Mandibular Canine Width Research Articles

Patterns of identity: Lip prints, tongue prints and mandibular canine width as markers for gender determination—A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Forensic odontology plays a pivotal role in identifying individuals in legal contexts. This study analyses the efficacy of lip prints, tongue prints and mandibular canine width in determining gender, aiming to contribute to the evolving field of forensic dentistry. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 100 participants, analysing lip prints based on Tsuchihashi’s classification, recording tongue shapes and features through the use of alginate impressions and measuring mandibular canine width using a vernier calliper. The findings were reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. Results: In lip prints, Tsuchihashi’s Type I lip print was predominantly found in females, whereas Tsuchihashi’s Type III prevailed in males. Tongue shapes revealed a predominance of pentagonal shapes in males and ovoid shapes in females. The lingual apex was blunt in males and sharp in females. Mandibular canine width was higher in males than females on both the left and right sides. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the use of lip prints, tongue prints and canine width in determining gender as ancillary and supporting methods.

Comparative Study of Sex Estimation by Mesiodistal width of Mandibular Canine and Mesiodistal width of Maxillary Canine in North Indian Population

Abbreviations: MD: Mesiodistal, SD: Standard deviation, mm: millimetres. Introduction: Various methods of identification such as anthropometry, stature estimation, dactylography, sex estimation, age estimation, DNA analysis, differentiation by blood groups and odontology are used in forensic medicine to create biological profile of an unknown individual. Estimation of sex is the first step towards identification of person. Determination of sex from skeletal remains is an essential task in medicolegal examination.Teeth are highly indestructible and reveal minimal turnover of natural substance hence teeth can be used for sex estimation. Mesiodistal parameter of mandibular and maxillary canine gave evidence of sex estimation due to sexual dimorphism. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the sex estimation by mesiodistal width of mandibular canine and mesiodistal width of maxillary canine in north Indian population. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised of dental impression from 120 individuals (60 males and 60 females), all young adults between 20 and 35 years of age. Impressions of the teeth were made using irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) material and casts poured in dental stone. Mesiodistal (MD) dimensions of mandibular and maxillary canine of both right and left side is measure by caliper. Results: Mean mandibular canine width of both right and left sidewere higher in male than female and were statistically significant whereas, mean maxillary canine width of both right and left side were slightly higher in male than female but were not statistically significant in young north Indian population. Left mandibular canine width (6%) was more sexually dimorphic than right mandibular canine width (5.1%). Whereas negligible sexual dimorphism shown by maxillary canine. Conclusion: The study confirmed that among maxillary and mandibular canine, mandibular canine can be used for sex estimation and shows significant sexual dimorphism.

Dental arches in inherited severe isolated growth hormone deficiency

ObjectivesThe growth of the dental arches depends on GH and insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1), but the consequences of GH deficiency (GHD) on their growth are still unclear, probably due to the acquired etiology of GHD in most described series, often associated with additional pituitary deficits (thyrotrophic, corticotrophic and gonadotrophic hormones), and imperfections of related replacement therapies, which may affect the dental arch growth. To avoid these limitations, we took advantage of a unique cohort of subjects with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) due the same mutation in the GH releasing hormone receptor gene, living with very low serum GH and low to undetectable circulating IGF1 levels. Our purpose was to analyze the dimensions of maxillary and mandibular dental arches. Methods22 adult IGHD (15 untreated and 7 previously partially treated with GH) and 33 controls were enrolled in a cross-sectional study using the Ortho Insight 3D and MeshMixer software, ResultsIn untreated IGHD subjects all maxillary arch measures were smaller than controls, while among mandibular arches, only the mandibular canine width and the mandibular arch length were reduced. In partially GH treated subjects only the palate depth, the maxillary canine width, the maxillary and mandibular arch lengths remained smaller than controls. ConclusionsIGHD reduces the growth of maxillary arch to a greater degree than the mandibular arch, suggesting different control of superior and inferior dental arches. GH treatment increases some of these measures.

