Mangosteen Fruit Research Articles

α-Mangostin: A Xanthone Derivative in Mangosteen with Potent Anti-Cancer Properties.

α-Mangostin, a xanthone derivative extracted from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.), has garnered significant attention for its potential as a natural anti-cancer agent. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current literature on the anti-cancer properties of α-mangostin across various cancer types. Through an extensive analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies, this review elucidates the multifaceted mechanisms underlying α-mangostin's cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, and modulation of key cellular processes implicated in cancer progression in a diverse array of cancer cells. It causes mitochondrial dysfunction, activates caspases, and regulates autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress, enhancing its anti-cancer efficacy. Moreover, α-mangostin exhibits synergistic effects with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, suggesting its utility in combination therapies. The ability of α-mangostin to inhibit cell proliferation, modulate cell cycle progression, and induce apoptosis is linked to its effects on key signaling pathways, including Akt, NF-κB, and p53. Preclinical studies highlight the therapeutic potential and safety profile of α-mangostin, demonstrating significant tumor growth inhibition without adverse effects on normal cells. In summary, understanding the molecular targets and mechanisms of action of α-mangostin is crucial for its development as a novel chemotherapeutic agent, and future clinical investigations are warranted to explore its clinical utility and efficacy in cancer prevention and therapy.

A Dual Approach by Nanostructured α-Mangostin-Copper Oxide Complexes Against Dental Pathogen Biofilms and Oral Cancer via Apoptosis Gene Modulation.

The development of effective treatments for dental pathogens and oral cancer remains a significant challenge. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are recognized for their strong antimicrobial properties, attributed to the synthesis of oxygen-dependent radicals. α-Mangostin (MG), a natural xanthone from mangosteen fruit, is well-known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer potential. Antioxidant activity was assessed using superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical anion. The anticancer potential was evaluated by examining apoptosis induction in oral cancer cell lines, focusing on the expression of key apoptotic markers such as Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and FasL. Molecular docking simulations were performed to understand the interaction between MG and biofilm receptors. The CuO-MG NPs evidenced significant antimicrobial efficacy against all tested oral pathogens, with enhanced efficacy attributed to the combined effects of CuO-induced oxidative stress and the antimicrobial properties of MG. Molecular docking studies revealed strong binding affinities of MG to key biofilm receptors, disrupting pathogen adhesion and biofilm formation. CuO-MG NPs demonstrate synergistic antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, offering a potential approach for the management of oral infections and oral cancer. Further preclinical and clinical studies are recommended to ensure their safety and stability in medical applications.

Subchronic Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia Mangostana L.) on Kidney Function in Wistar Rats

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that possesses antioxidant, antibacterial, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. Before this, an acute toxicity test was conducted on the ethanol extract of mangosteen rind. However, further testing is required, specifically the subchronic toxicity test, to identify any hazardous effects that may not have been found in the previous study. The objective of this study is to evaluate the amount of toxicity based on the mortality rate, alterations in the relative weight of the kidneys, and changes in renal function as shown by levels of urea and creatinine. This study is an experimental investigation that employs the Post-test Only Control Group Design methodology, with a sample of 40 rats. The rats were categorized into two groups: the control group and the treatment group. The treatment group was divided into three subgroups, each receiving a dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight. The doses were 500 milligrams per kilogram and 1000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, respectively. The control group received simply water and feed. The duration of the treatment was 28 days. Observations were conducted over 28 days, which involved monitoring animal mortality. On the 29th day, a surgical procedure was carried out to assess the comparative weight of the kidneys and collect blood samples for analyzing the levels of urea and creatinine. The findings demonstrated no mortality in the test subjects, although there was an elevation in the relative mass of the kidneys and an increase in urea concentrations. The increase in urea levels was observed in female rats using the Kruskal–Wallis test (P = 0.019). The study was further conducted using the post-hoc Mann–Whitney test. Control female rats exhibited notable disparities when administered dosages of 250 mg/kgBW and 500 mg/kgBW. The repeated administration of an ethanolic extract derived from the peel of the mangosteen fruit had a detrimental impact on the functioning of the kidneys, as evidenced by a rise in urea concentrations. Keywords: mangosteen, toxicity test, subchronic, kidney

Updating the Pharmacological Effects of α-Mangostin Compound and Unraveling Its Mechanism of Action: A Computational Study Review.

