Mandibular Condyle Morphology Research Articles

ACCURACY OF CBCT IN MANDIBULAR CONDYLE VOLUMETRIC AND SURFACE MEASUREMENT: LITERATURE REVIEW

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in in the measurement and diagnosis of mandibular condyle morphology, in comparison to other diagnostic devices. The design and method In order to achieve our study, we searched several databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. We only considered studies published between 2005 and 2023. Our review was focused on clinical trials, meta-analysis, article reviews, and randomized controlled trials. The exclusion criteria included patients with certain medical conditions, jaw abnormalities, jaw fractures, and animal experiments. The studies we analyzed had to address one specific question: What is the diagnostic accuracy of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) compared to conventional tomography? conclusion: CBCT has become a cost- and dose-effective alternative to CT for examining the condyle and also TMJs. This imaging method is better than conventional radiographic methods and MRI in assessing osseous TMJ abnormalities, despite being more sensitive to motion artifacts. In addition, CBCT-MRI fused images can significantly improve the reliability of observers in determining anterior disc displacement and bone changes of the TMJ. This technology can also be utilized to improve diagnostic efficacy, especially for inexperienced residents.

Association Between Gender, Age, and Skeletal Class With Mandibular Condyle Morphology: A Retrospective Study.

This study aimed to examine the impact of demographic variables on mandibular condyle morphology, a critical factor in orthodontic treatment and maxillofacial surgery. The investigation focuses on the relationship between gender, age, and skeletal class with the morphological dimensions of the condyle, utilizing panoramic radiography as a diagnostic tool. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 150 panoramic radiographs from individuals stratified into six groups according to gender and skeletal class. Skeletal classes were determined using Steiner and McNamara cephalometry. The Kodak Carestream software (Rochester, NY: Carestream Health) was employed to measure condylar height, width, and morphology. Statistical evaluations included ANOVA, correlation assessments, and multivariate binary logistic regression to discern the differences and associations among the variables studied. The findings revealed notable differences in condylar dimensions between genders across different skeletal classes, with males typically presenting larger condylar dimensions than females. The data also showed a moderate positive correlation between condyle height and width. Round-shaped condyles were the most common form found, with significant gender differences observed in certain skeletal classes. Additionally, logistic regression analysis identified significant associations between gender, age, and condylar width and shape. The study concludes that demographic factors, such as gender and age, significantly affect mandibular condyle morphology. These factors should be carefully considered in clinical evaluations using panoramic radiography to enhance the precision of diagnoses and the effectiveness of subsequent orthodontic and maxillofacial treatments. The results provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals in regions where more advanced imaging techniques may not be readily available.

Association between the Temporomandibular Joint Morphology and Chewing Pattern.

This study aimed to investigate whether the morphology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is associated with chewing patterns while considering skeletal morphology, sex, age, and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). A cross-sectional observational study of 102 TMJs of 80 patients (age 16-40 years) was performed using pretreatment records of cone-beam computed tomography imaging of the TMJ, mandibular kinesiographic records of gum chewing, lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs, patient history, and pretreatment questionnaires. To select appropriate TMJ measurements, linear regression analyses were performed using TMJ measurements as dependent variables and chewing patterns as the independent variable with adjustment for other covariates, including Nasion-B plane (SNB) angle, Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA), amount of lateral mandibular shift, sex, age, and symptoms of TMD. In multiple linear regression models adjusted for other covariates, the length of the horizontal short axis of the condyle and radius of the condyle at 135° from the medial pole were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the chewing patterns in the frontal plane on the working side. "Non-bilateral grinding" displayed a more rounded shape of the mandibular condyle. Conversely, "bilateral grinding" exhibited a flatter shape in the anteroposterior aspect. These findings suggest that the mandibular condyle morphology might be related to skeletal and masticatory function, including chewing patterns.