Mean Mesiodistal Width Determination of Canines in Patients Reporting to a Tertiary Care Hospital at Karachi

Objective: Objective of our study was determination of mean mesiodistal width of maxillary and mandibular canines in males and females in Pakistani population for ideal replacement of these teeth.Methods: It was a cross sectional study. Data was obtained from patients referring to orthodontic department at a tertiary care hospital. Informed consent was taken verbally from the patients recruited for study. Sample size was 130. Patients with both genders and having age range of 17-21 were included.Patients having unerupted, partially erupted, any prosthetic replacement, any restoration of maxillary or mandibular canines were excluded from the study. Mesiodistal measurement of both the upper and lower canines were obtained on the plaster casts with the help of digital Vernier caliper. All the measurements were noted on a preformed proforma (Annex-1).Results: They were 130 patients who were recruited for the study. The mean age of the patients in this study was 18.90 ± 1.523 years. Mean maxillary canine width mesiodistally was found to be 8.502 mm with standard deviation of 0.615 mm. Mean width of mandibular canine mesiodistally was found to be 7.44 mm with having standard deviation of 0.764 mm.Conclusions: This study helped us to conclude that the canines for right and left side were not exactly similar to each other. It was found that sexual dimorphism is present in the widths of maxillary and mandibular canines mesiodistally. It is also concluded from the study that males have greater mesiodistal widths of canines than females

Sexual Dimorphism in the Mandibular Canine-A Study in South Indian Population

Introduction: Teeth are found to be a very useful tool for forensic investigations because of their nature, exhibiting the least turnover of natural structure and effective resistance to mechanical, chemical, physical or thermal destructions. In addition, teeth are readily accessible structure for examination. Amongst all the teeth, the mandibular canine found to exhibit greatest sexual dimorphism. Considering the fact that there are differences in odontometric features in specific populations, the present study was taken up to investigate whether Mandibular Canine Width (MCW), Inter-Canine Distance (ICD) and Mandibular Canine Index (MCI) can be used as a tool for sex determination in South Indian Population. Materials and method: ‘The present study was carried out on 60 apparently healthy individuals from students of Medical college who are origin of south India whose ages ranged between 17-21 years in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Dentistry in the Sri Muthukumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute to establish significance of sexual dimorphism in the mandibular canine. Results: The present study confirms that, the means of mandibular canine width and an inter-canine distance were higher in males than in the females and difference is statistically significant. (P 0.05) and overall accuracy of predictive value in respect to sex determination from MCI is only 47.08%. Further we observed whenever mesio-distal canine width less than 6.88 mm, the probability of sex being female and if width is more than 7.4 mm the probability of sex favored towards male. Conclusion: Our study provides a conclusive proof of mandibular canine width and Inter-canine distance exhibits great potentiality of sexual dimorphism. However, MCI per se has limited value and can use as adjunct with other parameters.

Mandibular Canine Index: A Reliable Sex Determinant –Original Research

Introduction: Forensic odontology is a unique discipline dealing with evidence related to dental and oral structures. Mandibular canines are considered to be an important aid for sex determination. The aim of this study was to analyse the role of mandibular canine index in sex determination of Mumbai city population. Materials and Methodology: This was a retrospective study done on the study models of 50 patients aged between 17 to 25 years old and equally distributed among both the sexes, whose treatment has been taken place in The Department of Orthodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai. Mesio-distal width of mandibular canines were measured using a digital Vernier calliper and mandibular canine index was calculated using standardized equation. Independent sample t-test was used and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) observed between right and left mandibular canine width and a significant difference between the right and left mandibular canine index between males and females. Conclusion: The present study verifies the fact that mandibular canine index can be used for sex determination in the population of Mumbai city and can form basis for forensic investigations. Key-words: Canine index, Sex determination, Forensic odontology

A new formula to predict mesiodistal width of maxillary canines: A digital model study

