Mandibular Posterior Region Research Articles

Clinical Evaluation of Stability of Short Deep Threaded Dental Implant During Early Healing Period: A Prospective Controlled Clinical Trial

Objectives: To assess the initial stability of short, deep-threaded dental implants placed in the posterior mandible and to determine the influence of deep-thread design on implant stability during early healing. Methods: Twenty short, deep-threaded implants were placed in the posterior mandibular region of ten patients. Insertion torque value (ITV) was recorded at implant placement. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured immediately post-surgery and at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 5. Results: No significant difference in ITV was observed between short and standard implants. ISQ values did not significantly differ between implant types across the evaluation period (F = 1.17, p = 0.3). Conclusion; Short, deep-threaded implants demonstrate comparable primary stability to standard implants in the posterior mandible. These findings support their use as a viable treatment option for patients with advanced alveolar ridge resorption

Stress distribution by parafunctional loading on tooth–implant, implant–implant, and tooth–tooth-supported prosthesis: A comparative three-dimensional finite element analysis

Aim: The study’s objective was to evaluate the stress distribution in tooth-implant, implant-implant, and tooth-tooth supported prostheses under parafunctional loading in axial and oblique directions employing a 3D finite element analysis in the mandibular posterior region which had D3 bone (porous cortical bone and fine trabecular bone). Setting and Design: In vitro study, Finite element analysis. Meterials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography data was used by Mimics software (Materialize Mimics 19) to create a three-dimensional finite element simulation of the jaw. Solid Works 2018 (Dassault Systems) was used to produce a geometric 3D model of the three systems. Each model consisted of a bone, an implant, and teeth (Model I tooth-tooth supported, Model II tooth-implant supported and Model III implant-implant supported). The three models’ geometrical models were transferred to Ansys Workbench (19.2 software) for the analysis portion. A load that mimicked masticatory force was delivered in both axial and oblique directions. Statistical Analysis Used: In the present study, statistical analysis was not required because 3D finite element analysis uses deterministic numerical methods to simulate physical behavior and stress distribution patterns. Result: The results demonstrated that under the parafunctional combined loading process, the implant- implant supported prosthesis showed significantly higher stress concentrations in the bone. It was found that the cortical bone around the crestal region had the highest stresses. Conclusion: Within the constraints of this investigation, we could draw the following conclusion: Of the three models, the tooth-tooth supported prosthesis exhibited the least amount of stress distribution, which was also least when functional loading was applied in the axial direction.

Comparative evaluation of the buccal and lingual bone height in the mandibular posterior region before and after porcelain fused to metal crowns: A prospective cone beam computed tomography study

Comparative evaluation of the buccal and lingual bone height in the mandibular posterior region before and after porcelain fused to metal crowns: A prospective cone beam computed tomography study

Management Of Radicular Cyst Of Mandible In Pediatric Patients: A Case Series

Radicular cyst is a pathologic cavity partially or completely lined by epithelium in an area of apical periodontitis that is the result of root canal infection of a tooth. The radicular cysts are most likely caused by the inflammatory proliferation of Malassez's epithelial cell resting in the periapical tissues that are irritated. It rarely occurs in conjunction with deciduous teeth and is typically linked to permanent dentition. This article describes a case series of two male children, ages five and seven, who had an apical periodontal cyst in the mandibular posterior region of the jaw, which was connected to their deciduous teeth. Conservative treatment might have been the outcome of an early diagnosis of the lesion. The goal of this paper is to highlight the pedodontist's contribution in the early analysis of such lesions

Fractal Dimension and Lacunarity Analysis in the Dentulous and Edentulous Mandibular Posterior Region Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography: A Cross-sectional Retrospective Study.

