Mangosteen Seedlings Research Articles

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Bawang Merah dan Kecambah dengan Pemberian Pupuk Cair Hayati terhadap Pertumbuhan Seedling Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.)

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) seeds from seed, or commonly called seedling, have relatively few lateral roots and are poor in root hairs so that their growth is slow (having a long juvenile period of up to 10-15 years). For this reason, it is necessary to make efforts so that mangosteen seedlings can have a good root system through the addition of natural growth regulators. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of red onion extract, a mixture of onion extract and mung bean sprouts combined with biological liquid fertilizer on the growth of mangosteen seedling. This research was carried out in the Horticulture FP greenhouse in March 2020–July 2020. This study was arranged in a factorial (3 x 2) in a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with three replications. The first factor was natural ZPT treatment: without extract, red onion extract 400 g/L, and mixed extract of onion 200 g/L and green bean sprouts 200 g/L. The second factor is the provision of biological fertilizers, namely without biological fertilizers and 15 ml/L). The results showed that the administration of mixed extracts of shallots and mung bean sprouts tended to have better growth which could be seen from the highest average value for the variable plant height 6.04 cm, stem diameter 2.93 mm, and the number of secondary roots. The mixed extract treatment of shallots and mung bean sprouts also increased the widest leaf area by a difference of 3.5 cm² compared to the control. Keywords : extract of shallot/ green bean sprout, growth regulator, mangosteen

Effect of 6-Benzylaminopurine and Honey for in Vitro Shoot Initiation of Mangosteen Seed Explant From Riau, Indonesia

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a tropical plant that has export value because it has a rich of antioxidant xanthone that can be used for medicine as an anti-cancer agent. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) from Riau, Indonesia has many superiorities such as grow in the marshes and tolerant to acid soil (peat soil). One of the alternative methods to produce large number and uniform mangosteen seedlings in a short period can be done using in vitro culture technique. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimal concentration of BAP and honey in shoot initiation of mangosteen explant from seed that had been divided into four parts and also to determine the best combination for initiation mangosteen shoots using in vitro method. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the concentration of BAP (3; 7 mg/l) and honey (3; 6; 9 ml/l) or in combination on MS medium with five replications. The result showed that the highest number of shoots (14.60) formed on MS medium supplement with 7 mg/l BAP + 3 ml/l honey. The combination between 3 mg/l BAP + 3 ml/l honey produced the tallest shoots (5.10 cm) and the highest number of leaves (3.20 leaves) on MS medium supplement with 3 mg/l BAP + 9 ml/l honey. In this study, we have successfully presented the effect of 6-benzyl amino purine and honey for in vitro shoots initiation from mangosteen seed explant (Garcinia mangostana L.) which taken from Riau Indonesia.

Humic acids from vermicompost positively influence the nutrient uptake in mangosteen seedlings1

ABSTRACT The application of growth promoting substances, such as humic acids, during the formation of fruit seedlings can benefit growth and increase the plant nutrient uptake and translocation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of humic acid doses (0 mg L-1, 2 mg L-1, 20 mg L-1, 40 mg L-1 and 200 mg L-1) extracted from vermicompost of sugarcane filter cake on the nutrient uptake of seminal mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 7 replicates for each treatment. The application of humic acids promoted curvilinear increments with quadratic rates for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S contents from shoots and roots, as well as quadratic increments in the Zn and Mn uptake by shoots. The application of humic acids increased the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents and reduced the carotenoid content. Overall, the regression analysis demonstrated that a dose of 150 mg L-1 is capable of providing the most adequate nutrient uptake by plants, and should be recommended for the production of mangosteen seedlings. Humic acids from vermicompost can provide a better nutrition in mangosteen seedlings at the nursery stage.

Substrate and quality mangosteen seedlings

Abstract An obstacle to the production of mangosteen seedlings (Garcinia mangostana L.) is the long nursery time of approximately two years. Among other factors, the identification of a suitable substrate for seedling production from this species is a preponderant factor to reduce nursery time. This study aimed to evaluate the growth of seminal mangosteen seedlings grown in four different substrate compositions. Growth rate was determined using the following variables: stem diameter, plant height, stem dry mass, leaf dry mass, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass and Dickson Quality Index (DQI). The substrate S1 (sphagnum turf and vermiculite) was superior to substrates S2 (pinus bark and vermiculite), S3 (pinus bark and coconut fiber) and S4 (soil) in all evaluated parameters. The principal component analysis separated the treatments into three response groups, in which S1 exerted the greatest influence on the growth variables, concluding that this one of the substrates tested was the most adequate for the formation of mangosteen seedlings.

