Mandibular Length Research Articles

Artificial intelligence-based [A.I.] assessment of Facial symmetry aesthetics of Saudi Arabian population.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the facial symmetry aesthetics (FSA) in the Saudi Arabian population using AI. 210 people from a range of demographic backgrounds participated in an observational cross-sectional study that was done at a hospital. Standardized posed photos of the face and smile were taken using a Canon camera utilizing a stratified random sample approach. A Webceph software (Korea) with artificial intelligence was used to evaluate macro, micro, and tiny aesthetic factors. The data were analyzed using paired t-tests, posthoc Bonferroni testing, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics. The computation of intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) was utilized to assess the dependability of AI evaluations. All variables had ICCs more than 0.97, indicating exceptional dependability for the AI-based evaluations. Between the Class I and Class III malocclusion groups, there were significant variations in right mandibular body length (p < 0.001), with Class III patients exhibiting greater values. While no significant changes were identified for other characteristics, paired t-tests showed a significant divergence in mandibular body length between the right and left sides (p = 0.001). In Class III malocclusion, there was a significant preference for right deviation in the direction of mandibular deviation (p = 0.005). These results imply that AI is capable of accurately identifying some anatomical characteristics associated with face aesthetics, especially when it comes to differentiating between Class III malocclusions. In conclusion, the Saudi Arabian population's facial symmetry assessments via AI have demonstrated a high degree of reliability and consistency. Notably, the length of the mandible on the right side has emerged as a crucial feature in discriminating between malocclusion classes. The study emphasises how AI might improve the accuracy of assessments of face aesthetics and our knowledge of facial features connected to malocclusion.

The Evaluation of Facial Artery Position in Related to Soft Tissue Pogonion and Soft Tissue Gonion: A Cadaver Study.

This anatomic study was designed to assess the position of the facial artery concerning the soft tissue landmarks, pogonion (Pog)and Gonion (Go). Sixty freshly frozen cadavers were used in this study. On the right side, the mean distance between the facial artery and Pog was 7.05±0.66cm. The mean distance between the facial artery and Go was 3.34±0.36cm. The results indicated that the facial artery was 32.32%±2.05 of a mandibular length to Go and 67.78%±2.05 Pog. On the left side, the mean distance between the facial artery and Pog was 7.10±0.65cm. The mean distance between the facial artery and Go was 3.23±0.34cm. The results indicated that the facial artery was 31.30±2% of the mandibular length at Go and 68.71±2% at Pog. The ratio of the facial artery distance to Pog and Go did not correlate with the mandibular length (P>0.05). However, the distance between the facial artery, Pog, and Go correlated with mandibular length. (P<0.001). The ratio of the cross-point of the facial artery with the mandibular border to the length of the mandible about Go and the Pog was generally found to be independent of mandibular length.

TGF-β signaling in the cranial neural crest affects late-stage mandibular bone resorption and length.