α-Mangostin, initially identified in 1855, is a xanthone derivative compound predominantly located in the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L). This compound is known for its beneficial properties as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, still holding promise for potential benefits in other related pathologies. In the investigative process, computational studies have proven highly valuable in providing evidence and initial screening before progressing to preclinical and clinical studies. This review aims to present the pharmacological findings and mechanisms of action of α-mangostin based on computational studies. The compilation of this review is founded on the analysis of relevant articles obtained from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. The study commences with an elucidation of the physicochemical characteristics, drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity profile of α-mangostin, which demonstrates that α-mangostin complies with the Lipinski's Rule of Five, exhibits favorable profiles of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, and presents low toxicity. Subsequent investigations have revealed that computational studies employing various software tools including ArgusLab, AutoDock, AutoDock Vina, Glide, HEX, and MOE, have been pivotal to comprehend the pharmacology of α-mangostin. Beyond its well established roles as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, α-mangostin is now recognized for its pharmacological effects in Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic periodontitis, infectious diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, α-mangostin is projected to have applications in pain management and as a potent mosquito larvicide. All of these findings are based on the attainment of adequate binding affinity to specific target receptors associated with each respective pathological condition. Consequently, it is anticipated that these findings will serve as a foundation for future scientific endeavours, encompassing both in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical investigations, to better understand the pharmacological effects of α-mangostin.

Synthesis of pH-sensitive polymeric micelle drug carries for potential cancer chemotherapy applications

Alpha mangostin, a natural xanthone derivative from mangosteen fruit pericarp, exhibits antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on different cancer cells by inhibiting cell cycle progression, inducing apoptosis, and modulating signaling pathways. However, this candidate is limited in medical treatment due to the poor water solubility. Nanoparticles have emerged as promising drug delivery systems to improve drug delivery efficiency but one of the problem of nanoparticles is the capability of endosomal escape. Therefore, pH-sensitive polymer nanosystems were utilized for targeted drug delivery, and enhanced efficacy by offering controlled release and endosomal escape capabilities. This study aimed to synthesize PEG- P(Asp-Hyd-Man) copolymer and create micelle for alpha mangostin delivery. The micelles were measured with particle size average of 80.2 ± 15 nm, and the PDI of 0.17. Additionally, the release behavior of alpha mangostin was examined in vitro that show pH-sensitive polymeric micelles rapidly release at pH 5.0 compared with the arterial pH 7.4. The findings of this study are significant in the development of an effective drug delivery system using alpha mangostin and other therapeutic agents.

Pembuatan Video Promosi Ekowisata Kampung Manggis, Pauh, Padang

Video profile is a short video designed to introduce an individual, company or organization to the public. It is information about the existence of an object such as product, service, or area which has its own uniqueness, aimed to increase public awareness and trust through a clear picture of the subject being presented. Such video could be published on various media as a part of a marketing campaign. English Department of Politeknik Negeri Padang carried out activity to create a profile/promotional video in one of the thematic villages in Padang City, namely Kampung Manggis, which is located on Limau Manis sub-district, Pauh District. Being potential area in Padang city, this thematic village is the central area of mangosteen fruit in which 80% of the mangosteen productions in the city are from this area. Kampung Manggis is the second-largest mangosteen producer in West Sumatra, providing high-quality mangosteen for both domestic and international markets. Moreover, as an area that is also potential to become one of Padang City's agro tourism destinations, it is necessary to introduce and recommend the place to broader public through right media. There were three stages implemented in creating the video profile; pre-production, production, and post-production. The result was a five minutes-twelve second-video profile, which hopefully, will grade the existence of this thematic village to public after being uploaded to social media

Testing the Effectiveness of Mangosized Skin Extract (Garcinia mangostana) as an Antimicrobial Against Bacteria Causing GI Tract Infections