Growth and quality of mangosteen seedlings (Garcinia mangostana L.) in response to the application of humic acids

Abstract The time of formation of mangosteen seedlings propagated by seeds can be considered as the biggest difficulty in the seedling production system of this species. Considering that the use of humic acids as a growth promoter has been well documented in some species, the objective of this work was to evaluate the growth of mangosteen seedlings in response to the application of humic acid (HA) doses extracted from vermicompost (0; 2; 20; 40; 200 mg C L-1). Growth rate was determined using the following variables: stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem dry matter, leaf dry matter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter and Dickson quality index . The dose 150 mg C L-1 was the one that approached the maximum values and therefore should be recommended for the production of seedlings. The results at 240 days after planting (DAP) showed that the HA increased the growth of mangosteen seedlings, helping to reduce the time of seedling formation under conditions for permanent planting.

The Relationship between Transpiration and Calcium Fertilization on Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Seedlings

The availability of nutrients in plants depends on the ability of plants to absorb nutrients from the soil. One of the processes absorbed by plants is by the presence of the transpiration process. Good transpiration will provide enough nutrients for plants which increase the productivity and quality of mangosteen. One of the quality standards of mangosteen fruit for export quality is the free from yellow sap contamination. It can be possible that transpiration can improve the quality of mangosteen fruit by applying fertilization. In this study Ca fertilization was carried out on mangosteen seeds, where this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of Ca uptake by mangosteen plants with the level of water loss by transpiration. This research was conducted in November 2016-March 2017 at the Leuwikopo Experimental Garden, Bogor Agricultural University. Morphological observations were carried out in its Experimental Garden and the Postharvest Laboratory whileanalysis of calcium content of plant tissue was done at the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University. Data obtained then were analyzed using ANOVA test. If the results were significant, Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was then tested at 0.05 probability level. The results revealed that the transpiration rate of mangosteen plants from several treatments showed a significant difference, the transpiration rate was higher, especially in fertilized plants. The size of the 12th leaf, plants treated with fertilizer have a larger size than the treatment without fertilization. Fertilizing and providing enough water can maintain the growth of the plants.

Morphological and histological changes during the somatic embryogenesis of mangosteen

Induction of somatic embryogenesis in leaf explants from young mangosteen seedlings using different concentrations and combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) was investigated. The best medium inducing the formation of globular structures (40 %) was Murashige and Skoog medium with 0.7 mg dm-3 BAP and 0.7 mg dm-3 TDZ. For their further development, subculturing onto different maturation media was carried out, but these globular structures did not develop futher stages of somatic embryogenesis. However, they developed shoots after 90 d of culture on the original medium. Morphological and histological analyses were performed, and showed that the globular structures resembled closely the undifferentiated structure of the mangosteen seed. We propose that the development of mangosteen somatic embryos does not follow the typical course of somatic embryogenesis, but the course of development that is natural for mangosteen seed, where procambium is the only structure observed and there is no differentiated embryo.

Evaluación de Promalina para promover el crecimiento en plántulas de mangostín.

La producción comercial de mangostín es limitada debido al extenso periodo juvenil que requiere el árbol para fructificar. Se estableció un experimento de campo para determinar el efecto de la Promalina en el crecimiento de plántulas de mangostín. Plántulas de alrededor de un año de edad fueron trasplantadas al campo en Santa Isabel, Puerto Rico. La Promalina se aplicó foliarmente a concentraciones de 0, 25, 50, 75,100 y 125 mg/L comenzando cuando las plántulas tenían 2.5 años de edad y luego cada 10 a 15 semanas por un periodo de casi un año. Las mediciones finales se realizaron 10 semanas después de la última aplicación de Promalina y 353 días después de iniciados los tratamientos, cuando las plántulas tenían 3.5 años de edad. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la altura de las plántulas, diámetro del tallo, ni en el número de hojas y número de ramas y hojas.