The effect of myotonic dystrophy type 1 on temporomandibular joint and dentofacial morphology: A CBCT analysis.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a neuromuscular multisystem disease. Early involvement of facial muscles may produce an extra load on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in DM1. This study aimed to investigate the morphological analyses of the bone components of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and dentofacial morphology in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) patients by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Sixty-six individuals (33 DM1, and 33 healthy subjects) age ranging from 20 to 69 were included in the study. Clinical examinations of the patients' TMJ regions and evaluation of dentofacial morphology (maxillary deficiency, open-bite, deep palate and cross-bite) were performed. Dental occlusion was determined based on Angle's classification. CBCT images were evaluated regarding mandibular condyle morphology (convex, angled, flat and round) and osseous changes observed in the condyle (normal, osteophyte, erosion, flattening, sclerosis). DM1-specific morphological and bony TMJ alterations were determined. DM1 patients showed a high prevalence of morphological and osseous TMJ changes, and statistically significant skeletal alterations. The analysis of CBCT scans indicated the prevalent condylar shape among patients with DM1 was flat, the main osseous abnormality was flattening, there was a tendency towards skeletal Class II and a posterior cross-bite was frequently detected in DM1 patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the genders on the parameters evaluated in both groups. Adult patients with DM1 presented a high frequency of crossbite, tendency to skeletal Class II and morphological osseous alterations of TMJ. The analysis of the morphological condylar alterations in patients with DM1 may be beneficial in the diagnosis of TMJ disorders. This study reveals DM1-specific morphological and osseous TMJ alterations to provide an appropriate orthodontic/orthognathic treatment planning to patients.

Assessment of mandibular condylar morphology through digital panoramic radiograph: A radiographic study

The temporomandibular joint is one of the most intricate human articulations (TMJ). Each joint is made up of a mandibular condyle and its associated temporal cavity (glenoid fossa and articular eminence). Human mandibular condyle morphology can be divided into six types: Type I: Oval; Type II: Flattened; Type III: Diamond; Type IV: Crooked finger; Type V:Bifid and Type VI: Bird beak. The mandibular condyle appears in several different age groups and individuals in many distinct ways. Condyle remodelling to account for developmental variations, malocclusion, trauma, and other developmental illnesses and diseases are all examples of developmental disorders and diseases that can result from simple developmental variability. Panoramic radiography has been recommended as a screening tool for TMJ patients, and it may be useful to spot major bone abnormalities in the condyle.: The aim of the current study is to observe and record the variations in condyle forms in Punjab (North India) using an Orthopantomographs (OPGs), which were crucial for patient treatment in several branches of dentistry. This retrospective study comprised radiographic evaluation of 400 condylar heads after visualising 200 digitalised OPGs taken for routine investigation. The most common shape of condyle on right observed was oval (43.5%) followed by Bird Beak (20.5%), Diamond (12.5%), Flattened (12%), Crooked finger(6.5%) and Bifid (5%). The most common shape of condyle on left observed was Oval (51%) followed by Bird Beak (15%), Diamond (14%), Flattened (9%), Crooked finger(8%) and Bifid (3%). In Males, the commonest form of left and right condylar morphology was and the least form of right condylar morphology was , whereas the least form of left condylar morphology observed was and In Females, the commonest form of left and right condylar morphology was and the least form of left and right condylar morphology observed was The aim of this study was to determine the most typical radiographic forms of the mandibular condyle on the OPG. Six various condyle shapes—Oval, Flattened, Bird beak, Diamond, Crooked finger, and bifid—have been identified in the current study, with the oval form being the most prevalent on both sides and in both sexes. Bifid is the least typical shape for the right and left condyles.

Relationship between development of the condylar cortex and the changes in condyle morphology: a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) observational study.