The mangosteen fruit, which in Latin is called Garcinia mangostana Linn, is a plant whose entire parts can be used, including the skin of the fruit. Mangosteen fruit has bioactive compounds such as xanthones, especially α, β, and γ-mangostin where the level of antimicrobial action of α-mangosteen has been explored by many researchers and it has been observed that it is not only effective against bacteria but also against other microbes such as fungi and mycobacteria. Gastrointestinal system infections are a serious health problem and have not been completely resolved until now because cases are increasing every year. Gastrointestinal tract infections are a health problem in the world, including in Indonesia. Some infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal system that are often found in the wider community are typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, diarrhea, and gastroenteritis. The bacteria that cause typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi & Salmonella Paratyphi. While diarrhea and gastroenteritis are caused by food poisoning and drinks contaminated by E. coli. This research is an experimental laboratory research using the disc diffusion/Kirby Bauer method by measuring the diameter of the clear zone which is a sign that there is an obstacle to the growth of Salmonella typhi and E. Coli bacteria by the antimicrobial compounds contained in the mangosteen fruit extract. The calculation results of this research showed that mangosteen peel extract (Garciana Mangostana L) against E. Coli bacteria with the antibiotic Chloramphenicol as control showed an average diameter of the inhibition zone of 30.5 mm, whereas Salmonella bacteria were not found or no inhibition zone was formed at the smallest concentration up to greatest concentration Keywords: Mangosteen Peel, garcinia mangostana l., Gastrointestinal Infections, Effectiveness of

β-Mangostin targets and suppresses glioma via STING activation and tumor-associated microglia polarization

Glioma, a common and highly malignant central nervous system tumor, markedly influences patient prognosis via interactions with glioma-associated macrophages. Previous research has revealed the anticancer potential of β-mangostin, a xanthone derivative obtained from the mangosteen fruit. This research investigated the role of β-mangostin on microglia in the glioma microenvironment and evaluated the efficacy of β-mangostin combined with anti-PD-1 antibody (αPD-1) in glioma-bearing mice. The results showed that, β-mangostin attenuated M2 polarization in BV2 cells and promoted M1-related interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 secretion, thereby inhibiting glioma invasion. In addition, β-mangostin improved the anti-glioma effects of αPD-1 and increased CD8+T cell and M1-type microglia infiltration. Mechanistically, β-mangostin bound to the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, which is crucial for the anti-tumor innate immune response, and promoted STING phosphorylation in microglia, both in vivo and in vitro. These results provide insights into its mode of action and supporting further investigation into β-mangostin as a therapeutic agent.

Anthocyanin physiology and biochemistry in fleshy fruit species: Mangosteen as a model

AbstractMangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a popular, common tropical fruit grown in Southeast Asian countries. The pericarp contains a high anthocyanin content and various other bioactive compounds that are associated with medicinal and pharmaceutical properties. In marked contrast, the white edible aril contains no anthocyanins. The anthocyanins are the major pigments in the pericarp and produce red‐to‐purple coloration, which serves as a maturity index when fruit are ripe. The major anthocyanins consist mainly of cyanidin‐sophoroside and cyanidin‐glucoside. The synthesis of anthocyanin in mangosteen involves the coordinated expression of many genes with at least eight genes encoding enzymes and three transcription factors having been identified. Ripening‐induced anthocyanin accumulation is regulated by endogenous ethylene that controls the expression of key genes. Comparisons are made between anthocyanin synthesis in mangosteen and other fruit species under various conditions including light and temperature and the influence of plant growth regulators.

Nutritional and bioactive compound analysis of mangosteen fruit in hill and flat land plantations, during both the season and off-season, in provinces along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea

This study examined the nutritional, physicochemical, and bioactive compounds in mangosteen grown in southern Thailand from 2022 to 2024, encompassing hilly areas (Nakhon Si Thammarat range, Tenasserim range) and flat lands during both the fruit season and off-season. The influence of coastal regions (Gulf of Thailand and Andaman coast) on mangosteen nutrition was explored. The impact of high-level plantation and harvesting (during the fruit season) on mangosteen size and levels of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant capacity in mangosteen flesh was found to be greater than that of flat plantations (during the off-season). Mangosteens grown in flatlands during the fruit season exhibited brighter flesh color and faster ripening compared to those grown in hilly areas. Mangosteens from these results contained carbohydrates ranging from 10.3% to 16.9%. Mangosteens cultivated along the Andaman coast exhibited elevated levels of minerals (K 349 mg/100 g, Na 7.76 mg/100 g, and Mn 1.63 mg/100 g) and vitamins, especially B2 (0.10 mg/kg), B6 (0.20 mg/kg), B12 (0.03 mg/kg), and vitamin C (9.25 mg/kg). Conversely, the highest total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were observed in hilly areas during the fruit season along the Gulf of Thailand (55 mg GAE/100 g, 32 mg QE/100 g, and ABTS values of 88%, respectively). However, mangosteens from hilly areas ripened faster than those from flatlands due to higher total soluble solids and lower fruit firmness. These findings provide valuable insights into the effects of the environment and location, enhancing understanding for year-round mangosteen plantation preparation.