This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted to assess the differences in the microarchitecture of the trabecular bone of the posterior mandibular region at dentulous and edentulous sites with the help of fractal dimension (FD) and lacunarity using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Ninety CBCT scans were analyzed for the purpose of the present study. Inclusion criteria included subjects with unilaterally missing mandibular molars or premolars and an with intact contralateral opposing tooth. The coronal view of the dentulous and edentulous sites was used, and the region of interest (ROI) was selected 2.6 mm below the apex of the tooth present. These images were then transferred to ImageJ Software, and fractal analysis was done using the box-counting method of the FracLac plug-in. A paired samples t-test was performed to compare the means of FD and lacunarity, and a Kendall correlation was performed to check correlations. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Statistical analysis revealed that the mean FD of the edentulous side was significantly greater than that of the dentulous side (p-value = 0.011). Additionally, the mean lacunarity of the edentulous side was marginally significantly greater than that of the dentulous side (p-value = 0.089). A significant negative correlation was detected between the FD and lacunarity of the edentulous region (p-value = 0.017), and a marginally significant negative correlation was detected between edentulous lacunarity and dentulous lacunarity (p-value = 0.081). The differences in occlusal forces exerted in dentulous and edentulous regions can lead to a change in the trabecular pattern of the bone in these regions. This change in the microarchitecture of bones can be detected by FD and lacunarity, which can further help us assess changes pre- and post-implant. The advanced technology, the assessment of microarchitecture of the bone has been made easy, using FD and lacunarity, as done in the present study. This analysis can further aid us in both pre- and post-implant analysis to prevent failure of the implant. How to cite this article: Bhoraskar M, Denny C, Srikant N, et al. Fractal Dimension and Lacunarity Analysis in the Dentulous and Edentulous Mandibular Posterior Region Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography: A Cross-sectional Retrospective Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(6):581-587.

The Importance of Bone Quality Diagnostics in Preventing Displacement of Dental Implants within the Mandibular Body: A Case Report

Abstract Among the immediate complications that can occur after dental implant placement, accidental displacement within the medullary spaces of the mandibular body is a rare clinical situation. This case report describes implant displacements in the posterior mandibular region and emphasizes the importance of assessing bone density and mandibular medullary patterns prior to implant placement according to a new classification by Lekholm and Zarb modified by Rosas et al. The case reports reported three implant displacements in type II bone of the mandibular body, as classified by Lekholm and Zarb. Following the complication, the bone was reclassified as II-B according to the modification by Rosas et al. The implants were extracted from three female patients aged from 37 to 75 years, with only one having a medical history. All complications were treated and resolved without any alteration after implant removal. To reduce the risk of intraoperative complications that affect the primary stability of dental implants, such as implant migration in the mandibular body, it is important to consider factors that may affect the mechanical locking of the implant at the time of placement, such as the pattern and thickness of the bony trabeculae and the size of the medullary spaces in areas of anatomical risk. For this purpose, we recommend using the modified Lekholm and Zarb classification by Rosas et al. This classification considers the trabecular bone biotype, which helps in planning the surgical approach procedure and establishing a regenerative protocol to minimize the risk of complications with the inferior dental nerve.

A Novel Technique for Repairing Alveolar Clefts: Computer-Assisted Design With Posterior of Mandible Block Bone Grafts

Objective: Iliac cancellous bone graft is the gold standard for the treatment of alveolar clefts. However, the resorption rate of iliac cancellous bone is generally high. In this study, the authors propose a new method for repairing alveolar clefts using block bone grafts in the posterior region of the mandibular molar and the anterior margin of the ascending branch. Methods: Ten patients with a diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral alveolar cleft were collected. Block bone grafting between the posterior mandibular molar region and the inner and outer oblique lines of the anterior margin of the ascending branch was used to treat the alveolar synostosis. Preoperative, 1-week postoperative, and 6-month postoperative multislice spiral computed tomography scans of the patients were collected and analyzed for preoperative design and postoperative graft bone morphology using computer-assisted software tools, which were also required to measure the changes in the bone tissue density in the posterior mandibular bone extraction area. Results: At 6 months postoperatively, the mean bone resorption rate of the posterior mandibular bone grafts for cleft alveolar processes was 33.96% ± 11.23%. Bone tissue density in the posterior mandibular bone grafting area recovered to near preoperative levels at 6 months postoperatively. Conclusion: The novel method of bone grafting for the cleft alveolar process used in this paper is really effective. Postoperative posterior mandibular bone extraction did not cause sequelae such as mandibular bone defects or poor morphology in the patients. Computer-assisted design and three-dimensional printing technology helped to improve intraoperative bone grafting accuracy and postoperative assessment.

Case Report: The Sausage Technique using Anorganic Bovine Bone Mineral for Horizontal Bone Augmentation at the Crestal Part of a Posterior Mandibular Ridge: A Case Report.