A correct understanding of the mandibular condyle morphology may help clinicians judge the normal range of morphological variations of asymptomatic patients or the pathological conditions correctly. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the status of condyle cortication and condyle morphology, and to investigate the relationship between the development of the condylar cortex and the changes of condyle morphology. The present study was an observational study. A total of 1,010 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were collected retrospectively. The mandibular condyle morphology was observed in axial (concave, convex, plane and others for anterior and posterior facets), coronal (plane, convex, angled and round for superior facet) and sagittal (round and plane for superior facet) views, and the condylar cortication was grouped into three types (undeveloped, developing and developed). Analytical statistics were performed to detect a relationship between the cortication status and morphology of the condyles. For males and females, the mean age was 15.11±2.71 and 14.25±2.60 years (for condylar bone without cortication), 19.45±3.92 and 18.65±3.45 years (with developing cortical bone), 23.63±3.36 and 23.86±3.73 years (with developed cortical bone), respectively. The condyle morphology with a plane form in the anterior aspect, a convex form in the posterior aspect, a convex form in the coronal view and a round form in the sagittal view was the most often recorded condyle morphologies (13.2%). After the cortical bone of condyle completely forms, the plane form was significantly increased in the superior surface in both sagittal and coronal views. The condylar shape gradually changes with growth and development of the condyle bone cortex. The more mature the bone cortex is, the higher the probability that the condyle will have an uneven shape, which may mean that the condyle morphology may change due to remodeling during growth and development.

Research progress on asymmetry of mandibular ramus and condyle of different skeletal patterns

Asymmetry of the face and dental arch is a natural phenomenon. Symmetry can be defined as an equal or corresponding distribution at two extremes, poles or on both sides of the body, in the form of a distribution around a center or an axis. Previous studies have shown that different skeletal patterns have a significant effect on mandibular condyle morphology, and that the jaws are asymmetrical in function and movement, indicating that the left and right sides of the mandible develop differently. Therefore, Symmetry assessment is important in aesthetic assessment of any craniofacial region as well as in assessment of malocclusion.

Mandibular condyle morphology among patients with mucopolysaccharidosis: An observational study of panoramic radiographs.

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of rare metabolic diseases characterized by a wide spectrum of symptoms including progressive condylar resorption. The aim of this study was to quantify the severity of condylar involvement in MPS I individuals in comparison with a group of non-MPS individuals and to describe how condylar changes may vary among the different types of MPS. Fifty panoramic radiographs of MPS patients (13.4±6.2years) with MPS I (n=14), MPS II (n=2), MPS IV (n=8) and MPS VI (n=2) were compared with forty panoramic radiographs of non-MPS individuals. The severity of condylar resorption was evaluated using a qualitative score (grades 0-3) and using the ratio of condylar height to ramus height (CH: RH). All MPS I and VI individuals showed pronounced bilateral degenerative condylar resorption. In contrast, individuals with MPS II and IV exhibited heterogeneous findings. The quantification of condylar height to ramus height revealed that CH: RH was significantly decreased in MPS I as compared to that of non-MPS individuals (P<.001). In contrast, the CH: RH ratios of MPS II and IV showed great variability. Mucopolysaccharidoses subtypes differ with regard to the severity of condylar resorption.

Does Mandibular Condylar Morphology After Fracture Healing Predict Functional Outcomes in Patients Treated With Closed Reduction?

The purpose of the study is to assess the healing temporomandibular joint morphology and function after closed treatment of unilateral mandibular condylar fracture. A prospective interventional cohort study was designed in patients recruited from the outpatient department who underwent closed reduction for unilateral condylar fractures, and mean mouth opening, mean maximum protrusion, laterotrusion, and radiological pattern of healing were noted. Forty patients in the age group of 18-50years (mean 24.5years) were included. The difference between the pretreatment mean mouth opening (26.94mm), mean maximum protrusion (1.22mm), and laterotrusion (3.82mm and 1.45mm) values and the 6-month post-treatment values (46.3mm, 4.45mm, and 11.82mm and 9.82mm, respectively) was found to be statistically significant (P<.001). Deranged pretreatment occlusion seen in 20 cases was improved in 18 patients (85%) at the 6-month post-treatment visit, with persisting malocclusion in 2 patients (5%). Clinically, cases that had healed with the anatomical pattern (M1) were found to have significantly better clinical outcomes (P value<.05) than that achieved with cases healed with spherical pattern (M2), L-shaped pattern (M3), or detached pattern (M4). On radiographs, the greatest improvement (21.16mm) in mean mouth opening values was seen in the M1 group (anatomical pattern), followed by similar improvement in groups M2 and M3 (18.39 and 18.66mm, respectively). Least improvement (7.06mm) was seen in the single case of the M4 group (detached pattern), although the 6-month post-treatment value was still an acceptable one (34mm). Favorable functional outcomes can be achieved after closed treatment, including adequate mouth opening, pain-free jaw excursions, and stable occlusion, with the anatomical healing pattern showing the most superior results and the detached pattern being associated with relatively poorer outcomes compared with other healing patterns.