Malocclusions are common craniofacial malformations that cause quality of life and health problems if left untreated. Unfortunately, the current treatment for severe skeletal malocclusion is invasive surgery. Developing improved therapeutic options requires a deeper understanding of the cellular mechanisms responsible for determining jaw bone length. We have recently shown that neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) can alter jaw length by controlling the recruitment and function of mesoderm-derived osteoclasts. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling is critical to craniofacial development by directing bone resorption and formation, and heterozygous mutations in the TGF-β type I receptor (TGFBR1) are associated with micrognathia in humans. To identify the role of TGF-β signaling in NCM in controlling osteoclasts during mandibular development, the mandibles of mouse embryos deficient in the gene encoding Tgfbr1, specifically in NCM, were analyzed. Our laboratory and others have demonstrated that Tgfbr1 fl/fl ;Wnt1-Cre mice display significantly shorter mandibles with no condylar, coronoid, or angular processes. We hypothesize that TGF-β signaling in NCM can also direct late bone remodeling and further regulate late embryonic jaw bone length. Interestingly, analysis of mandibular bone based on micro-computed tomography and Masson's trichrome revealed no significant difference in bone quality between the Tgfbr1 fl/fl ;Wnt1-Cre mice and controls, as measured by the bone perimeter/bone area, trabecular rod-like diameter, number and separation, and gene expression of collagen type 1 alpha 1 (Col1α1) and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13). Although there was not a difference in localization of bone resorption within the mandible indicated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, Tgfbr1 fl/fl ;Wnt1-Cre mice had approximately three-fold less osteoclast number and perimeter than controls. Gene expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β (Rank) and Mmp9, markers of osteoclasts and their activity, also showed a three-fold decrease in Tgfbr1 fl/fl ;Wnt1-Cre mandibles. Evaluation of osteoblast-to-osteoclast signaling revealed no significant difference between Tgfbr1 fl/fl ;Wnt1-Cre mandibles and controls, leaving the specific mechanism unresolved. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of Tgfbr1 signaling during the initiation of bone mineralization and resorption significantly shortened jaw length in embryos. We conclude that TGF-β signaling in NCM decreases mesoderm-derived osteoclast number, that TGF-β signaling in NCM impacts jaw length late in development, and that this osteoblast-to-osteoclast communication may be occurring through an undescribed mechanism.

Craniofacial features and incisor position design of esthetics population after orthodontic treatment.

This study aims to provide craniofacial features and incisor position prediction models among esthetics population after orthodontic treatment. A total of 338 patients with esthetic profiles were selected from 1 055 post-orthodontic adults based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and scored by five dental students. Mean values of cephalometric measurement were demonstrated with gender and sagittal skeletal pattern (ANB) differences assessed by generalized estimating equation. Correlations among age, skeletal, and soft tissue variables in different genders were determined. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the influence of skeletal and soft tissue variables on orthodontic incisor position. Within the esthetic cohort after orthodontic treatment, gender differences existed in cranial and mandibular length, mandibular rotation, protrusion of pogonion, inclination of maxillary incisors, upper lip thickness, lower 1/3 face height, and nose protrusion. However, in class Ⅰ malocclusion, the development of the chin showed no significance, whereas the protrusion of the lower lip significantly differed between genders, with less protrusion in males. In males, the protrusion of lip and chin varied among groups, with thinner basic upper lip thickness of class Ⅱ than class Ⅰ and greater lower lip height of class Ⅲ than class Ⅰ. In females, the protrusion and height of the upper lip and chin varied in groups, with thicker basic upper lip thickness of class Ⅲ than class Ⅰ. Upper lip thickness, female basic upper lip thickness, and female lower lip height were correlated with age. The protrusion of the upper lip was mainly correlated with posterior cranial base, mandibular body length, ANB in male and SNA, ANB, sagittal maxillary length, mandibular rotation, and protrusion of pogonion in female. The protrusion of the lower lip in males was mainly correlated with ramus height, mandibular rotation, protrusion of pogonion in male and ANB, mandibular rotation, and protrusion of pogonion in females. After employing skeletal variables to fit dental parameters, optimal results were achieved in male IMPA (adjusted R2=0.712) and female G Vert-U1 (adjusted R2=0.795). After employing skeletal and soft tissue variables simultaneously, optimal results were achieved in male and female G Vert-U1, which was mainly influenced by the protrusion of the chin and nasal base in males (adjusted R2=0.836) and the protrusion of the nasal base as well as ANB in females (adjusted R2=0.842). This study demonstrated the craniofacial features of esthetics population after orthodontic treatment and revealed the correlation of gender, age, skeleton, and soft tissues to provide reliable prediction models for aesthetic orthodontic incisor position.