Following tooth extraction, the alveolar bone goes through a natural remodeling process resulting in a significant bone resorption which may complicate dental implant placement without prior bone augmentation treatment. The sausage technique is a modified guided bone regeneration (GBR) method that has been successfully used for horizontal bone augmentation. This technique was developed to increase the bone growth at the alveolar crest. Although the sausage technique uses a combination of autograft chips and xenograft particles with a native collagen membrane, several studies have questioned whether adding autograft chips is essential for bone formation with guided bone regeneration. Moreover, harvesting the bone graft may increase the donor site morbidity and patient discomfort. This case report aimed to investigate the bone gain radiologically when the sausage technique was applied to treat a healthy, thirty-year-old patient with a horizontal defect in the posterior mandibular region using anorganic bovine bone mineral (ABBM) particles with Jason membrane, assess the implant primary stability in the augmented ridge, and present the surgical procedure steps in details. After nine months of healing, the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) revealed approximately 4.32 mm of bone gain at the alveolar crest in the buccal-lingual direction. The graft particles were well integrated into the newly formed bone. Two implants were inserted with an insertion torque of 35 N/cm. The ISQ values were 76 for the most anterior implant and 78 for the posterior implant. Within the limitations of this case report, the sausage technique using ABBM particles without autograft chips was an effective approach in achieving the prerequisite bone width at the crest in cases with horizontal bone defects.

Utilization of a Cortical Xenogeneic Membrane for Guided Bone Regeneration: A Retrospective Case Series.

Background: Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a reliable technique used in vertical and horizontal bone defects. The posterior mandibular region is an area limited by anatomic constraints. The use of resorbable membranes with a cortical component could compensate for the lack of rigidity of resorbable membranes without the complications of non-resorbable membranes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean bone gains of a xenogeneic cortical membrane in horizontal and vertical bone defects in comparison with other membranes in the literature. Methods: A porcine cortical membrane was used to perform 7 GBR in the posterior mandibular region of five patients. Preoperative (T0) and six months postoperative (T1) cone beam computed tomography were superimposed to measure the horizontal and vertical bone gain. Implants were positioned at all sites, six months after GBR. Complications and bone resorption around the implants were also documented. Results: The mean horizontal and vertical bone gains were 3.83 ± 1.41 mm and 4.17 ± 1.86 mm, respectively. The analysis of repeatability was 0.997. As many as 40% of patients experienced pain refractory to analgesics. No exposure or infectious phenomenon was observed. Conclusions: This xenogeneic cortical membrane seemed to provide interesting results in the regeneration of horizontal and vertical bone defects. Comparative and prospective studies are necessary to validate the effectiveness of this membrane.

Focal osteoporotic bone marrow defect: A happenstance finding

Abstract Focal osteoporotic bone marrow defects (FOBMDs) of jaws are rare and usually discovered as an incidental radiographic finding. They present as a poorly demarcated radiolucency affecting the posterior mandible of middle-aged women with pathogenesis remaining unknown. A 60-year-old female patient had visited our dental college for routine dental checkup and oral prophylaxis. Her radiograph revealed a well-defined radiolucency in the left mandibular posterior region as an incidental finding. Clinical examination revealed a diffuse swelling in the above-mentioned region which the patient had not noticed. The patient gave a history of trauma in the same region almost 20 years back. Incisional biopsy was performed. Microscopic examination revealed multiple bits of fatty fibro cellular tissue resembling the bone marrow with aggregates of blood cells. A diagnosis of FOBMD was given. FOBMD, although rare, should be included in differential diagnosis of the radiolucent lesions of the jaws.

Biomechanical Effects of Titanium and Carbon Fiber Reinforced PEEK as Dental Implant Material: A Finite Element Analysis.

The aim of this study is to examine the stresses on the peri-implant bone under occlusal forces of 30% Carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (Cfr-PEEK) and 60% Cfr-PEEK materials that can be used as an alternative to titanium dental implants by finite element analysis. Single-tooth implants of 30% Cfr-PEEK, 60% Cfr-PEEK and titanium were modeled in each of the maxillary anterior, maxilla posterior, mandibular posterior regions. As a result of the applied vertical and oblique forces; Von Misses stress, maximum principal stress and minimum principal stress values and stress distributions in the implant, cortical bone and spongious bone in each of the models were examined. 30% Cfr-PEEK implants stress in the surrounding bone was higher than titanium and 60% Cfr-PEEK implants. The 60% Cfr-PEEK material displayed lower stress distribution on both cortical and spongious peri-implant bone in all models. Titanium and 60% Cfr- PEEK implants exhibited biomechanically similar behavior and these implants conducted stresses to bone more homogeneous than the 30% Cfr-PEEK implants. Overall, oblique forces had more destructive effect than vertical forces and denser bone structure showed better stress distribution against incoming forces. For the routine use of Cfr-PEEK material as dental implant material; animal and long-term clinical studies are needed.