The influence of mandibular condyle morphology on TMJ anterior dislocations

The present study was designed to investigate the correlation between the bony morphology of the mandibular condyle and the occurrence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) idiopathic anterior dislocation. A comparative retrospective study was conducted among 14 patients presenting idiopathic anterior dislocations (study group) and 15 patients who did not suffer from any TMJ disorders (control group). All patients underwent a multidetector computed tomography scan demonstrating the full extent of their joints. The scans of 58 joints were reconstructed and analyzed by tools available in Dolphine3 software. Mandibular condyle size and volume were measured, and its shape was characterized. Shape, width, length, height, and volume of the mandibular condyles did not differ statistically between the study and control groups. Mandibular condyle morphology does not affect TMJ idiopathic anterior dislocation.

Spatial Analysis of the Temporomandibular Joint and Condyle Following Mandibular Distraction in Robin Sequence.

To comprehensively assess changes in temporomandibular joint and mandibular condyle morphology in Robin sequence (RS) patients undergoing mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO). A retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with RS and functional temporomandibular joints who underwent MDO by a single surgeon was performed. Preoperative and postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans were morphometrically analyzed three-dimensional in 3-matic and Mimics (Materialise). Comparative analysis was performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Fourteen RS patients were included (28 condyles, 56 CT scans), 78% male and 22% females. The mean age at surgery was 9.4 weeks (range 1.6-46.7 weeks). The average age at initial CT was 5.3 days (range 0-11 days). The mean time interval for CT scan before MDO and after hardware removal were 8.8 ± 6.4 days and 11.2 ± 25.8 days, respectively. Rotatory changes of the condyle revealed a significantly decreased horizontal angle following MDO (-7.55°, 95% confidence interval -11.13° to -3.41°; P < 0.001). Anteroposteriorly, the angle between condylar process and ramus (incline) increased significantly (14.14°, 95% confidence interval 10.71°-19.59°; P < 0.001). Intragroup analysis revealed no difference between left versus right condylar position measurements. The condyle itself increased in size and length and the intercondylion distance increased post-MDO. There were no complications and all patients achieved relief of airway obstruction without tracheostomy. Morphologic and positional changes of the mandibular condyle following MDO in RS patients parallel changes that occur during normal development in non-RS patients. As a result, MDO may facilitate normal condylar morphology and function in RS patients.

Primary observation of the role of posttranslational modification of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) on postnatal development of mandibular condyle in mice

ObjectivesWe aimed to observe the posttranslational role of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) on postnatal development of mandibular condyle in mice. MethodsTo explore the function of full-length DSPP, four groups of mice were employed: (1) wild type (WT) mice; (2)Dspp knockout (Dspp KO) mice; (3) mice expressing the normal DSPP transgene in the Dspp KO background (Dspp KO/normal Tg); (4) mice expressing the uncleavable full-length DSPP in the Dspp KO background (Dspp KO/D452A Tg). Firstly, Plain X-ray Radiography and Micro-computed Tomography were used to observe the condylar morphology changes of Dspp KO/D452A Tg mice in comparison with the other three groups. Then, Hematoxylin & eosin and toluidine blue staining were applied to uncover the histological changes of mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) of Dspp KO/D452A Tg mice. To explore the function of the NH2-terminal fragments (i.e. DSP/DSP-PG), three groups of mice were employed: (1) WT mice; (2) Dspp KO mice; (3) mice expressing the NH2-terminal fragments of DSPP in the Dspp-null background (Dspp KO/DSP Tg). The former strategies were utilized to examine the differences of condylar morphology and histological structures changes within three groups of mice. ResultsTransgenic full-length DSPP partially maintained mandibular condylar morphology and MCC thickness of Dspp KO mice. Transgenic DSP failed to do so, but led to smaller mandibular condyle and disordered cartilage structure. ConclusionsOur observations provide insight into the role of posttranslational modification of DSPP in the postnatal development of healthy MCC and maintenance of condylar morphology.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of the Morphological Variation and Width in Mandibular Condyle.

