Fragment Of Mandible Research Articles

Use of porous adhesive cement for fixation of fragments in fractures of the lower jaw

BACKGROUND:The preferred method of treating mandibular fractures is surgical, but it also has problems due to a number of complications associated with the presence of a metal structure in the surgical wound. AIM:To improve the efficiency of surgical treatment for mandibular fractures by developing and experimentally testing amethod for fixing mandibular fragments using porous adhesive cement. MATERIAL AND METHODS:The experiments were performed on 30male Agouti guinea pigs, which were divided into two groups: the main group— 20animals, the comparison group— 10guinea pigs. A mandible fracture was modeled in all animals. In the main group, the fragments were fixed with porous glue-cement “Rekost”, in the comparison group— with abone wire suture. All animals received prophylactic antibacterial therapy. All manipulations were performed under combined anesthesia. The statistical significance of the differences in the compared groups was assessed using Fisher's criterion. For all comparisons, the selected level of statistical significance was 5% (p≤0.05). RESULTS:The use of the method developed by us for fixation of bone fragments in mandible fractures allowed us to achieve a positive result in all 20laboratory animals included in the study. This was confirmed by the results of histological studies in the dynamics of observation: a reliable difference was established between the main group and the comparison group in the severity of inflammation signs on the 14th day, as well as the severity of regeneration signs. It was found that the use of porous glue-cement for fixation of mandible fragments, in contrast to bone wire suture, allows for reliable consolidation of bone fragments for the entire period of treatment (according to X-ray diagnostic data) and to stop by the 14th day (according to histological studies) signs of inflammation in the bone wound (no leukocyte infiltration and vascular congestion). In this case, the glue allows filling the fusion area with developing bone tissue by the 90th day of observation (according to histological studies) and excluding repeated surgical intervention to remove the fixing structure, since the porous adhesive cement, according to histological studies, was absorbed by the 90th day of observation, which indicates its biodegradable properties. CONCLUSION:The use of porous adhesive cement for fixation of mandibular fragments demonstrated better properties compared to bone wire suture.

Cheetah Acinonyx pardinensis (Felidae, Carnivora) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea (Taurida Cave).

A mandible fragment of Acinonyx pardinensis (Croizet et Jobert, 1828) is described from the Early Pleistocene locality in the Taurida cave (Crimea, Late Villafranchian, about 1.8-1.5 Ma). This is the first discovery of the genus Acinonyx in the Pleistocene of Crimea. Along with other felids, such as Homotherium, Megantereon, Panthera, Lynx, and Puma, cheetahs were typical representatives of the Late Villafranchian faunas of Eurasia. In the Taurida locality, Acinonyx pardinensis is co-occurred with Homotherium crenatidens, Megantereon adroveri, and Lynx issiodorensis.

Systematics and paleobiology of new bison occurrences from the Late Pleistocene of central Mexico

This study presents new findings of bison remains associated with alluvial plains in central Mexico dating back to the Late Pleistocene. These discoveries encompass eight sites in Hidalgo (Conejos, Ventoquipa, Barranca del Berrendo, Barranca Jagüey Viejo, Las Cajas, El Barrio, Monte Alegre, and San Gabriel Azteca) and two sites in Puebla (Barranca Policarpio and Barranca Xocoa). Biometrical analysis was conducted on the herein studied material, consisting of a horn core fragment, a skull fragment, two mandible fragments, five isolated teeth, and several postcranial remains. A comparative study with selected specimens indicates the presence of Bison antiquus and B. cf. latifrons. The record represents the first reported occurrences of these species for the states of Hidalgo and Puebla respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes in tooth enamel apatite from the material of Hidalgo and Puebla was used to characterize the bison's diet and habitat, providing evidence of the flexible dietary regime observed in Pleistocene bison populations and that were common inhabitants of mixed environments. Body mass estimation of some individuals (average weight ≈ 450 kg) is in the lower limit of B. antiquus populations from the Late Pleistocene of North America. New knowledge about the geographical presence of Bison antiquus and B. cf. latifrons in central Mexico is provided. Comparison with another bison record of these species from North America suggests a biochronological delay between them, representing a younger time interval for Bison antiquus (maximum age at 50 ka), allowing us to biostratigraphically constrain some Mexican localities containing bison remains.