Antibacterial efficacy of carnosic acid as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction study

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the antibacterial effectiveness of carnosic acid, propolis, and calcium hydroxide when used as intracanal medications against Enterococcus faecalis. Methodology: Forty-six human mandibular single-rooted premolar root lengths were standardized to 12 mm after decoronation. Cleaning and shaping were performed. The specimens were placed in Eppendorf Tubes and autoclaved. E. faecalis was inoculated into the canals and incubated for 21 days. The teeth were categorized into four groups: I - carnosic acid, II - propolis, III - calcium hydroxide, and IV - nonmedicated group. The medicaments were applied to the root canals and incubated for 14 days. The DNA extraction of E. faecalis was obtained from dentinal shavings harvested at 400-μm depth and a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s intergroup comparison test in SPSS software. Results: E. faecalis present were 4.14, 6.98, 3.80, and 56.84 mean copies/μl in groups I, III, III, and IV, respectively. A significant difference in antibacterial efficacy was observed between medicated and untreated control groups. However, no statistically significant differences were observed among the groups treated with different medicaments. Conclusion: Carnosic acid has promising antibacterial activity against E. faecalis when used as an intracanal medicament.

Cephalometric Evaluation of the Pre- and Posttreatment Changes after the Correction of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion with Twin Block Appliance in Mixed Dentition.

To evaluate the pretreatment cephalometric records on the dental, skeletal, soft tissue, and incisor relationship with a twin block functional appliance in class II malocclusion patients in and around Mahe; evaluate the posttreatment cephalometric records on the dental, skeletal, soft tissue, and incisor relationship with a twin block functional appliance in class II malocclusion patients in these children; and to compare cephalometrically certain dental, skeletal, and soft tissue points in pretreatment and posttreatment cephalograms in them. This study was conducted on 20 class II patients in the mixed dentition period, who were treated with twin block therapy. Each had to meet the following criteria-(1) skeletal class II malocclusion with retrognathic mandible; (2) full cusp class II molar relationship; and (3) an angle of ANB of 50 or greater at the start of treatment. All patients wore the appliance 24 hours/day. The pretreatment cephalometric head films for the group were taken using standard cephalometric X-ray equipment. The length of time required to achieve a class I molar relationship was assessed. Appointments during the twin block phase were scheduled at intervals of 8 weeks. Lateral head films were obtained again at the posttreatment follow-up stage. There was a significant increase in effective mandibular length, ramus height, SNB, ANB, overjet, overbite, and I to NA (mm and degrees) after twin block therapy. The maxillary incisor position showed a decrease in its value by 4° in five cases. Thus, in the present study, evidence of skeletal and dentoalveolar changes leading to the correction of class II division 1 malocclusion with the twin block functional appliance has been established. However, further studies with a longer period of follow-up and a larger sample are required to substantiate the results of the present investigation. Bimalrag BR, Ephraim R, Ayilliath A, et al. Cephalometric Evaluation of the Pre- and Posttreatment Changes after the Correction of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion with Twin Block Appliance in Mixed Dentition. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(7):783-789.

Variation of chin morphology and mandibular incisor length in different facial divergence patterns: New insights from CBCT records.

Evaluate constitutional differences in chin morphology and volume, and mandibular tooth size, between different facial divergence patterns. The sample consisted of 284 pretreatment cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of growing and non-growing patients who were stratified into 4 groups based on mandibular plane inclination to cranial base (SN) angle. Linear and angular measurements were made on the lateral CBCT images: mandibular lateral incisor crown (I-C) total (I-A) lengths, the distances between point D (centre of symphysis) and both incisor apex (D-A) and menton (D-Me) and between cemento-enamel junction and menton (CEJ-Me); chin width at the level of the central incisor apex (CWA) and point D (CWD); and the angles of the anterior and posterior symphyseal slopes. The volume of the symphysis was measured using a specialized 3D imaging software. Group differences and associations between parameters were gauged through the three-way ANOVA analysis. I-C, I-A, D-A, D-Me and CEJ-Me were greater in the hyperdivergent group (p < .001). CWA and CWD were wider in the hypodivergent group (p = .003). Volume of the chin and inter-slope angles were similar in all groups (p > .05). The anterior slope angle decreased with hyperdivegence (p < .005) in opposite pattern to the posterior slope angle (p < .005). Shape differences in mandibular symphysis were observed between opposite divergence patterns. Mandibular incisors were longer with hyperdivergence and shorter with hypodivergence. However, chin volumes were similar across divergence groups. These findings underline the role of genetic and environmental factors that impact facial growth.