γ-Mangosteen, an autophagy enhancer, prevents skin-aging via activating KEAP1/NRF2 signaling and downregulating MAPKs/AP-1/NF-κB-mediated MMPs

BackgroundMangosteens, a naturally occurring xanthones, found abundantly in mangosteen fruits. The anti-skin aging potential of γ-mangosteen (GM) remains unexplored; therefore, we investigated the UVB-induced anti-skin aging of GM via activation of autophagy. HypothesisWe hypothesized that GM exerts antioxidant and anti-aging capabilities both in vitro and in vivo through activation of autophagy as well as control of KEAP1/NRF2 signaling and MAPKs/AP-1/NF-κB-mediated MMPs pathways. MethodsThe anti-skin aging effects of GM were studied using HDF cells and a mice model. Various assays, such as DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, and ROS generation, assessed antioxidant activities. Kits measured antioxidant enzymes, SA-β-gal staining, collagen, MDA content, si-RNA experiments, and promoter assays. Western blotting evaluated protein levels of c-Jun, c-Fos, p-IκBα/β, p-NF-κB, MAPK, MMPs, collagenase, elastin, KEAP1, NRF2, HO-1, and autophagy-related proteins. ResultsGM exhibited strong antioxidant, collagenase and elastase enzyme inhibition activity surpassing α- and β-mangosteen. GM competitively inhibited elastase with a Ki value of 29.04 µM. GM orchestrated the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway, enhancing HO-1 expression, and suppressed UVB-induced ROS in HDF cells. NRF2 knockdown compromised GM's antioxidant efficacy, leading to uncontrolled ROS post-UVB. GM bolstered endogenous antioxidants, curbing lipid peroxidation in UVB-exposed HDF cells and BALB/c mice. GM effectively halted UVB-induced cell senescence, and reduced MMP-1/-9, while elevated TIMP-1 levels, augmented COL1A1, ELN, and HAS-2 expression in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, it suppressed UVB-induced MAPKs, AP-1, NF-κB phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibitors synergistically enhanced GM's anti-skin aging potential. Moreover, GM inhibited UVB-induced mTOR activation, upregulated LC3-II, Atg5, Beclin 1, and reduced p62 in both UVB induced HDF cells and BALB/c mice, while blocking of autophagy successfully halt the GM effects against the UVB-induced increase of cell senescence, degradation of collagen through upregulation of MMP-1, underscoring GM's substantial anti-skin aging impact via autophagy induction in vitro and in vivo. ConclusionTogether, GM has potent antioxidant and anti-skin aging ingredients that can be used to formulate skin care products for both the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical industries.

Mangosteen Yield and Fruit Quality under Regulated Irrigation with Sensors and IoT

Mangosteen Yield and Fruit Quality under Regulated Irrigation with Sensors and IoT

Comparison Analysis of HSV Method, CNN Algorithm, and SVM Algorithm in Detecting the Ripeness of Mangosteen Fruit Images

Mangosteen contains a substance known as Xanthone, a phytochemical compound with the distinctive red component in mangosteen that is known for its properties as an anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory agent. Additionally, Xanthone has the potential to strengthen the immune system, promote overall health, support mental well-being, maintain microbial balance in the body, and improve joint flexibility. The mangosteen fruit is consumable when it reaches maturity, displaying a dark purplish-black color. Besides the edible part of the fruit, the peel also possesses remarkable medicinal properties. To detect whether the fruit is ripe or not, this research employs image processing techniques. The study utilizes the HSV (Hue, Saturation, and value) color space method, CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) algorithm, and SVM (Support Vector Machine) algorithm. These methods and algorithms are chosen for their relatively high accuracy levels. The dataset used in this research is obtained from mangosteen datasets available on Kaggle. The results of this study indicate that the HSV method achieved an accuracy of 86.6%, SVM achieved an accuracy of 87%, and CNN achieved an accuracy of 91.25%. From the achieved accuracies, it is evident that the CNN algorithm yields higher accuracy compared to the others.