Green lizards (Squamata, Lacertidae) from ?Pliocene deposits of Węże I in southern Poland, with comments on cranial features for selected lacertids

AbstractI here describe lacertids from the classic Węże I locality in southern Poland (?Pliocene deposits) based on six previously undescribed jaws: an incomplete left maxilla, two dentaries and three mandibles. These jaws collectively provide considerable data on the morphology of the maxilla, dentary, teeth, coronoid, splenial, angular, surangular and prearticular. All six jaws can be unequivocally allocated to Lacertidae and five of those are allocated to European green lizards of the Lacerta viridis group. Currently, La. viridis has regionally extinct or probably extinct status in Poland. The material from Węże I provides evidence that European green lizards had a large geographic distribution in Europe, including Poland during the ?Pliocene. One mandible fragment appears to be slightly different and is allocated to Lacertidae indet. That mandible might point to a higher taxonomic diversity of lacertids in this locality. However, that interpretation needs to be viewed with caution, because based on such limited material, individual and/or ontogenetic variation cannot be ruled out. To reveal the real taxonomic palaeodiversity of lacertids in Węże I, new and more complete cranial material is needed. In addition, this article provides insights into the comparative osteology of skulls and selected cranial elements in lacertids.

New fossils of Tragoportax and Gazella from Padhri, Pakistan, and comments on these genera in the Siwaliks

ABSTRACT Here, we describe new bovid remains from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of Padhri in the Potwar Plateau of Pakistan. A comparison with the closely allied genera from the Siwaliks revealed that a maxillary fragment and a hemimandible belong to Tragoportax punjabicus, two isolated teeth can be assigned as cf. Tragoportax sp. and a mandible fragment belongs to Gazella lydekkeri. We suggest that Tragoportax is represented by two valid species and Gazella by three species. The extinction of Tragoportax and Gazella from the Siwaliks during the Early Pliocene could be associated with habitat loss, as these used to live in forest and shrublands respectively which were replaced with the grassland towards the beginning of the Pliocene.

A newly discovered Hystrix primigenia specimen from the Kemiklitepe collection at Ege University Natural History Museum: insights into paleobiogeography in Eurasia.

Porcupines, members of the Hystricidae family, represent a unique group of herbivorous mammals. This study details the identification of a newly discovered mandible fragment of Hystrix primigenia, along with a right cheek tooth series from the middle Turolian Kemiklitepe-A fossil locality. While Hystrix fossils are found in numerous localities, the materials are often limited to a few dental fragments or isolated teeth, posing challenges to systematic investigations. The examination of this lower tooth series prompted a comprehensive review of all H. primigenia findings across Eurasia, shedding light on its adaptive characteristics over time and space. Our paleobiogeographical analysis indicates the absence of H. depereti in Late Miocene Türkiye, while the dispersal range of H. primigenia is broader than that of H. depereti in Eurasia. Additionally, the study delves into the discussion of H. primigenia and H. depereti findings in Eurasia, ultimately refining the categorization of Late Miocene Hystrix discoveries in Türkiye to two species: H. primigenia and H. kayae. Our review suggests the possibility of an additional H. kayae finding from Samos, Greece.

THE USE OF PERIOSTEAL FLAP IN MANDIBLE PRIMARY RECONSTRUCTION AFTER SEGMENTAL RESECTION IN MEDICATION-RELATED OSTEONECROSIS PATIENT: CASE REPORT

Background: The treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws is challenging. Mandible segmental resection is the main treatment method for advanced stage 2 and stage 3 medication- related osteonecrosis of the mandible. This brings to the large continuity defects of the mandible, decreasing the life quality of the patients. Method: In this study, a modified technique of mandible defect reconstruction, after segmental resection, with only a reconstruction plate, is described. In this technique, the periosteal flap is used for double-layer closure of the intraoral wound. Double-layer isolation of the reconstruction plate from the oral cavity prevents intraoral wound dehiscence and plate exposure. Also, for the bone fragments fixation, prebended 2.3mm reconstructive plate on the 3D-printed individual model of the patient’s mandible was used. The use of a prebended plate reduces the operation time and increases the precision of fixation of mandible fragments in the correct position. Results: After intraoral sutures removal on 14 days, there was a dehiscence of a few intraoral sutures on mucoperiosteal flaps. There was partial exposure of the periosteal flap, which secured the underlying reconstructive plate. Exposed periosteal flap spontaneously epithelialized during 1 month. The postoperative follow-up period was nine months. During this period no complications were noted Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, this method can be used as an effective and predictable method for the primary reconstruction of the mandible with only a reconstruction plate in medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws patients.