Correlation of Clivus Length and Angle with Chronological Age, Gender, Sagittal Growth Pattern of the Jaws, and Skeletal Maturation Using Lateral Cephalometry.

Determination of remaining growth potential of patients is the most important factor in orthodontic treatment. This study aimed to assess the correlation of clivus length and angle with age, gender, sagittal growth pattern of the jaws, and skeletal maturation using lateral cephalometry. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 390 lateral cephalograms (Vatech, paX-i3D Green, South Korea) of patients aged 6 to 25 years. The patients were assigned to three groups of skeletal class I, II, III (n=130) with equal gender distribution. The clivus length and angle, Welcher angle, maxillary and mandibular effective length, sella turcica to Nasion (SN), and the angles between SN and point A (SNA), between SN and point B (SNB), and between NA and NB (ANB )were measured. Correlations of variables with age and gender, and cervical vertebral maturation stage (CVMS) were analyzed using the Pearson and Spearman's correlation tests, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance. Clivus length had a significant correlation with SNA (r= 0.103, p= 0.042), SNB (r= 0.108, p= 0.033), maxillary (r= 0.547, p< 0.001) and mandibular (r= 0.589, p< 0.001) effective lengths, SN length (r= 0.586, p< 0.001), and CVMS (r= 0.697, p< 0.001). Clivus angle had a significant correlation with SNA (r= 0.105, p= 0.039), SNB (r= 0.155, p= 0.002), maxillary (r= 0.507, p< 0.001) and mandibular (r= 0.596, p= 0.001) effective lengths, SN length (r= 0.566, p< 0.001), and CVMS (r= 0.699, p< 0.001). The mean clivus length (p= 0.006) and angle (p= 0.002) were significantly higher in males, and had a significant correlation with age (r= 0.636 and r= 0.718, p< 0.001). The mean clivus length and angle were not significantly different in class I, II, III (p> 0.05). All parameters were greater in males, and increased with age (except Welcher angle). Clivus length and angle had significant correlations with position of both jaws but not with sagittal relationship.

Changes in Craniofacial Morphology Induced by Unilateral Nasal Obstruction in Mice of Different Ages.

Nasal obstruction in humans leads to mouth breathing and subsequent hypoxia in the entire body. Furthermore, nasal obstruction in growing children affects craniofacial growth and development. To investigate the effects of unilateral nasal obstruction (UNO) on craniofacial growth in mice of different ages, particularly on the morphology of the nasomaxillary complex and mandible. Mice aged 3, 6 and 12 weeks were selected as representatives of juvenile, adolescent and adult stages, respectively. A total of 30 male C57BL/6J mice (10 mice each at the ages of 3, 6 and 12 weeks) were used in this study for a 3-week experiment. The mice in each age stage were randomly and evenly assigned to either the control group (C3+3, C6+3 and C12+3) or the experimental group (E3+3, E6+3 and E12+3). The UNO model in experimental group was constructed by plugging the mouse's left nostril, thereby disrupting its normal nasal breathing pattern and inducing hypoxia. The control group underwent the sham procedure. After 3 weeks, the length, width and height of the cranium, nasomaxillary complex and mandible of each group were measured on two-dimensional images constructed by micro-computed tomography. Furthermore, the impact of UNO on mouse growth was evaluated through the measurement of femoral length. In juvenile mice, UNO inhibited the growth of cranial width, cranial height and mandibular length. In adolescent mice, UNO impeded the growth of the femoral length, cranial length, nasomaxillary length and mandibular length. In adult mice, no significant negative effects of UNO on craniofacial growth were found. Referring to the experimental results, in addition to actively treating nasal obstruction in patients, it is important to monitor the growth of the mandible in juveniles, as well as the nasomaxillary and mandibular growth in adolescents during orthodontic clinical practice.