AimThe prime aim of the study was to generate a new formula to predict mesiodistal width of maxillary canines. Materials and methodsThe selected sample consisted of 128 subjects with the ages ranged from 18 to 24 years. A total of 1024 variables were measured. Dental models of each subject for maxillary and mandibular arches were scanned via digital stereomicroscope for the fabrication of the digital models the mesiodistal and buccolingual width of maxillary and mandibular canines were carried out via digital models. ResultsHighly positive correlation was found between mesio-distal width of maxillary and mandibular canines with an establishment of valid clinical prediction of mesio-distal width of maxillary permanent canines depending on their corresponding mandibular canines in each gender. The new formula was developed for the prediction of mesiodistal width of maxillary canine (MDMaxC) from the mesio distal mandibular canine width (MDMCW) as Y=3.060+0.696×(MDMCW), Y=3.867+0.589×(MDMCW), Y=3.517+0.607×(MDMCW). The new formula was developed for prediction of MDMaxC from BLMCW as Y=6.015+0.281×(BLMCW), Y=6.569+0.213×(BLMCW), Y=6.250+0.229×(BLMCW). ConclusionsThese formulas will be helpful for the clinical treatment planning in orthodontic, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry.

Mandibular canine: A tool for sex identification in forensic odontology.

Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of mandibular canine index (MCI) and mandibular mesiodistal odontometrics in sex identification in the age group of 17–25 years in central Indian population.Materials and Methods:The study sample comprised total 300 individuals (150 males and 150 females) of an age group ranging from 17 to 25 years of central Indian population. The maximum mesiodistal diameter of mandibular canines, the linear distance between the tips of mandibular canines, was measured using digital vernier caliper on the study models.Results:Overall sex could be predicted accurately in 79.66% (81.33% males and 78% females) of the population by MCI. Whereas, considering the mandibular canine width for sex identification, the overall accuracy was 75% for the right mandibular canine and 73% for the left mandibular canine observed.Conclusion:Sexual dimorphism of canine is population specific, and among the Indian population, MCI and mesiodistal dimension of mandibular canine can aid in sex determination.

Odontometric study analysis of mandibular canine teeth to establish sexual dimorphism in North Indian population

Knowledge of sex of a person becomes the first priority of a forensic investigator in the process of identification. Dental evidence pours in an invaluable informative data towards achieving the final positive results in establishing the unknown’s identity. Studies have shown that the mandibular canine resist disease, survive extreme post‐mortem environmental conditions and presents the highest sexual dimorphism amongst all teeth, making them an ideal teeth in forensic identification procedures. The aim of present study was to know the use of the Mandibular Canine Index (MCI) in assessing sex in North Indian population. In a sample size of 80 males and females (40 male and 40 female) in the age group 21‐24years, mandibular canine width and Inter canine distance measurements were noted intraorally and the MCI was calculated and compared with stranded MCI values.

Cheiloscopy, Palatoscopy and Odontometrics in Sex Prediction and Dis-crimination - a Comparative Study.

Background and Objectives: Human identification is the forensic odontologist’s primary duty in the fields like violent crime, child abuse, elder abuse, missing persons and mass disaster scenarios. In each context, dental traits may produce compelling evidence to aid victim identity, suspect identity and narrow down the outcome of investigative casework. Sometimes it becomes necessary to apply some least known and less popular techniques in identification procedure where lip prints, rugae patterns and canine odontometrics can give us comparatively valid conclusions pertaining to person’s identification. This study elucidates the significance of cheiloscopy, palatoscopy and canine odontometry in sex prediction and discrimination. Materials and Methods: A cross- sectional study involving a total of 60 subjects, 30 males and 30 females were selected from the outpatient department of oral medicine and radiology. Lip prints were recorded using lipstick, palatal impressions were taken with alginate and odontometric measurements were taken with digital vernier calipers from every subject. All the obtained records were analyzed by two observers.Results: Reliability of lip prints was assessed using Kappa coefficient. Comparison of rugae patterns was done using Chi-square test. Mean canine and inter canine width was compared using t test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Statistically significant difference was found with the different lip print patterns analyzed in males and females, while no significant difference was observed in the rugae patterns but a significant difference in the mesio-distal width of mandibular canines in males and females was found with right mandibular canine(3.73%) showing greater sexual dimorphism compared to left mandibular canine(3.06%).Conclusion: This study shows the uniqueness of the lip prints and rugae patterns with the lip prints showing sensitivity of 81.7% giving reliable prediction of sex over palatoscopy. Hence, cheiloscopy along with the canine odontometrics aid in sex determination and can be considered as an ancilliary forensic tool in identification.