Classify the normal morphology of mandibular condyle to facilitate the diagnosis of any pathology or abnormal conditions associated with it using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 100 joints of 50 subjects with age range of 20 to 50 years were examined prospectively using CBCT images. The mandibular condylar morphology was classified into convex, round, flat, and angled the widest area of the condylar head measured to evaluate the size variation in different age groups for both genders and side. Round shape condyle is more frequent than other varieties and angled shape was the less frequent shape. There was no significant difference between gender and condyle shape but the round and angled shape were more obvious in females than males. Convex type was more prevalent to shown bilateral symmetrical shape than other varieties, the condylar head mean of width measuring was 14.85 mm in age group 20 to 29 comparable to 14.45 mm and 14.42 mm in age groups 30 to 39 and 40 to 50 years, respectively. CBCT facilitates the precise examination of TMJ in 3 planes that play a great role in an accurate visualization of the condyle to provide early diagnosis for any disorder in the region.

Effect of diet texture on morphology and surface of mandibular condyle in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse P8 (SAMP8)

Effect of diet texture on morphology and surface of mandibular condyle in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse P8 (SAMP8)

A Panoramic Study of the Dissimilar Morphology of Mandibular Condyle in a Sample of Population in Erbil City

A Panoramic Study of the Dissimilar Morphology of Mandibular Condyle in a Sample of Population in Erbil City

Understanding the mandibular condyle morphology on panoramic images: A cone beam computed tomography comparison study

ABSTRACT Objective To compare variations in condylar morphology (CM) in panoramic images with those demonstrated in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to investigate factors related to the variations. Methods Three thousand panoramic images were analyzed for CM classification and relationship between CM and patient factors. Then, CM of 178 cases of panoramic and CBCT images were compared. Results CM was classified into five types: round (70.63%), pointed (15.12%), angled (8.43%), flat (4.53%), and irregular (1.28%). CM was significantly related to all patient factors (p < 0.001). Round CM in panoramic images presented as round in CBCT images. Pointed and flat CM were observed mainly in the lateral aspect of the condyle, and no angle-shaped CM was found, according to CBCT images. Conclusion Round, flat, and pointed CM seen on panoramic images possibly reflected the actual shape of the condyle, as confirmed by CBCT, whereas angled CM appeared not to exist.

A Panoramic Study of the Morphology of Mandibular Condyle in a Sample of Population from Basrah City

A Panoramic Study of the Morphology of Mandibular Condyle in a Sample of Population from Basrah City

Evaluation of Normal Morphology of Mandibular Condyle: A Radiographic Survey.