Indução de brotação apical em mudas provenientes de sementes e do enraizamento de estacas de mangostãozeiro

With the objective to induce apical bud sprouting in young mangosteen seedlings an experiment was carried out with the application of the plant growth regulators kinetin (0, 100 and 400 mg L-1) and gibberellin GA4+7 (50 mg L-1). To obtain rooted cuttings two other experiments were performed: a) application of indolbutyric acid at the concentrations of 0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg L-1 and b) application of α naphtaleneacetic acid, at 6000 mg L-1. In these trials cutting from orthotropic branches were utilized. The results indicated the possibility of using plant growth regulators to obtain more uniform root stocks in a shorter nursery stage and, despite the low percentage of rooting the planting material obtained from cuttings has a great practical potential, since the size of the rooting cuttings is equivalent to that of one year old seedlings.

Indução de brotação apical em mudas provenientes de sementes e do enraizamento de estacas de mangostãozeiro

With the objective to induce apical bud sprouting in young mangosteen seedlings an experiment was carried out with the application of the plant growth regulators kinetin (0, 100 and 400 mg L-1) and gibberellin GA4+7 (50 mg L-1). To obtain rooted cuttings two other experiments were performed: a) application of indolbutyric acid at the concentrations of 0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg L-1 and b) application of α naphtaleneacetic acid, at 6000 mg L-1. In these trials cutting from orthotropic branches were utilized. The results indicated the possibility of using plant growth regulators to obtain more uniform root stocks in a shorter nursery stage and, despite the low percentage of rooting the planting material obtained from cuttings has a great practical potential, since the size of the rooting cuttings is equivalent to that of one year old seedlings.

KEANEKARAGAMAN, PERSEBARAN, DAN POTENSI JENIS-JENIS Garcinia DI INDONESIA:

Indonesia has a high species richness of Garcinia (Garcinia spp.) and it is as a important basic materials for breeding of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Based on examination of herbarium collections and literature study, there are 64 species of Garcinia encountered in Indonesia. Twenty-five of which occur in Kalimantan, 22 species in Sumatera and Sulawesi respectively, 17 species in Moluccas and Papua respectively, 8 species in Java, and 5 species in Lesser Sunda Island. Six species of those are as cultivation plants (Garcinia atroviridis, G. beccari, G. dulcis, G. mangostana, G. nigrolineata and G. parviflora), 58 species as the wild plants, 22 species as edible fruits, and 21 species as timber plants. Some members of Garcinia, e.i. G. malaccensis, G. picrorhiza and G. beccari are reported as rootstock potential species to be wedge-grafting by mangosteen (G. mangostana) seedlings.

KEANEKARAGAMAN, PERSEBARAN, DAN POTENSI JENIS-JENIS Garcinia DI INDONESIA

Indonesia has a high species richness of Garcinia (Garcinia spp.) and it is as a important basic materials for breeding of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Based on examination of herbarium collections and literature study, there are 64 species of Garcinia encountered in Indonesia. Twenty-five of which occur in Kalimantan, 22 species in Sumatera and Sulawesi respectively, 17 species in Moluccas and Papua respectively, 8 species in Java, and 5 species in Lesser Sunda Island. Six species of those are as cultivation plants (Garcinia atroviridis, G. beccari, G. dulcis, G. mangostana, G. nigrolineata and G. parviflora), 58 species as the wild plants, 22 species as edible fruits, and 21 species as timber plants. Some members of Garcinia, e.i. G. malaccensis, G. picrorhiza and G. beccari are reported as rootstock potential species to be wedge-grafting by mangosteen (G. mangostana) seedlings.

Limitações nutricionais de mudas de mangostãozeiro

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar, por meio da análise foliar, as limitações nutricionais para produção de mudas de mangostãozeiro. Após 12 meses do plantio, em condições de viveiro, com sombreamento no início do desenvolvimento, foi observado amarelecimento progressivo das folhas novas, com diminuição significativa dos teores foliares de Fe e Mn. A aplicação de sulfato de manganês (0,8 mg L-1 de Mn) + 2,5 g L-1 de uréia, via foliar, não ocasionou recuperação da tonalidade verde do limbo foliar. Entretanto, com sulfato de ferro, na concentração de 0,8 mg L-1 de Fe + 2,5 g L-1 de uréia, houve aumento da pigmentação verde nas folhas, o que mostra a baixa eficiência do mangostãozeiro na absorção de Fe, apesar da alta concentração desse nutriente no terriço (223,7 mg dm-3). Isto indica a necessidade de aplicação suplementar de Fe, no substrato ou nas folhas, na fase de viveiro do mangostãozeiro.