Role of mandibular canines in establishment of gender

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the maximum mesiodistal width of mandibular canines for establishing their variation as a tool to determine gender and to determine the accuracy of the measurements through clinical examination and dental cast models. Study design: A total of 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females) in the age group of 15–34years were selected for the study. The maximum mesiodistal widths of the right and left mandibular canines were first measured intraorally and then on cast models of the same patients with the help of a divider and a digital vernier caliper. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis and sexual dimorphism was calculated. ResultsThe mesiodistal width of the mandibular canines as determined by clinical examination and on plaster models was statistically insignificant. The mean canine widths were found to be higher in males when compared with females. The right mandibular canine showed a greater sexual dimorphism than the left mandibular canine. ConclusionThe present study established the mandibular canine as a valuable tool for sex determination.

Genders Identification Using Mandibular Canines : Iraqi Study

Background: This study aimed to determine the gender of a sample of Iraqi adults using the mesio-distal width of mandibular canines, inter-canine width and standard mandibular canine index, and to determine the percentage of dimorphism as an aid in forensic dentistry. Materials and methods: The sample included 200 sets of study models belong to 200 subjects (100 males and 100 females) with an age ranged between 17-23 years. The mesio-distal crown dimension was measured manually, from the contact points for the mandibular canines (both sides), in addition to the inter-canine width using digital vernier. Descriptive statistics were obtained for the measurements for both genders; paired sample t-test was used to evaluate the side difference of mandibular canines in both genders, independent samples t-test was performed to evaluate the gender difference in addition to the percentage of dimorphism and percentages of correctly classified and misclassified cases using the standard mandibular canine index. Results: The mesio-distal widths of the mandibular canines were non-significantly slightly larger in males than females, while the inter-canine width was larger in males than females with a high significant difference. The accuracy of genders determination using standard mandibular canine index was 32% for males, 59% for females and 45.5% for the combined sample. The percentages of dimorphism were 0.58% for the canine mesio-distal width, 3.99% for the inter-canine width and 3.85 for the mandibular canine index. Conclusions: The mandibular inter-canine width and mandibular canine index gave better percentage of dimorphism than the mesio-distal width of mandibular canines. On the other hand, standard mandibular canine index showed low accuracy for gender determination.

Sex Determination Potential from Canine Tooth Dimensions

Aims: • This study was conducted to know sex determination potential from mesiodistal dimensions of permanent canines. • To find out the average size of canines in males and females of south Indian population. • To compare the findings with National and International Studies. Study Design: The subjects were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria set forth for the study. Measurements of mesiodistal widths of the four canines were made on the dental casts of each of the 600 subjects with Digital caliper with 0.01 resolution and subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical methods used were statistical mean, standard deviation, Student’s t-test (p< 0.05), step-wise discriminant analysis and cross validated discriminant analysis using SPSS version 11.00. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Al-Badar Rural Dental College and Hospital, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India, between May 2008 and May 2011. Original Research Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(32): 5133-5143, 2014 5134 Methodology: We included 600 patients (300 men, 300 women; age range 17-25 years) Results: • The mesiodistal width of canines of both the jaws is significantly greater in males than females. • The mean maxillary canine width in males and females is 7.73 mm. The mean mandibular canine width in males and females is 6.825 mm. • The mean (male and female), maxillary and mandibular canine width is found to be less in South Indian Population as compared to Central Indian population. • The mean (male and female), maxillary and mandibular canine width is found to be less in South India Population as compared to values given by Wheelers and similar to the study done in the Saudi population. Conclusion: The present study measured only linear dimensions because of simplicity, reliability, inexpensibility and in a setup where latest technology utilizing DNA methods are not available and gender estimation has to be managed based on jaw fragments.