Analysis of Cross Validation on Classification of Mangosteen Maturity Stages using Support Vector Machine

This study explores the efficacy of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method in classifying mangosteen fruit images based on six ripeness levels. Employing SVM enables nonlinear data classification and simultaneous utilization of multiple feature extractions, resulting in enhanced accuracy. Analysis reveals that models integrating three feature extractions outperform those with only two. With ample training data and optimized parameters, SVM achieves detection accuracy exceeding 90%. However, algorithmic enhancements are necessary to compute RGB color index values for all pixels on mangosteen skin surfaces, possibly through circular-shaped windows approximating the fruit's contour. Moreover, comparative assessments of RGB color system calculations against alternative systems such as HSI are crucial for selecting the most suitable color model in alignment with human perception.

Mapping of Leading Fruit Commodities in Malang District

Indonesia's economic development process is significantly influenced by the agricultural sector. The horticulture subsector is a promising industry that significantly contributes to economic development. Fruit commodities have become increasingly essential in the horticulture subsector and are in high demand by the community. This implies that the classification of a commodity as either basic or superior within the fruit sector is mostly determined by its fruit production. Conversely, commodities with lower fruit production are classified as non-base or non-primed within the sector. The objective of this study is to examine the fruit commodities that form the primary sector in Malang Regency, as well as analyse the fruit commodities that do not form the primary sector in Malang Regency. The employed data analysis method is descriptive quantitative. The findings of this study indicate that the primary or dominant fruit commodities in Malang Regency include apples, duku/langsat fruit, bananas, and salak fruit. The non-primary or non-dominant fruit commodities in Malang Regency include avocados, grapes, star fruit, durian fruit, guava fruit, large orange fruit, Siamese orange fruit, mango fruit, mangosteen fruit, passion fruit, jackfruit, pineapple, papaya, rambutan, sapodilla, soursop, and breadfruit.

α-Mangostin hydrogel film with chitosan alginate base for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) treatment: study protocol for double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Background: Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is a common ulcerative disease of the oral mucosa which is characterized by pain, and recurrent lesions in the oral cavity. This condition is quite painful, causing difficulty in eating, speaking and swallowing. Topical medications have been used for this condition, but the obstacle in using topical medications is the difficulty of achieving drug effects due to saliva wash out. This problem can be overcome by film hydrogel formulation which can protect the ulcer and reduce the pain to some extent. α-mangostin is a xanthone isolated from the rind of the mangosteen fruit. One of the activities of α-mangostin is anti-inflammatory effects, which operate through the characteristic mechanism of inhibiting the inflammatory response. This protocol study aims to investigate the efficacy of an α-mangostin hydrogel film with a chitosan alginate base for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) in comparison with a placebo over a period of 7days. Study design: This is a two-arm, double blinding, randomized controlled trial enrolling patients with RAS. The efficacy test of α-mangostin Hydrogel Film will be tested against the placebo. Patients with RAS will be allocated randomly into the two arms and the hydrogel film will be administered for 7days. The diameter of ulcer and visual analog scale (VAS) score will be used as the primary efficacy endpoint. The outcome measure will be compared between the two arms at the baseline, day 3, day 5, and at the end of 7days. Discussion: The purpose of this clinical research is to provide scientific evidence on the efficacy of α-mangostin hydrogel film with a chitosan alginate basis in treating recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The trial is expected to improve our capacity to scientifically confirm the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of α-mangostin compounds in a final formulation that is ready to use. Trial registration: NCT06039774 (14 September 2023).

Targeted drug release and in vitro anticancer activities of iron oxide@folic acid/chitosan-based nano-niosomes

Niosomes based targeted drug delivery systems holds immense potential in revolutionizing modern cancer treatments by enabling highly accurate and targeted cancer site drug release potentials, mitigating the detrimental side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy. This research article describes the successful facile synthesis of a nano-niosomes based targeted drug delivery system using iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), ciprofloxacin (CIF), chitosan (CS) and folic acid (FA). First, Fe3O4 NPs were biogenically synthesised by using Garcinia mangostana fruit peel extract, subsequently the Fe3O4 @FA-CS-CIF-NPs nano-niosomes were prepared by modifying Fe3O4 NPs with CIF, FA and CS. The formation of Fe3O4@FA-CS-CIF-NPs nano-niosomes were confirmed by various spectroscopic and microscopic analyses. Fe3O4 @FA-CS-CIF-NPs nano-niosomes showed ROS-responsive drug release efficacy and exhibited excellent drug releasing efficiency (93.55%) at the cancerous cell micro environment. In addition, nano-niosomes exhibited the highest cytotoxic effect on HeLa S3 cancer cells (IC50 = 4.7 μg/mL) and significant biocompatibility properties. Colony formation and cell cycle analysis showed that Fe3O4@FA-CS-CIF-NPs nano-niosomes effectively inhibited the colony formation of HeLa S3 cells and arrested their cell cycle in the S phase. These results provide a foundation for further investigation of Fe3O4@FA-CS-based nano-niosomes for cancer treatment in vivo, and open a new avenue in the development of magnetic nano-niosomes based anticancer entities.