Crecimiento y absorción de nutrientes en mangostín crecido bajo niveles de sombra

El mangostín es una fruta tropical con gran potencial económico. Sin embargo, su producción comercial es limitada debido al largo período juvenil que necesita antes de producir frutas por primera vez. Hay muy poca información sobre las mejores prácticas agronómicas para acelerar el crecimiento y desarrollo de plántulas de mangostín. Se establecieron dos experimentos de 22 meses de duración cada uno para determinar el efecto de varios niveles de sombra artificial y fertilización en el crecimiento de plántulas de mangostín. Las plántulas fueron crecidas bajo 0,30,50,70 y 90% sombra y recibieron 3,6 y 9 g por tiesto de un abono comercial con análisis 15-4.8-10.8% (N-P-K) a los tres, ocho y 15 meses después de la siembra. Las plántulas crecidas bajo 50% de sombra y fertilizadas con 9 g de abono acumularon una cantidad significativamente mayor de materia seca, desarrollaron tallos más gruesos y crecieron más altas que las plántulas con los otros tratamientos. Plantas crecidas a pleno sol apenas se desarrollaron o murieron.

Influence of irradiance on photosynthesis, morphology and growth of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) seedlings.

The influence of shading intensity on growth, morphology and leaf gas exchange of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) seedlings was investigated over a 2-year period. Diurnal gas exchange studies revealed significantly higher carbon gain for leaves grown in 20 or 50% shade compared to leaves grown in 80% shade. Seedlings grown in 20 or 50% shade accumulated significantly more dry weight than seedlings grown in 80% shade during the 2-year study period. Seedlings grown in decreased shade showed decreased leaf size, increased leaf thickness, lower specific leaf area (SLA) and higher stomatal frequency. Less shaded seedlings also allocated relatively more dry matter to roots than shaded seedlings and exhibited a significant reduction in leaf area relative to total plant dry weight (leaf area ratio). Increased leaf number, enhanced branching and shorter internodes resulted in a more compact appearance of less shaded seedlings. Irrespective of light conditions, mangosteen seedlings exhibited inherently slow growth because of low photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area, low SLA, low leaf area ratios and inefficient root systems.

Influence of applied plant growth regulators on bud dormancy and growth of mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.)

The influence of gibberellins A 3, A 4, A 4 + 7, 6-benzyladenine (BA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and GA 4 + 7 + BA on bud dormancy and growth of 1 to 3-year-old mangosteen seedlings (nursery stage) and 4-year-old orchard trees was examined. All plant growth regulators containing gibberellins were effective in overcoming bud dormancy, but only when application was applied directly to the bud. GA 4 + 7 + BA gave the best results (100% bud-break within a week), while BA was effective only in seedlings (less than 1 year old) which had not yet commenced to branch. NAA was ineffective. GA 4 + 7 + BA in lanolin applied to buds on 4-year-old field-grown trees significantly increased the number of new flushes as well as leaf area.

Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on the photosynthesis and early growth of mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.)

Mangosteen is a potentially important new crop for tropical northern Australia if its long establishment time can be substantially reduced. The effect of enriching the atmosphere with up to 1000 μbar CO 2 on the growth and photosynthesis of mangosteen seedlings was examined over the course of a year in an attempt to accelerate early plant development. It was initially found to be necessary to reduce photon irradiance from 450 to 200 μmol photons m −2 s −1 (400–700 nm) to overcome photoinhibition of photosynthesis, and to reduce CO 2 from 1000 to 800 μbar to encourage greening of newly formed leaves. A major effect of CO 2 enrichment was to stimulate earlier lateral branching which accelerated the development of leaf area and plant carbon gain. Photosynthetic rates of mangosteen leaves were found to be very low and the 800-μbar CO 2 atmosphere increased CO 2 fixation by 40–60% compared to control leaves measured at 400 μbar CO 2. As a result, total plant dry weight increased by 77%. The stimulatory effect of CO 2 was greatest on root and stem dry weight, which doubled. Although a smaller proportion of dry weight was partitioned into leaves compared with the control plants, CO 2 enrichment increased average leaf size by ∼ 10%, specific leaf dry weight by 17% and total leaf area by 28%. By comparison, plants from the same apomictic seedling population grown under shadehouse conditions in Darwin, Australia, developed more slowly, consistent with descriptions in the literature, and were substantially smaller and lower in dry weight compared to the plants grown under controlled conditions, even in the absence of CO 2 enrichment, and had not developed lateral branches by harvest time. Reasons for this difference are suggested which may enable improvement of the early growth of mangosteen plants under field nursery conditions.