Importance of canine index in sex determination in Assiut Governorate

Identification of living persons and the dead bodies is of great importance in the practice of forensic medicine. Establishing sex is one of the main factors employed to know the identity. Teeth form an exceptional material in living as well as dead for forensic investigations; being available even in mutilated and decomposed bodies as they are chemically very stable tissue in the body. The present study was conducted in Assiut Governorate on 500 dental casts (234males and 266 females) of Egyptian population in Assiut Governorate at random to study the value of maxillary and mandibular canines in predicting the sex. It was observed that mean canine width in both jaws is greater in males as compared to females. Mean Canine index in Lower jaws was greater in males than females but the difference is found to be statistically insignificant. In conclusion The mandibular canines are found to be more reliable in sex determinations. The mesiodistal width of canines of both jaws is significantly greater in males than females. The mean mandibular canine width in females is 6.012 and it was equal in both sides and in males is 6.09in right side and 6.11 in left side.

Sexual Diamorphism-An Odontometric Approach

Background: Teeth being the most stable tissue in the body provide one of the best records for forensic investigation. Tooth morphology is influenced by cultural, environmental and racial factors. Present study attempts to establish the applicability of human dentition in sexual dimorphism in Indian population. It focuses to measure the odontometric parameters (i.e. mandibular canine width, mandibular intercanine distance, incisor width, mandibular premolar and molar arch width,), calculate dental indices (i.e. mandibular canine index, mandibular premolar and molar indices) and thereby prove their efficacy in determining the sex of an individual. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional prospective study was carried out on 200 MBBS students of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. After taking written informed consent the intraoral odontometric parameters were measured and the data was then analysed using SPSS version, 11.5. Results: Results showed that mandibular canine width, mandibular canine index, mandibular premolar arch width, mandibular molar arch width, premolar index and molar index shows significant difference (p value<0.001) between males and females. Maximum sexual dimorphism exists in mandibular canine width (12.678) and mandibular canine index (12.639), while incisor width and intercanine distance have no applicability in sex identification. Maximum correlation is shown by mandibular canine width (0.657) and least by molar index (0.393). The predictive value of sexing a person is highest by using mandibular canine width alone (43.2%) and least by molar index(15.5%), this predictiblity increases considerably (56.4%) when all the parameters are combined together. Conclusion: Thus, the usefulness of dentition as an aid in gender determination by odontometric analysis is well supported. Mandibular teeth and in particular the mandibular canine can form the key in gender differentiation.

Study of mandibular canine index as a sex predictor in a Punjabi population

Introduction: Teeth are an excellent material in living population for anthropological, genetic, odontologic, and forensic investigations. Of them, canines are considered to be the key teeth for personal identification, also mandibular canine are least impacted as compared to maxillary canine. Aim: The present study was undertaken to access the accuracy of the sexual dimorphism using canine indexing in a Punjabi population. Materials and Methods: A sample size of 250 individuals was taken and their canine indexing was done. Results: No significant statistical differences were noted in intercanine width, Observed Mandibular canine index while mandibular canine width showed significant values in sexing Punjabi pouplation. Conclusion: Statistical analysis revealed that MCI was not a significant parameter in assessing sexual dimorphism.

Canine tooth dimorphism: An adjunct for establishing sex identity

Background:Teeth are an excellent material for genetic, odontological and forensic investigations and research purpose. From all the teeth, the mandibular canines are found to exhibit sexual dimorphism. However, very few studies have been published on maxillary canine's measurements.Aims:1. To find out utility of maxillary and mandibular canine width as a tool for sex determination in Central Indian population. 2. To find out the average size of canines in males and females of Central Indian population. 3. To compare the findings with National and International studiesMaterials and Methods:The present study was conducted in 100 cases in the age group of 17-21 years. Mesiodistal width of right and left mandibular and maxillary canines were measured on the casts with digital calliper and subjected to statistical analysis.Statistical Analysis:Statistical analysis was done to assess sex difference using Students “t” test (paired).Results and Conclusions:It was seen that a definite statistically significant sexual dimorphism exists when mandibular and maxillary canine measurements were compared. Thus, it can be suggested that canine width measurements can be used as an adjunct for sex identification purpose in Central Indian Population.