Correlations of skeletal anomalies of the lower limbs and the mandibular ramus lengths

Correlations of skeletal anomalies of the lower limbs and the mandibular ramus lengths

Morphologic predictors of mandibular changes induced by Sander's Bite Jumping Appliance.

This study aimed to identify pretreatment cephalometric variables as possible predictors of the mandibular length increase in Class II patients with mandibular retrusion, treated by means of the Bite Jumping Appliance (BJA). Forty-three subjects (22 males and 21 females) with Class II malocclusion, treated with a BJA, were selected on the basis of the following inclusion criteria: full Class II molar relationship, Overjet (OVJ) ≥ 6 mm and a skeletal Class II malocclusion with mandibular retrusion at the start of the treatment (T0); cervical vertebral maturation stage 2 or 3 at time 0 (T0). The following mandibular structural features were measured on lateral cephalograms at time 0 and time 1 (15 months of treatment): the width and height of the mandibular symphysis and its width/height ratio, the width and height of the mandibular ramus and its width/height ratio, the antegonial notch depth and the Condilion-Gonion-Menton (Co-Go-Me) angle. Post-treatment changes were assessed by Pancherz's cephalometric analysis, evaluating the increases in mandibular length. A regression statistical model was used to test the association between morphologic variables and mandibular length changes. At T1, a significant increase in mandibular length (7.1 + 3.4 mm, p < .001) was measured. A significant negative association between the pretreatment Co-Go-Me angle and mandibular length change was found (p < .05). IMPA angle was negatively associated with mandibular length change. All the others morphological feature were not statistically related to mandibular length change. Co-Go-Me angle and IMPA angle at T0 can be used as predictors for mandibular response to the treatment with BJA.

Differences in linear and angular measurement of the lower facial third in lateral cephalometry and lateral photometry: A comparative study

BackgroundIn clinical orthodontic practice, to evaluate aesthetics in dentistry, lateral cephalometry and lateral photometry are used to measure and assess craniofacial morphology. In contrast to cephalometry, photometry has no radiation hazard and is less expensive. There has been a paradigm shift in contemporary orthodontics that now emphasizes soft tissue aesthetics, rather than depending entirely on hard tissue evaluation from lateral cephalometry. Therefore, the key question is whether lateral photometry can be a substitute for conventional cephalometry for diagnostics, prognostic analysis, and treatment planning. ObjectiveTo differentiate between lateral cephalometry and lateral photometry measurement in children with stage 2 and 3 vertebrae maturation in the Deutero Malay population. Materials and MethodsA standardized protocol was followed for all lateral cephalograms and photographs from 38 subjects who met the inclusion criteria. Three parameters focusing on the lower third craniofacial measurement were investigated: two linear parameters (mandibular ramus length and mandibular length) and one angular parameter (gonial angle). These parameters were measured using Webceph software. All parameters were digitized on both cephalograms and photographs and were compared using an independent sample t-test. ResultsWhen comparing the angular cephalometric and photometric variables, we found that the mandible length (Go-Me) and gonial angle (∠Go) in the cephalometry measurements had an insignificant difference compared to the photometric measurements, while the ramus length (Co-Go) in the cephalometry measurement had a significant difference compared to the photometric measurements. ConclusionAlthough we cannot rule out cephalometry as the primary record in orthodontics, lateral photometry assessment can be used as an alternative candidate for measuring mandibular body measurements and gonial angle in stage 2 and 3 cervical maturation in the Deutero Malay race.

Analysis of condylar positioning in the temporomandibular joint following mandibular reconstruction: Introduction of a new classification system and assessment of influencing factors on displacement.