Idiopathic Osteosclerosis among UiTM Dental Centre Patients: A Retrospective Study

Idiopathic osteosclerosis (IO) represents asymptomatic radiopaque masses within the jaw. IO is commonly found as an incidental finding in panoramic radiographs. The purpose of the present study is to determine the prevalence of IO among Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Dental Centre patients and to investigate the radiographic parameters of IO located in the maxilla-mandibular region. Panoramic radiographic images of patients attending UiTM Dental Centre from 2016 to 2020 were examined. Parameters such as gender, age, site, shape, size, and association with tooth were evaluated. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 27. Pearson chi-square test was used to evaluate the relationship between the parameters. IO was identified in 108 (9.67%) out of 1,117 panoramic radiographic images that were reviewed. There was a slightly higher prevalence of IO in female patients with 58 (53%) over male patients. Most of the radiographically identified IO were located in the posterior mandibular region, constituting 83% of the cases. Pearson chi-square test revealed a significant relationship between size and gender (p-value < 0.05). Significant associations were found between site and gender and association with tooth and foci (p-value < 0.01). The prevalence of IO among UiTM Dental Center patients was observed to be low at 9.67%. There was a higher occurrence of IO in female patients compared to males, and the posterior mandibular region emerged as the most common site where IO was radiographically identified. The accurate radiographic identification of IO is essential for providing a precise diagnosis and formulating an appropriate treatment plan.

Long term self-resolution of a mandibular traumatic bone cyst: A patient report

A traumatic bone cyst (TBC) is an uncommon asymptomatic benign lesion usually diagnosed on radiographic examination as a unilocular radiolucency in the posterior mandibular region. It is classified as a pseudocyst because of absent epithelial lining. The etiology remains unclear but is often a localized aberration in normal bone remodeling or metabolism associated with trauma. We report a TBC in a boy that appeared in the first year of orthodontic treatment below the mandibular right second molar and self-healed nearly 4 years later. The patient had no history of trauma. Surgery was discarded because of difficult access and risk of nerve damage; also, the mandibular body continuity was not jeopardized. Clinical examination and periodic radiographic and CBCT imaging were performed during orthodontic treatment (25 months) and the following retention (26 months). The findings suggest a course of observation of a slow developing TBC that does not compromise mandibular anatomic integrity.

An innovative cell-based transplantation therapy for an immature permanent tooth in an adult: a case report

BackgroundImmature teeth with necrotic pulps present multiple challenges to clinicians. In such cases, regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) may be a favorable strategy. Cells, biomaterial scaffolds, and signaling molecules are three key elements of REPs. Autologous human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) play an important role in pulp regeneration. In addition, autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) have recently been demonstrated as effective biomaterial scaffolds in regenerative dentistry, whereas the latest generation of APCs—concentrated growth factor (CGF), especially liquid phase CGF (LPCGF)—has rarely been reported in REPs.Case presentationA 31-year-old woman presented to our clinic with the chief complaint of occlusion discomfort in the left mandibular posterior region for the past 5 years. Tooth #35 showed no pulp vitality and had a periodontal lesion, and radiographic examination revealed that the tooth exhibited extensive periapical radiolucency with an immature apex and thin dentin walls. REP was implemented via transplantation of autologous hDPCs with the aid of LPCGF. The periodontal lesion was managed with simultaneous periodontal surgery. After the treatment, the tooth was free of any clinical symptoms and showed positive results in thermal and electric pulp tests at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. At 12-month follow-up, radiographic evidence and three-dimensional models, which were reconstructed using Mimics software based on cone-beam computed tomography, synergistically confirmed bone augmentation and continued root development, indicating complete disappearance of the periapical radiolucency, slight lengthening of the root, evident thickening of the canal walls, and closure of the apex.ConclusionhDPCs combined with LPCGF represents an innovative and effective strategy for cell-based regenerative endodontics.