Sexual Dimorphism in Human Mandibular Canine Teeth: A Radiomorphometric Study

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine whether the variation in the mesiodistal measurement of mandibular canine played a role in sex determination. Materials and methods: The study comprised of patients in the age group of 19 to 24 years (20 males and 20 females). Mesiodistal measurement of mandibular canines was measured at the maximum mesiodistal width first intraorally, then on plaster models of the same patient followed by intraoral periapical radiograph of the same patient. Results: From the findings of the study, it may be inferred that there exists a definite statistically significant difference in the mesiodistal width of mandibular canines when measured for males and females. Moreover, the left mandibular canine showed a greater sexual dimorphism (9.7%) when compared to the right mandibular canine (7.4%) Conclusion: The present study establishes a statistically significant sexual dimorphism in mandibular canines- It can be concluded that the standard mandibular canine index is a quick and easy method for sex determination.

Sexual dimorphism in human mandibular canines: a radiomorphometric study in South Indian population.

Background and aims The aim of this study was to determine whether variations in the mesiodistal dimensions of mandibular canines had any role in sex determination. Materials and methods The study comprised of patients in the 19‒24-year age group (20 males and 20 females). Mesiodistal dimensions of mandibular canines was measured at the maximum mesiodistal width, first intraorally, then on plaster models of the same patient, followed by intraoral periapical radiograph of the same patient. The values were subjected to statistical analysis using t-test. Results It might be concluded from the results that there exists a definite statistically significant difference in the mesi-odistal width of mandibular canines when measured for males and females. Moreover, the left mandibular canine showed a greater sexual dimorphism (9.7%) when compared to the right mandibular canine (7.4%). Conclusion The present study establishes a statistically significant sexual dimorphism in mandibular canines. It can be concluded that the standard mandibular canine index is a quick and easy method for determining sex and in identification of an unknown individual.

MANDIBULAR CANINE INDEX (MCI)

Introduction: Dental evidence is valuable in identification of individuals, especially following mass disasters; estimation of age at death of skeletonised remains and establishing guilt in cases of criminal injury by biting. Mandibular canines are found to exhibit the greatest sexual dimorphism amongst all teeth. Objective: To investigate the accuracy with which gender can be differentiated by using the mandibular canine index in the Punjabi – Pakistani population. Setting: Independent Medical College and Punjab Medical College, aisalabad. Period: Dec. 2008 to Dec. 2009. Material and Methods: The present study was performed on 200 students, between the age group of 18-25 years, randomly sampled with informed consent (Through 3rd party). Mandibular canine width and intercanine distance were measured with the help of Vernier caliper after observing aseptic conditions. Mandibular canine index was calculated and the observed MCI was compared with the standard MCI value. The data was then analyzed using student’s “t” test. Results: No significant statistical difference was noted between the right and left mandibular canines amongst males and females (same sex) but when comparing between males and females, there was highly statistical significant difference (P &lt; 0.001). The calculated standard MCI for canines of males and females found to be 0.2504. With these calculations we could predict sex correctly at 75.97% in this study (Male: 71.67% and Female: 78.72%). Conclusion: MCI is a quick and reliable method for sexual identification when a standard for the population is available. With these calculations, we could predict the sex correctly at 75.97 % in this study. This method can be used as adjunct to other available tools for sex determination. DNA studies can reveal sex accurately.Availability of comprehensive database with “NADRA” can also be used as adjunct to “MCI” to enhance the accuracy in determination of sex and identity of the person in Pakistan.