Objectives:The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex, highly specialized joint. Along with the teeth, these joints are considered to be a “tri-joint complex.” Mandibular condyle morphology is characterized by a rounded bone projection with an upper biconvex and oval surface in axial plane. Anatomical knowledge of the TMJ is one of the basic foundations of clinical practice, allowing the understanding of TMJ pathologies and fabrication of condylar prostheses. The cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken to evaluate normal variation in the condylar morphology on radiographs in persons without TMJ symptomatology and its relation to age, gender, dentition status, chewing habits, parafunctional habits, history of orthodontic treatment, and denture wearing was assessed.Material and Methods:A total of 350 subjects without TMJ symptomatology included in the study were further grouped by age, gender, dentition status, chewing habits, parafunctional habits, history of orthodontic treatment, and denture wearing history. Panoramic radiograph was taken for the assessment of condylar morphology.Results:A significant association between dentition status and bilaterally similar condylar morphology was noticed. Bilaterally similar condyles were seen in 81.4% of subjects. Round-shaped condyles were seen in 176 (62%) persons. Loss of bilateral occlusion tends to alter the condylar morphology. Association between normal chewing habits and bilaterally similar condyle shapes was significant.Conclusion:The study describes the normal morphology of mandibular condyles in a population attending the tertiary dental care center, Kozhikode. The dentition status and chewing habits of individuals had a significant role in determining condylar morphology.

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study of Mandibular Condylar Morphology.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphology of mandibular condyle using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) on coronal sections in a South-Eastern Anatolian population. A total of 1820 joints in 910 subjects with age range of 18 to 86 years were examined retrospectively on CBCT images. The mandibular condylar morphology was examined in right and left sides on coronal sections and classified as convex, round, flat, and angled. In addition, condyle morphology was assessed according to age, gender, edentulism, Angle's classification. The study sample contained CBCT scans of 910 patients (50.3% female, 49.7% male) with a mean age of 42.31 ± 15.74. Condylar morphologies were analyzed as convex in 40.5%, angled in 34.3%, flat in 15.5%, round in 9.6% of the cases. Condyle shape was found statistically related to group age, gender, edentulism (P <0.05). The findings suggest that mandibular condyle shape is associated with age, gender, and edentulism. CBCT may be considered as an appropriate imaging method for detection of condyle alterations of temporomandibular joints and it could provide early diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorder.

MRI observation of condylar location and morphology in the patients with temporomandibular disc displacement

Objective: To evaluate the mandibular condylar location and morphology in the temporomandibular joint disorders. Methods: One hundred thirty-seven TMD patients (age 37.5±16.1 years, male/female=39/98) were performed with MRI scan for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) from November, 2011 to April, 2019 in Department of Radiology,Hainan Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese PLA and General Hospital of Chinese PLA. The patients were classified into 3 groups according the disc displacement: disc without displacement (DWoD) (185 TMJ), disc displacement with reduction (DDWR) (17 TMJ) and disc displacement without reduction (DDWoR) (72 TMJ). The location (anterior position, central position and posterior position) and morphology (oval shape, flat shape and beaklike shape) of the condylar head were observed on the sagittal PDWI, and the long and short axes were measured on the axial T2WI. Another groups were classified into 3 subgroups according to the disc displacement of bilateral TMJ: bilateral normal disc location (biND) (74 cases), unilateral disc displacement (uniDD) (40 cases) and bilateral disc displacement (23 cases). The inter-condyle angle was measured on the axial T2WI. Results: There was no significant difference for the location of condylar head among DWoD, DDWR and DDwoR groups (χ(2)=7.435, P=0.115). The rate for flat condylar shape was significantly higher in DWoD group [83.9%(115/137)] than that in DDWoR group [50.7%(34/67)], and the rate for beaklike condylar shape was significantly lower in DWoD group [16.1%(22/137)] than that in DDWoR group [49.3%(33/67)] (χ(2)=23.521, P<0.001). The length of long axis presented significantly longer in DWoD group [(17.2±2.4) mm] than that in DDWR group [(15.4±2.0) mm] and that in DDWoR group [(14.7±2.7) mm] (P<0.05). The length of short axis presented significantly longer in DWoD group [(7.3±1.2) mm] than that in DDWR group [(6.5±1.3) mm] and that in DDWoR group [(6.1±1.4) mm] (P<0.05). The inter-condyle angle presented significantly larger in biND group (136°±13°) and uniDD group (132°±14°) than that inbiDD group (124°±17°) (P<0.05). Conclusions: The mandibular condylar morphology changes significantly presented in the patients with temporomandibular disc displacement for the temporomandibular disorders.