Alpha-mangostin decreases high glucose-induced damage on human umbilical vein endothelial cells by increasing autophagic protein expression.

Diabetes is a chronic disorder that occurs as a result of impaired glucose metabolism. In hyperglycaemic states, the balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes is disrupted leading to oxidative damage and cell death. In addition, impaired autophagy leads to the storage of dysfunctional proteins and cellular organelles in the cell. Hence, the cytoprotective function of autophagy may be disrupted by high glucose conditions. Alpha-mangostin (A-MG) is an essential xanthone purified from the mangosteen fruit. The different pharmacological benefits of alpha-mangostin, including antioxidant, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic, were demonstrated. We evaluated the protective influence of A-MG on autophagic response impaired by high concentrations of glucose in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The HUVECs were treated with various glucose concentrations (5-60 mM) and A-MG (1.25-10 μM) for three days. Then, HUVECs were treated with 60 mM of glucose+2.5 μM of A-MG to measure viability, ROS, and NO content. Finally, the levels of autophagic proteins including LC3, SIRT1, and beclin 1 were evaluated by western blot. The results expressed that high glucose condition (60 mM) decreased viability and increased ROS and NO content in HUVECs. In addition, LC3, SIRT1, and beclin 1 protein levels declined when HUVECs were exposed to the high concentration of glucose. A-MG reversed these detrimental effects and elevated autophagic protein levels. Our data represent that A-MG protects HUVECs against high glucose conditions by decreasing ROS and NO generation as well as increasing the expression of autophagy proteins.

The Effect of Sucrose and Yeast Extract on Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, and Anthocyanin of Lactic-Acid-Fermented Mangosteen Fruit Peel (Garcinia mangostana L.).

This study aimed to determine the most suitable concentration of sucrose and yeast extract (SYE) and its impact on the levels of total phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin (TPFA) for lactic acid fermentation in mangosteen fruit peel. In this study, the primary components were mangosteen fruit peel, SYE, and lactic acid bacteria starter. The experimental design was conducted using the Factorial Design method. The colorimetric method was used to determine the total phenol (Folin-Ciocalteu reagent) and total flavonoid (AlCl3 reagent). In addition, the differential pH method was used to determine the total anthocyanins using KCl and the CH3COONa reagent. The addition of SYE during the fermentation of mangosteen fruit peel significantly increased the concentrations of TPFA compared with the control (p value of 0.0001). The high sucrose concentration and low yeast extract produced the highest TPFA levels in mangosteen rind fermentation. The use of SYE affects the levels of TPFA in lactic acid-fermented mangosteen fruit peel, with the most suitable concentrations obtained using sucrose (45 g/L) and yeast extract (2.5 g/L).

Comparison of extraction methods on anthocyanin pigment attributes from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit rind as potential food colourant

The mangosteen fruit is mostly consumed for its pulp, and the rind, which accounts for more than 60 % of the total fruit weight, is discarded making it poor economic worth. The dark purple rind of mangosteen fruit is a rich source of anthocyanin pigment that can be used for food application if extracted using eco-friendly solvents. The aim of the study was to come up with an efficient, cheap and environmentally friendly method of anthocyanin pigment extraction from mangosteen fruit rind. Acidified solvent has shown to have higher recovery percentage of the pigment concentrate having higher TMAC (17,652.54 mg/L), colour density (1596.30 AU), polymeric colour (997.80 AU). Significantly highest recovery percentage (55.03), antioxidant activity measured by DPPH (2.29 l/ml), FRAP (2.83 l/ml), and ABTS (2.02 l/ml), total phenolics (32.25 mgGAE/100 g), total flavonoid content (40.02 mgQE/100 g), as well as the instrumental colour values indicating bright reddish-purple, were observed in microwave assisted extraction method with acidified solvent. By LC-MS/MS analysis, it was also evident that the rind contains a number of beneficial and health-promoting compounds, such as anthocyanins, xanthones, phenolics, flavonoids, coumarins, phoroglucinol derivatives, lignans, retinoids.