This study investigates the unsatisfactory outcomes observed in mandibular reconstruction procedures attributed to improper condylar positioning in the Temporomandibular Joint. It also proposes a systematic classification for post-reconstruction condylar positioning dissatisfaction. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 337 patients who underwent tumor removal and mandibular reconstruction with vascularized osteocutaneous flaps. Reconstruction techniques included conventional surgery (43.3%) and 3D technology-guided procedures (56.7%). Evaluation utilized preoperative and postoperative CT scans to assess mandibular vertical ramus length (V) and condylar alignment in both sagittal (S) and coronal (C) planes. Accordingly, a classification system for condylar positioning was developed and abbreviated as VSC. It includes four classes: Class I, proper condylar reconstruction; Class II, short ramus length; Class III, one or two aspects of sagittal/coronal condylar positions dissatisfaction; and Class IV, two or three aspects dissatisfaction. The overall success rate for condylar reconstruction was 85.16%. Though not statistically significant, the success rate was marginally higher in the 3D-assisted group (85.86%) compared to the conventional group (84.25%). In terms of the VSC classification, the distribution of cases across Class I, II, III, and IV were 287, 4, 9, and 37 cases, respectively. Notably, condylar dislocation was significantly associated with the defect site, particularly the body and condyle (p < 0.001, OR = 49.734, 95% CI 12.995-190.342), and the number of reconstructed segments (p = 0.025, OR = 3.480, 95% CI 1.173-10.328). The findings highlight the importance of accurate reconstruction methods and reveal implications of the defect site and the number of reconstructed segments in condylar dislocation. Consequently, we propose a classification system to refine condylar positioning assessment and enhance surgical outcomes in mandibular reconstruction.

Prediction of the individual response to treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusions and their long-term stability. A Case Report.

Abstract. Non-surgical correction of class II skeletal malocclusions begins at an early age, during the growth and development of the jaw. Treatments tend to be relatively long and generate financial commitments for the family. Predict-ing the success and stability of the results can be helpful for parents who wish to know about the prognosis and make the right decision to start treatment. This work reports the findings of the prediction of the response to treatment of a skel-etal class II malocclusion and its long-term stability in a thirteen-year-old male patient. The individual prediction cephalometric model of Baccetti and Franchi was applied. According to this indicator, the treatment of this patient would re-sult in “a great response”. The patient was treated with a Herbst-type fixed man-dibular anterior projection appliance, followed by brackets for the final detailing of the occlusion. Sixteen years later, after finishing treatment, the correction of the Class II malocclusion, the overbite and the harmony in the profile with the projection of the mandible forwards are maintained by the increase in the total mandibular length (13 mm), and through the opening of the angle between the ramus and mandibular body from 122° to 128°. In conclusion, the individual pre-diction cephalometric model applied, particularly in this case report, allowed us to accurately predict the excellent response and stability of the facial, dental and skeletal results of the class II skeletal malocclusion treatment.

Appraisal of skeletal maturity indicators with respect to non-invasive biomarkers

Non-invasive salivary biomarkers are being investigated as they may be helpful in predicting skeletal age. This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between salivary insulin-like growth factor-1, salivary alkaline phosphatase, cervical vertebrae maturation stages and chronological age in the assessment of skeletal age during the growth period. This study also aims to find associations with mandibular base length and maxillary base length. Total 80 eligible subjects aged 7 to 21 years were selected and divided into two gender-specific groups (41 males, 39 females). A further subdivision was made on the basis of six cervical vertebral maturation stages from the lateral cephalogram. The chronological age was given for each subject, and The maxillary base length and the length of the mandibular base was calculated from the impressions on the lateral cephalogram. Saliva samples were collected from each subject to determine salivary IGF-1 and ALP levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data obtained was statistically analysed using SPSS (20.0) software. It was found that the mean IGF-1 activity in saliva was highest at CVMI stage 3 and the highest mean ALP levels in saliva occurred in males at CVMI stage 3 and in females at CVMI stage 4. Mean salivary ALP and IGF-1 levels correlate well with . Salivary ALP levels show a correlation with chronological age and could also be used as a diagnostic model to predict cervical stage. The diagnostic levels of certain biomarkers that appear in human saliva are representative of an individual's circumpubertal growth spurt. The collective pattern of increase and decrease in the sample during the circumpubertal stages is essential to study for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

The Efficacy of the RME II System Compared with a Herbst Appliance in the Treatment of Class II Skeletal Malocclusion in Growing Patients: A Retrospective Study.

