Mandarin Growers Research Articles

Profile characteristics of Mandarin growers in Vidarbha region of Nagpur district, Maharashtra state

Profile characteristics of Mandarin growers in Vidarbha region of Nagpur district, Maharashtra state

SWOT analysis of Mandarin growers in Vidarbha region of Nagpur district

SWOT analysis of Mandarin growers in Vidarbha region of Nagpur district

Adoption of management practices and impacts on major diseases among mandarin growers in Syangja, Nepal

Adoption of management practices and impacts on major diseases among mandarin growers in Syangja, Nepal

Constraints and Improvements Suggestions Proposed in Adopting Recommended Cultivation Practices by Mandarin Growers

The present study was conducted in Amravati district of Maharashtra. It was purposively carried out in two talukas i.e. Achalpur and Anjangaon Surji on the basis of maximum area under mandarin. From Achalpur and Anjangaon Surji talukas, 12 villages were selected purposively having area under mandarin. Again from each selected village, 10 mandarin growers were selected purposively having bearing orchard for the present study constituting a sample size of 120 respondents. An exploratory method of research design was used. The objective of the study was to to identify the constraints faced by mandarin growers and obtain suggestions. Findings revealed that majority of respondents (93.33%) faced the problem of unavailability of proper information about chemicals to control pests and diseases followed by the those (91.66%) who are facing the problem of fruit drop in recent years along with some other constraints. While in case of suggestions, guidance by concerned department to farmers at different levels by organizing field visits gained highest frequency followed by availability of inputs at affordable price and arrangement of training programes for the areas found with higher training need respectively.

Adoption of recommended technologies by mandarin growers

The present investigation was conducted in Narkhed taluka of Nagpur district (Vidarbha region) of Maharashtra state. The main objective of the study was to assess the relationship between selected characteristic of recommended technologies by mandarin growers. A pre-structured interview schedule was used to collect data from 120 mandarin growers from 12 villages which were selected by using exploratory design of the social research during 2021-2022. The statistical methods such as frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation and correlation were used. The data of research study show that age and irrigation sources was negatively correlated and annual income, extension contact, innovativeness, risk preference were from found to be positively and significantly related with adoption of recommended technologies by mandarin growers. In the case of distribution of respondents according to their overall adoption about recommended technologies of mandarin growers had possessed medium level of adoption i.e. 69.17 per cent, followed by 13.33 per cent had possessed low level of adoption and 17.50 per cent had possessed high level of adoption about recommended technologies of mandarin growers.

Knowledge of recommended technologies by mandarin growers

The present investigation was conducted in Narkhed Panchayat Samiti of Nagpur district (Vidarbha region) of Maharashtra state. The main objective of the study was to assess the relationship between selected characteristic of recommended technologies by mandarin growers. A pre – structured interview schedule was used to collect data from 120 mandarin growers from 10 villages which were selected by using exploratory design of the social research during 2021-2022. The statistical methods such as frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation and correlation were used. The data of research study show that age and irrigation source was negatively correlated and annual income, extension contact, innovativeness, risk preference were from found to be positively and significantly related with knowledge of recommended technologies by mandarin growers.

MANDARIN YIELD LOSS AND PUPAL DENSITY ASSESSMENT OF CHINESE FRUIT FLY AT CITRUS POCKETS OF GANDAKI PROVINCE, NEPAL

To ascertain the mandarin yield damage and pupal-density based future damage potential due to recent invasion of Chinese fruit fly (CFF) Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), a semi-structured questioning with commercial citrus growers of Gandaki Province and a field level assessment of the pupal density were carried out. Results revealed that the mandarin growers were facing sever CFF-infestation since 3-4 years, the fruits drop starting in July-August and reaching peak in September of the season leading into an average yield loss of 16.63±1.68% in Gandaki Province. Though 64% of the respondents were adopting collection and disposing of the fallen infested mandarin fruits leading into a significant decrease (78.95 ± 5.69% and 72.48 ± 3.17%, respectively in 2021 and 2022) in CFF pupal population, there were plenty of larvae gone for pupation which could be sufficient to infest the next-season mandarin. Therefore, an area-wide control measure focusing on orchard sanitation is imperative.