Chilotherium schlosseri (Weber, 1905) (Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of the foreland of the Eastern Carpathians in Romania

The paper provides an overview of the Chilotherium Ringström, 1924 fossils from Romania, which are recorded so far in three different Upper Miocene localities of the Eastern Carpathians Foreland: mammal localities of Reghiu, Bacău and Pogana. The fossils include a partial skull, several maxillary and mandible fragments and isolated teeth. They have been partially illustrated, but never described excepting the isolated teeth of Pogana. The previous assignments were confusing, ranging from Chilotherium schlosseri (Weber, 1905) and C. cf. sarmaticum for Reghiu specimens to an indeterminate species close to C. sarmaticum Korotkevich, 1958, C. kiliasi (Geraads & Koufos, 1990), and C. kowalevskii (Pavlow, 1913) for Pogana teeth. Based on descriptions and comparisons with other Chilotherium remains, all specimens from Romania can be referred to C. schlosseri. Chilotherium schlosseri is the most widespread species of the genus, ranging from Eastern Europe to Central Asia. The presence of this genus in Romania, and more globally in Eastern Europe, attests to a transition area between the more closed and wooded environments of Western Europe (where Chilotherium is absent) to the more open ones in Asia.

Guinea pig remains from the XVIth century Ojców castle (southern Poland)

The mandible of a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) was found in osteological material collected during archaeological excavations at Ojców Castle (southern Poland). The bone fragment was radiocarbon dated and subjected to ancient DNA analysis. The age of this guinea pig mandible fragment was directly dated between the late 16th and the early 17th century. The radiocarbon dating results are compatible with dating based on stratigraphic position. The ancient DNA analysis confirmed the taxonomic identification and indicated possible routes of introduction of this species into Europe. Given the high-status of the castle’s possessors in the 16–17th centuries, it can be assumed that the single guinea pig bone in Ojców belonged to a pet and was probably not acquired as a source of food, which also may have been the case in the few other European archaeological sites with guinea pig remains.

Big cats from prehistoric İzmir: A paleontological approach to zooarchaeological material

The species Panthera has always held special significance in the archaeological record because of its scarcity and symbolic meaning in ancient societies. In Anatolian archaeology, these animals are present in assemblages from the Early Neolithic to the Iron Age. Furthermore, there is evidence that leopards still live-in modern-day Anatolia. Although Panthera remains are present at different archaeological sites spanning multiple periods in Anatolia, an in-depth study of these bones has yet to be completed. In this study, we present the case of a distal humerus of from Neolithic period layers at Yeşilova Höyük, and three mandible fragments from the Bronze Age layers at Yassıtepe Höyük. Our detailed morphological and metric analysis indicates that the humerus can be attributed to a lion (Panthera leo) and the mandible fragments to two male individuals of the leopard species (Panthera pardus). In addition to presenting new data on the genus Panthera in ancient Anatolia, we also aim to offer a new perspective to zooarchaeology studies using detailed morphological and metric data of faunal elements in the archaeological record.

First record of Odocoileus virginianus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) from the Blancan of Sonora, Northwestern Mexico

ABSTRACT Blancan III or late early Blancan–early late Blancan (3.9–2.6 Ma, Pliocene) cervid remains are described from alluvial deposits of the locality Los Hornitos, northeastern Sonora, northwestern Mexico. These remains include antlers, teeth, a mandible fragment, and other several postcranial elements. These Sonoran Blancan fossil cervid elements constitute the second most abundant group of the mammalian assemblage after the equids in the studied area. The morphometric comparative study with Pliocene and Pleistocene cervid material from United States and Mexico together with statistical analyses (bivariate and multivariate), indicate that herein described material correspond to the species Odocoileus virginianus. This is the first record of this medium-sized deer from the Blancan of Sonora and the earliest unequivocal record to Mexico.