(1) Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Rapid Maxillary Expander (RME) II System compared to a Herbst appliance and a control group in the treatment of class II skeletal malocclusions in growing patients. (2) Methods: A total of 30 class II patients treated using the RME II System (group R) were compared with 30 patients treated with a Herbst appliance (group H) and 30 untreated class II children (group C). Cephalograms were compared at the start (T0) and after 24 months (T1). Nine cephalometric parameters were analyzed: SN-MP, SN-PO, ANB, AR-GO-ME, AR-GO-N, N-GO-ME, SN-PP, LFH, CO-GN, 1+SN, IMPA, OVERJET, and OVERBITE. Since the variables failed the normality test, a Wilcoxon test was performed for a pairwise comparison of the cephalometric measurements taken at T0 (pre-treatment) and at T1 (post-treatment). ANOVA with Tukey post hoc correction was used to evaluate the differences among the groups. (3) Results: ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference for all analyzed variables except for AR-GO-ME, AR-GO-N, and N-GO-ME. Post hoc Tukey's HSD test showed the following difference: the SN-PO angle in group H was 3.59° greater than in group R; the LFH in group H was 4.13 mm greater than in group R. The mandibular length (CO-GN) in group H was 3.94 mm greater than in group R; IMPA in group H was 6.4° greater than in group R; and the ANB angle in group H was 1.47° greater than in group R. (4) Conclusions: The RME II System is an effective therapeutic device for class II skeletal malocclusion treatment in growing patients.

Craniofacial morphology in patients with impacted canine: a case control-study.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of maxillary canine impaction through cephalometric evaluation. One hundred and eighty-two Caucasian patients (80 males and 102 females) with a mean age of 12.4±0.5 were retrospectively enrolled in the present study. Ninety patients with impacted canines were compared with ninety-two patients with physiologically erupted canines. The following cephalometric variables were analyzed: SNA, ANB, SN-GOME, GO-ME, SP-CL, SELLA TURCICA DEPHT, A-Pt LINE, B-Pt LINE, A-Pt LINE°, B-Pt LINE°, A1s-Pt, A1i-Pt, A1s-Pt°, A1i-PT°, A-SN, B-SN and SN-U1. When applicable, a paired sample t-test was performed to investigate the difference in means between the two sample groups, while the Mann-Whitney Test was used as a non-parametric test in the case of a non-normal distribution of data. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. The group with impacted canines showed an increase in Go-Me distance, SNA angle and A1s-Pt angle compared with the control group. In addition, the same group showed a decrease in A-SN and SP-Cl distance compared with the control group. An increase in mandibular length (GO-ME) and SNA angle associated with a reduction in A-Sn distance and interclinoid distance (SP-Cl) were observed in patients with impacted canines.

The potential of synthetic minority oversampling technique to enhance the precision of gender prediction: an investigation of artificial neural networks with cephalometry

BACKGROUND: When creating models utilizing artificial neural networks, the quantity of training data and the distribution of data need to be considered, particularly when making gender predictions. AIM: This study seeks to determine the potential impact of using the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) on gender prediction using the artificial neural networks model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The current study utilized a dataset consisting of 297 cephalometric measurements from Indonesian patients, comprising 229 samples from females and 68 samples from males. WebCeph is used to measure certain parameters, such as Sella-Nation-Point A (SNA) angle, mandibular length, mandibular angle, Sella-Glabella-Point A (SGA) angle, and diagnosis. Data processing and artificial neural networks model creation were conducted using Python. RESULTS: The gender identification accuracy of the artificial neural networks model is 87% for females and 0% for males, resulting in an overall average accuracy of 78%. When using SMOTE, the accuracy is 22%, with 0% for females and 37% for males. However, when using SMOTE and normalization, the accuracy increases to 71%, with 82% for females and 30% for males. The accuracy of normalization without SMOTE is 76%, with 86% for females and 14% for males. CONCLUSIONS: This research has proven the efficacy of SMOTE in improving the classification of male matrices. Nevertheless, this study reveals that the overall accuracy results of SMOTE are suboptimal in comparison to the absence of SMOTE and normalization. The application of data balancing strategies is necessary to achieve optimal accuracy in gender prediction when artificial neural networks, and other parameters must be applied.