Monitoring of fruit fly in mandarin orchards of Jajarkot, Nepal: A mixed-method approach

The study was conducted to access the species diversity of fruit fly and their population dynamics, awareness among mandarin growers on the nature of damage, and factors affecting the awareness in the Jajarkot district of Nepal in 2021. The study consists of two parts: farmer’s survey and monitoring of fruit flies. The farmer’s survey was carried out in randomly selected sixty households whose orchards were at least five years old in command areas of citrus zone, Jajarkot. Fruit fly monitoring was done in three mandarin orchards of Kushe Rural Municipality and Bheri Municipality using cue-lure, methyl eugenol, and great fruit fly bait. The survey revealed that only thirty percent of the farmers were aware of the nature of fruit fly damage. Experience in mandarin cultivation was found to be significantly affecting the awareness of mandarin growers on fruit fly damage. The mandarin growers were practicing pruning, collection and destruction of fallen fruits, use of chemicals, and traps for fruit fly management. Monitoring data revealed that there were four major fruit fly species. Among the lures used, cue-lure attracted more number of fruit flies, followed by methyl eugenol and great fruit fly bait. Cue-lure trap was effective in trapping Bactrocera nigrofemoralis, Zeugodacus tau, and Zeugodacus scutellaris whereas methyl eugenol was found effective in trapping Bactrocera dorsalis. Great fruit fly bait captured Bactrocera nigrofemoralis and Zeugodacus tau, but in lesser number. The number of all the species of fruit fly started increasing in April and reached the highest during May.

Good agricultural practices in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco); Perception and factors affecting awareness among farmers in Gulmi, Nepal

Citrus, in general, and mandarin, in particular, has long been one of Nepal's most important fruit crops. However, in recent years, a lack of good cultivation procedures and negligence has resulted in a significant reduction in its productivity. The declining situation cannot be controlled without the transfer of science-based knowledge and skills where Good Agricultural Practices have been linked to higher output. A study was carried out in 2020 to assess the perception of farmers towards Good Agricultural Practices and factors affecting awareness of GAP among mandarin growers. Altogether 100 households from Dhurkot and Chhatrakot Rural Municipalities, and Resunga Municipality from Gulmi district, were purposively chosen for the study in the command area of the PMAMP PIU Citrus Zone, and sampling was carried out using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire, entered, and analyzed using SPSS and STATA software. The farmers were categorized into GAP aware and unaware based on the criteria made by the focus group discussion carried out with the leading farmers, mandarin experts, and government agriculture officers. The findings revealed that 39% of the total respondents knew about GAP for mandarin. The entire respondents agreed that GAP-produced fruit has a nicer appearance and better quality and fruits meet national and international standards and enhance exportability of fruits, however, 61.5% of respondents didn’t agree that GAP helps in providing subsidies from governmental organizations. The output of the binary logit model suggested that an increase in participation in training and contact with extension agents has a significant effect on awareness of GAP. Participatory GAP training, regular extension services to smallholding farmers could be beneficial for mandarin farmers leading to commercialization.

An assessment of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) orchard management practices in Dailekh, Nepal

A study was carried out in Dailekh, Nepal with an objective to assess the mandarin orchard management practices and their level of adoption by mandarin growers of Dullu municipality. All together 60 respondents were selected for the household survey in major citrus-producing wards of Dullu by following the simple random sampling technique. Primary data were collected by administering the pretested questionnaire and; descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using Ms-Excel and SPSS. The result showed that the majority of the respondents were from Brahmin ethnicity (43.3%), middle-age group i.e. 35-49 years (53.3%), and male (70.0%). Furthermore, most of them belonged to medium size family of 5-8 members (60.0%) and were earning most of their income through agriculture (80.0%). The result of the study revealed the variation in the scale of adoption of different management practices. Most of the households had adopted pruning and applied farmyard manure (FYM) while the least of them had adopted mulching and applied chemical fertilizer. Chi-square test revealed that the factors such as age (p=0.042), education level (p=0.007), family size (p=0.029), and training exposure (p=0.001) were significantly associated with the level of adoption of these practices. Incidence of insect-pests and diseases (I=0.88), frequent occurrence of climatic hazards such as hailstorms (I=0.71), and limited irrigation facility (I=0.70) were the major problems of mandarin growing households. It is recommended that improving access to irrigation facilities, use of certified planting material, mulching application and use of appropriate dose of manure and fertilizer must be prioritized in the study area.