Virtual anthropology: Forensic applications to cranial skeletal remains from the Spanish Civil War

Biological and forensic anthropologists face limitations while studying skeletal remains altered by taphonomic alterations and perimortem trauma, such as in remains from the Spanish Civil War. However, virtual anthropology techniques can optimize the information inferred from fragmented and deformed remains by generating and restoring three-dimensional bone models. We applied a low-cost 3D modelling methodology based on photogrammetry to develop novel forensic applications of virtual 3D skull reconstruction, assembly, restoration and ancestry estimation. Crania and mandible fragments from five Spanish Civil War victims were reconstructed with high accuracy, and only one cranium could not be assembled due to extensive bone loss. Virtual mirroring successfully restored reconstructed crania, producing 3D models with reduced deformation and perimortem trauma. High correlation between traditional and virtual craniofacial measurements confirmed that 3D models are suitable for forensic applications. Craniometric databases of world-wide and Spanish populations were used to assess the potential of discriminant analysis to estimate population ancestry. Our protocol correctly estimated the continental origin of 86.7 % of 15 crania of known origin, and despite low morphological differentiation within European populations, correctly identified 54.5 % as Spanish and 27.3 % of them with high posterior probabilities. Two restored crania from the Civil War were estimated as Spanish, and one as a non-Spanish European. Results were not conclusive for one cranium and did not confirm previous archeological hypotheses. Overall, our research shows the potential to assess the presence of foreign volunteers in the Spanish Civil War and highlights the added value of 3D-virtual techniques in forensic anthropology.

First record of Macaca mulatta (Cercopithecidae: Papionini) from the Taedong River Basin, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

The macaque fossils, including mandible fragments, were discovered for the first time from the Taedong River Basin around Pyongyang (TRBP) (the Chongphadae Cave, Hwangju County; the Taehung Cave, Sangwon County; the Maeri Cave, Sungho County), the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, which represent the first recognized occurrences of fossil M. mulatta in DPRK. Although the only available skull specimens are the mandible including the teeth, the materials display some mandibular and dental feature combinations that might belong to the known species of Macaca mulatta. This discovery indicates that TRBP may be the richest area of Macacina fossils and an evolutionary center for macaques in DPRK. Radiometric dating of the Chongphadae Cave sediment Layer 12 and Layer 13 yielded 34770–27800 and 24980–21340 cal yr BP respectively.

New Pliocene hominid fossils from Baringo County, Kenya

During field surveys between 2005 and 2011 in the Tugen Hills by the Franco-Kenyan Kenya Palaeontology Expedition, several hominid specimens were discovered in the Pliocene Mabaget Formation. One mandible fragment, three isolated teeth and a pedal phalanx collected from the Pelion Member (base of the formation aged 5.0–4.5 Ma) are compatible in dimensions with Orrorin tugenensis and Ardipithecus ramidus whilst a mandible from the Sinibo Member, a younger level in the formation (ca. 3.4–3.0 Ma) represents an appreciably larger species, as big as, or bigger than, Praeanthropus afarensis (ex-Australopithecus afarensis) from locality AL 333, Ethiopia. The small hominid mandible and an isolated p/3 were found in the type section of the Mabaget Formation at localities 2/211 and 2/210 respectively, in deposits aged ca. 5.0–4.5 Ma. An isolated upper milk molar, a lower third molar and a pedal phalanx are from Sagatia, near Rondinin, also aged between 5.0 and 4.5 Ma. The large mandible was collected at Sinibo, near Kipcherere, from sediments above the local occurrence of the Tulu Bor Tuff (= Sidi Hakoma Tuff) which is dated at 3.446 Ma. The aim of this paper is to describe and interpret these hominid fossils and to place them within their geological, stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental contexts.

Pleistocene foxes (Vulpes, Canidae, Carnivora) from the Taurida Cave, Crimea.

A mandible fragment and four isolated teeth of the fossil foxes, Vulpes alopecoides (Del Campana, 1913), Vulpes cf. vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) and Vulpes sp., are described from the Early Pleistocene locality of Taurida cave (Crimea, Late Villafranchian, 1.8-1.5 Ma). Based on the size and morphological features, a mandible fragment and two M1 are attributed to V. alopecoides. The structure of m1 of Vulpes cf. vulpes is similar to that of V. vulpes and V. alopecoides, but the size greatly exceeds the size limits for the latter species. Although m1 of Vulpes sp. fits the size of the lower carnassials of V. alopecoides, its morphology is definitely unique among the Early Pleistocene representatives of the genus Vulpes.

CAP splint: An armour to safeguard developing dentition in paediatric mandibular fractures- A case series

Mandible Fractures account for 5% of all facial fractures. The most common of mandible fractures are those in the condylar region followed by angle and then by body fractures. A good thing about Mandibular Fractures in children in comparison to adults is that their embedded tooth buds hold the mandible fragments like a glue. Also, the condylar neck which is short and thick tends to resist the fracture therefore the majority of mandible fractures in children are of un-displaced type. The purpose of the present case series is to demonstrate a conservative and effective treatment modality for the pediatric mandibular fractures with cap splints, which limited the discomfort and morbidity while taking care of the anatomical, physiological, and psychological complexity of developing jaw in children. Keywords: Mandibular fractures, Condylar neck, Cap splints, Morbidity.