Effect of mandibular third molar tooth germ extraction on mandibular development: a retrospective study

Objective: To investigatethe effect of extraction of mandibular third molar (M3) tooth germon the development of the mandible in orthodontic patients, with a view to providing a reference for clinical M3 tooth germ extraction. Methods: One hundred and twenty-nine Angel class Ⅰ patients aged 10-16 years who attended the Department of Orthodontics Division 1, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University from 1 January 2013 to 30 December 2021 and fulfilled the criteria for nativity were included. Those who had their M3 extracted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery were included in the study group, with a total of 66 cases; and those who did not have their M3 extracted were included in the control group, with a total of 63 cases. The average annual growth was calculated by tracing point measurements on cephalometric films before and after orthodontic treatment according to the Jarabak and McNamara methods, with measurements of the mandibular ramus height (Ar-Go'), mandibular body length (Go'-Me), and overall mandibular length (Co-Gn) values, respectively. The average annual growth of Ar-Go', Go'-Me, and Co-Gn were compared between the two groups for the overall sample of patients, patients of the same sex (male/female), patients of the same age group (A, B, and C), and patients of the same cervical vertebral maturation stage (stages Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ), respectively, to see if there was any difference in the average annual growth of Ar-Go', Go'-Me, and Co-Gn. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the average annual growth of Ar-Go', Go'-Me, and Co-Gn between the study group [0.88 (0.40, 1.80), 0.67 (0.15, 1.18), and 0.86 (0.40, 1.90) mm, respectively] and the control group [1.08 (0.45, 1.60), 0.53 (0.25, 1.13), and 1.20 (0.46, 2.28) mm, respectively] (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the average annual growth in the Ar-Go', Go'-Me, and Co-Gn between the groups for patients of the same sex group (male/female), patients of the same age group (A, B, and C), and patients of the same cervical vertebral maturation stage group (stages Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ) (P>0.05). Conclusions: Extraction of the mandibular third molar tooth germ has no significant effect on the development of the mandible in Angle class Ⅰ orthodontic patients.

Quantitative Assessment of Lip Morphology in Patients With and Without Cleft Lip and Palate Using 3-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetry.

This study aimed to assess and quantify the morphologic characteristics of the lips and the lower third of the face in cleft and noncleft patients, utilizing three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry. Sixty patients were included in the study, comprising 30 unilateral cleft lip and palate patients (G1, 24 female, 6 male; aged 20 to 60y, mean age 44.0±12.0y) and 30 noncleft patients (G2, 23 female, 7 male; aged 20 to 59y, mean age 43.5±12.0y). Anthropometric landmarks were identified on the facial surface. Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry was employed to capture images. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the groups, with a significance level set at 0.05. The comparative analysis revealed statistically significant differences in 5 linear and 6 angular measurements. Linear measurements such as philtrum width, upper and lower cutaneous lip height, mandibular ramus length, and midfacial depth exhibited significant differences between cleft and noncleft patients. Similarly, angular measurements, including upper lip angle, Cupid's bow angle, lower/medium face convexity, lip seal, nasolabial angle, and left gonial angle, displayed statistically significant disparities. These findings underscore the ongoing surgical challenges in the comprehensive rehabilitation of patients with clefts, highlighting the critical need for continued advancements in treatment strategies.