Prospective observational cohort study of the change of the marginal bone crest in relation to the prosthetic abutment height and the peri-implant vertical mucosal thickness at implants positioned subcrestally.

To evaluate the influence on peri-implant crestal bone loss exerted by the vertical mucosal thickness and the abutment height over 12 months after placement of the restoration on subcrestal implants with change of platform, using a restoration abutment platform smaller than the implant platform. A total of 99 implants were rehabilitated in the maxillary and mandibular posterior regions. A total of 22 implants were rehabilitated in the maxilla and 77 implants in the mandible, using digitally designed customized abutments with Atlantis weborder software, from the commercial house Dentsply Sirona (Dentsply Sirona S.A., Barcelona, Spain), version 4.6.5, adapting the height to the vertical thickness of the mucosa. Clinical and radiographic monitoring begins during the surgical procedure of placement of the implant and ends 12 months afterwards. Crestal bone loss was evaluated through the Carestream® CS8100 3D radiographic equipment. In all cases, the greatest loss of marginal bone occurred between the day of surgery (Tx) and placement of the rehabilitation (To). The average bone loss between both times was greater when the abutment height and vertical mucosal thickness did not exceed 3 mm. Subsequently, bone loss slowed and stabilized at 12 months. The minimum abutment height and the vertical mucosal thickness are factors to take into account when minimizing peri-implant marginal bone loss, the abutment height having the greatest importance according to the clinical data obtained.

Laser and acupuncture can be a treatment for myofascial temporomandibular disorder? A randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial

Background: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a set of conditions with a multifactor etiology that affect the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of treatment for myofascial TMD using acupuncture and low-level laser therapy compared to occlusal splint. Methods: 23 patients recruited through announcements and online publications. The diagnosis of TMD was confirmed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TDM (RDC/TMD) and all participants had moderate to severe pain upon palpation. The participants were randomly allocated to three groups: Group 1–occlusal splint; Group 2–10 sessions of acupuncture (once per week); Group 3–low-level laser therapy at 48-h intervals until the remission of symptoms or until completing 10 sessions. The participants were submitted to evaluations before and after treatment as well as 30 days after the end of treatment involving the determination of pain intensity, maximum vertical mandibular movement, as well as extraoral and intraoral palpations e analyze intra e extra group. Results: Statistically significant improvements in pain intensity were found in the acupuncture and laser groups (p=0.002). Improvements in the masseter and temporal muscles as well as the lateral pole of the temporomandibular joint were achieved with acupuncture and laser. Significant improvement was found in the posterior mandibular region using all three treatment modalities. Improvement in the submandibular region was only achieved with laser therapy. Conclusion: Treatments with acupuncture and low-level laser were more effective at reducing symptoms in individuals with myofascial TMD compared occlusal splint.

Diagnosis and Management of a case of impacted central incisor associated with compound odontoma in a 4 years old girl

Odontomes are benign tumors developing from the epithelial and mesenchymal cells which are completely differentiated into ameloblasts and odontoblasts that forms enamel and dentin. They are of two types, complex and compound. Complex odontomes are typically seen in the mandibular posterior region where as compound odontomes have a preference towards the maxillary anterior region. They are rarely associated with deciduous dentition. This article presents a case of compound odontoma in a child below 4 years old who reported with a history of missing deciduous left central Incisor. Key words: Compound odontome, Deciduous Dentition, Odontome

Central giant cell granuloma in the posterior region of mandible mimicking a fibro-osseous lesion and hemangioma: a case report

BackgroundA central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign, proliferative, intraosseous, and non-odontogenic lesion occurring primarily in children and young adults. On the histological level, it is characterized by numerous multinucleated giant cells scattered randomly throughout a sea of spindle-shaped mesenchymal stromal cells which are dispersed throughout the fibrovascular connective tissue stroma containing areas of haemorrhage. When it comes to radiographic features, CGCG can have an array of variations, ranging from well-defined expansile lesions to ill-defined and destructive lesions, with or without expansion.Case presentationThis case report reviews an 11-year-old Caucasian patient with a chief complaint of slow-growing swelling involving the right posterior mandibular region. The cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) revealed an ill-defined mixed lesion mimicking both fibro-osseous lesion and hemangioma. However, microscopic examination revealed multinucleated giant cells in a fibrous stroma suggestive of central giant cell granuloma.ConclusionOur intent in reporting this case is to highlight the importance of thorough clinical, radiographical and histopathological examination for accurate diagnosis and therapeutic interventions as well as to emphasize the importance of taking different possibilities into consideration when examining bony swellings in the head and neck region.