Europe’s last anthracothere (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Ribolla (MN 12) Italy

ABSTRACT Anthracotheres are generally considered to have gone extinct in Europe at the end of the early Miocene (summit MN 4 to base MN 5, Burdigalian) whereas they persisted in Africa until the latest Miocene and in India into the Pleistocene. However, in 1910, Stehlin described an anthracothere upper molar in a fragment of the maxilla, reported to be from Monte Massi (Casteani) Italy (late Miocene -Turolian): Anthracotherium (?) meneghinii but its affinities have remained elusive ever since its description, partly due to the fact that the specimen is poorly preserved and the only tooth is deeply worn. The fossil has been described as being somewhat larger than Microbunodon. Herein, an additional fossil anthracothere fossil is described from the lignites of Ribolla, Italy. It comprises a left mandible fragment with well-preserved m/3 and the roots of m/2. It represents a hitherto unknown genus and species of anthracothere, probably related to Microbunodon, and proves the presence of this family of mammals in Europe at the end of the Miocene (Turolian, MN 12).

First dinosaur remains from Ireland

Several specimens from the Lias Group (Lower Jurassic) of Northern Ireland have been suspected as dinosaurian in origin. Bone histology and morphology demonstrates that two of these, both from the same locality in Co. Antrim, demonstrably are from dinosaurs. We interpret one as the proximal end of the left femur of a basal thyreophoran ornithischian, and tentatively assign it to cf. Scelidosaurus. The other is the proximal part of the left tibia of an indeterminate neotheropod, perhaps a member of the averostran-line similar to Sarcosaurus, or a megalosauroid. These are the first dinosaur remains reported from anywhere in Ireland and some of the most westerly in Europe, and they are among only a small number of dinosaurs known from the Hettangian Stage. Two additional specimens are no longer considered to be from dinosaurs. We interpret one as a surangular or mandible fragment from a large marine reptile, perhaps an ichthyosaur or pliosaur; the other is a polygonal fragment of Paleocene basalt.

Late early Miocene caviomorph rodents from Laguna del Laja (~37° S), Cura-Mallín Formation, south-central Chile

Despite recent efforts, the paleodiversity of the Neogene mammals in Chile remains poorly known, with several putative new species awaiting description. For example, previous studies suggest that the early to late Miocene mammalian assemblages from the Laguna del Laja fossiliferous locality (Cura-Mallín and Trapa-Trapa formations), which crop out in the Andean Cordillera of Chile (~37°), comprise dozens of undescribed taxa. A better understanding of the taxonomic affinities of the Laguna del Laja faunas is needed, as it represents one of the few faunas known from the early to late? Miocene of the south-central Andean main range. Several specimens of caviomorphs recently recovered in late early Miocene beds of the Cura-Mallín Formation at Laguna del Laja are here described in detail, and a brief discussion of their chronological, biogeographical, and paleoenvironmental significance is also provided. Based on fragments of mandible, maxilla and isolated teeth five taxa were recognized, Phanomys mixtus Ameghino, Prolagostomus sp., Neoreomys sp., Maruchito nov. sp.?, and Luantus sompallwei nov. sp. The radiometric ages of the fossil-bearing horizons, constrained between 17.7 and 16.4 Ma, as well as the common species (P. mixtus) and genera (Prolagostomus and Neoreomys) indicate that the fauna here reported belongs to the Santacrucian SALMA. Finally, our finding preliminary suggests the predominance of rather open habitats in the Cura-Mallín Formation during this time, but also a widely distributed late Early Miocene caviomorph fauna along the southern Andes, in both intra-arc and foreland basins.

A Zygolophodon turicensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) mandible fragment from the Kale-Tavas basin (Denizli, Turkey)

Zygolophodon turicensis (Schinz, 1824) is a widely distributed species across Europe from the early to late Miocene; however, it is poorly documented in Turkey. A Zygolophodon turicensis mandible fragment, preserving the m1 and the m2, is described from the middle Miocene (MN6) Avdan locality, which is a carbonous level (southwestern Turkey). The Avdan Zygolophodon turicensis contributes to the understanding of the evolution of this species.