesian National Standardization (SNI 06-3730-1995).

Removal of direct dyes from aqueous solution by adsorption onto the mangrove charcoal activated by microwave-induced phosphoric acid

Removal of direct dyes from aqueous solution by adsorption onto the mangrove charcoal activated by microwave-induced phosphoric acid

Factors governing cesium adsorption of charcoals in aqueous solution

Cesium adsorption by commercial charcoals was examined to elucidate the mechanisms for capturing cesium ions in aqueous solution. Changes in the adsorption ability of charcoals due to water extraction (water washing) were investigated to develop practical cesium adsorptives based on charcoal. The commercial charcoals examined included mangrove charcoal (MC) and ubamegashi (Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray) bincho charcoal (BC). Data from the two charcoals were compared with those of Japanese oak (Quercus serrata Thunb. and/or Quercus crispula Blume) charcoal (OC) reported previously. Aqueous cesium chloride solution (2.50 × 10−5 mol/L) was used as a sample solution for the adsorption study. Charcoal powder was used as an adsorbent after passing through a 60-mesh sieve. The powders were characterized using methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy. The results indicated that MC, which was manufactured at the lowest possible temperature and had the smallest specific surface area, possessed the greatest ability to adsorb cesium. The MC also had the great cesium-adsorption ability in weak acidic solution and maintained the ability even after lengthy extraction treatments.

Reduction of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of charcoal smoke during grilling by charcoal preparation using high carbonisation and a preheating step

ABSTRACTCharcoal-grilling may lead to contamination of food with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the grilling process. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of charcoal preparation on 16 USEPA priority PAHs in the smoke produced during the grilling process. Firstly, mangrove charcoal was prepared at carbonisation temperatures of 500, 750 and 1000°C. The charcoal were then preheated by burning at 650°C. This preheating step is usually used to prepare hot charcoal for the grilling process in the food industry. In this study, charcoal was preheated at different burning times at 5, 20 min and 5 h, at which time partial and whole charcoal glowed, and charcoal was completely burnt, respectively. Finally, PAHs in the smoke were collected and determined by GC/MS. The result showed that charcoal prepared at a carbonisation temperature of 500°C had higher levels of PAHs released into the smoke. In contrast, charcoal produced at 750 and 1000°C had lower PAHs released for all burning times. In addition, PAHs released for 5, 20 min and 5 h of burning time were about 19.9, 1.2 and 0.7 µg g−1 dry charcoal for charcoal produced at 500°C, and about 0.9–1.4, 0.8–1.2 and 0.15–0.3 µg g−1 dry charcoal for charcoal produced at 750 and 1000°C, respectively. Therefore, this research suggests that food grilled using charcoal carbonised at a high temperature of about 750°C presents a lower risk of PAH contamination. In addition, in the preheating step, whole charcoal should fully glow in order to reduce the PAH content in charcoal before grilling.

Microstructure of carbon derived from mangrove charcoal and its application in Li-ion batteries

In this study, the microstructure of mangrove-charcoal-derived carbon (MC) was studied using XRD, STM and TEM. MC was found to consist of aligned quasi-spherical structural units with diameters of around 5–20 nm. It shows typical hard carbon characteristics, including a strongly disoriented single graphene layer and BSU, formed by two or three graphene layers stacked nearly parallel. Some curved and faceted graphene layers, especially closed carbon nanoparticles with fullerene-like, were observed in the as-prepared samples. MC was also evaluated as an anodic material for Li-ion batteries. MC carbonized at 1000 °C possessed the highest available discharge capacity (below 0.5 V) of 335 mAh g −1, the high first-cycle coulombic efficiency of 73.7%, good rate and cyclic capability and PC-based electrolyte compatibility. 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of fully lithiated mangrove charcoal-derived carbons indicated the co-existence of three Li species.