Survival Analysis up to 8 Years of 304 Anatomic-Contour Implant Zirconia Crowns Fabricated with a Fully Digital Cast-Free Workflow and Directly Screwed on External Hexagonal Implant Connections without the Interposition of a Ti-Base: A Multicentric Retrospective Study.

Data on the clinical performance of monolithic Zirconia screw-retained crowns on external hexagon implants fabricated from digital scans through a cast-free, fully digital workflow is lacking and needs to be included. This retrospective multicentric study aimed to evaluate the real-life clinical results of monolithic Zirconia screw-retained crowns without the interposition of a Ti-base on external hexagon implants fabricated from intraoral scans and a cast-free approach in private practices. Single external hex implant fixtures were restored with monolithic zirconia crowns without the interposition of a Tibase. The crowns were directly screwed on external hexagonal implant connections with a castfree, fully digital workflow. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Kaplan- Meier test. Between September 2022 and March 2023, the California Dental Association modified criteria were adopted for clinical evaluation after recalling all patients. A total of 304 single tooth restorations in the maxillary and mandibular posterior regions fabricated between July 2014 and July 2022 in 252 patients (120 males and 132 females, mean age 53.6 years, SD 23.3). Seven crowns were excluded because of patient dropout. The most common minor technical complications were screw loosening (3 crowns) and loss of the screw-access hole filling (3 crowns). Four failures included two implant failures with mobility and two fractured crowns. No screw or implant fractures were recorded. The overall cumulative survival rate was 98.6% and the average success rate (crowns experiencing no failures or complications) was 96.0%. The mean overall survival time was 101.3 months (standard error, 0.847; 95% confidence interval for the mean, 99.67-102.99). The overall survival probability was 87.9% up to 97 months. With careful case selection and comprehensive periodontal maintenance program, single crowns directly screwed onto an external hexagon platform have shown to have excellent survival and success (complication-free) rates, comparable to available data regarding single crowns with a metal implant- prosthetic interface.

Do Surgical Intervention Type and Baseline Condylar Position Affect Spatial Dimension Changes of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Surgical Correction of Skeletal Class II Deformities?

One of the key features of orthognathic surgery is altering temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condylar positions. This multivariate study aimed to identify surgical interventions and patient factors significantly associated with changes in TMJ spatial dimensions after the surgical correction of skeletal Class II deformities. This is a retrospective cohort study including patients who had undergone an isolated bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSO) or a bimaxillary osteotomy (BMO) for mandibular advancement and a control sample of patients treated with the removal of odontogenic cysts in the mandibular posterior region. Excluded were those who presented with specific radiographic signs of TMJ osteoarthrosis, severe facial asymmetry, or deformity secondary to trauma. The primary predictors were condylar position at baseline (anterior, concentric, and posterior), time points (T0, preoperatively; T1, immediately after surgery; and T2, 1-year follow-up), and surgical intervention type (BSSO, BMO, and control group). The primary outcomes were changes in posterior spatial dimension (PSD), superior spatial dimension, and medial spatial dimension assessed by cone-beam computed tomography preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and at 1-year follow-up. Covariates included sex, age, and amount of mandibular advancement. Estimations of independent effects of primary predictors on outcome variables were made by applying generalized estimation equation models. The value of statistical significance was P<.05. The study sample included 88 participants. The BSSO samples included 39 patients, and the BMO group included 22 patients; the control group comprised 27 subjects. The average age was 31.2years; the majority were female (61.4%). Adjusted generalized estimation equation models yielded a significant time interaction between BSSO and spatial dimensions over time (PSD, P<.001). Key predictors of spatial dimension changes were the baseline posterior (PSD, P<.001) and the central condylar position (PSD, P<.001). This controlled study, for the first time, provides scientific evidence on the effects of surgical intervention type and baseline condylar position on spatial dimension changes in the TMJ. It shows a more favorable outcome in long-term spatial dimension changes for patients treated by a BMO procedure.