Socio-economic features of mandarin (Citrus reticulata blanco) growers: A case study in Nagaland, India

Socio-economic upliftment is the basis and prerequisite for all-round and sustainable development of a community. This study is an attempt to explore the socio-economic condition of the mandarin growers in Nagaland, India. In this study, two districts of Nagaland were included. An interview schedule was prepared for data collection. Altogether, 120 experienced mandarin growers were included as the study community. All important socio-economic variables were included in the study. The average age of the respondents was above 52 years. About 91.00 per cent of the respondents were staying in the kutcha house. The average landholding was 2.88 ha, and land allocation for mandarin cultivation was 0.57 ha. The farmers were experienced enough, but the average production of mandarin was 841.50 kg. The average annual income from mandarin cultivation was ₹27,219, and it was contributing about 23.10 per cent to the yearly average income of 17,799. In respect of information dissemination and technology transfer, mandarin growers were not getting minimum extension services. The public sector extension system's performance was relatively inadequate, and NGOs were somewhat supporting the study community. The overall socio-economic condition of the study community was relatively less satisfactory. An immense opportunity was there to up-scale the socio-economic situation by mobilizing and involving the young generation to take agriculture as an enterprise. Productivity and income from mandarin cultivation can be up-scaled to improve the socio-economic condition. Therefore, concerned authorities of the state government may take the initiative.

Effect of growth retardants on intermittent irrigation during water deficit stress period in Mrig (Monsoon flowering) crop of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

A field investigation was carried out at the experimental orchard of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) at CCRI, Nagpur in block no. 44 during 2015. Breaking the seasonality of Nagpur mandarin for commercial production would not only substitute the import of fresh fruits, but also provide the incentive prices to the Nagpur mandarin growers. Withholding water, root exposure and root pruning are the common practices adopted to regulate flowering. In the recent years, chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol, growth retardants have been used with considerable success to induce early flowering for off-season production in several fruit crops. Citrus trees are exposed to water deficit stress by withholding water for about 30-45 days before expected flowering. Many times this stress is untimely broken due to climate change related untimely rains resulting in to sparse or no flowering due loss of flowering stimulus due to untimely rains. Therefore, to assess the effectiveness of two plant growth regulators chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol these studies were conducted. Flood irrigation was given during the stress period in second week of May and following treatments were applied to reimpose the stress broken by intermittent irrigation. Six years old trees of Nagpur mandarin were used as experimental plants. The trees were uniform in age and size and trained to single stem. The trees were grown under drip irrigation following common cultural practices during the study period. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments replicated four times. Four trees were used for each replication. The treatments were imposed four months before flowering (June). The treatments tried were chlormequat chloride 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm as foliar spray, paclobutrazol 6 g, 9 g and 12 g as soil application along with control. Observations on soil moisture content (%) at weekly interval, leaf water potential (ΨL) at weekly interval, orchard microclimate: temperature, humidity and rainfall, were recorded. Paclobutrazol 12g showed the peak water stress in terms of leaf water potential (ΨL) which ranged from (-3.00 MPa to -3.17 MPa) till mid June and there was no flowering in June-July due to the high temperature (41.28°C), low rainfall (6 mm) and low humidity (40.71 %) during this period. The conditioning of microclimate in the orchard with sprinklers and irrigation can help in exploiting the flowering potential attained through growth retardant treatments.

STUDY OF IMPROVED MANDARIN (Citrus Reticulate Blanco) ORCHARDMANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN MID HILLS OF GANDAKI PROVINCE, NEPAL

A survey was carried out to collect information regarding orchard management practices from mandarin growers of mid hills of Gandaki province by taking representative sample size of 80, 25 each from Beni Municipality and Jaljala Rural Municipality and 30 from Kathekhola Rural Municipality of Myagdi,Parbat and Baglung respectively. Purposive selection of site was done, and sampling procedure was simple random sampling technique. Descriptive statistical tools, chi-square test and t-test were used to analyze the data. The study was carried out to know level of adoption of improved orchard management practices, relation between socio-economic characters and adoption of technology and to identify the constraints perceived by farmers during adoption. From the study it was found that majority of the respondents of mandarin growers were male, middle aged, had medium sized family, had medium farm size, most of them are literate and agriculture was the primary source of income. Majority of farmers had taken training. Most of the respondents were in frequent contact with extension agent seeking the required information. Out of major ten improved management practices, majority of respondents had adopted training and pruning while least adopted practices were micronutrient application. Majority of respondents had low adoption on recommended management practices. Gender, education level, training, land holding size, contact with extension agent had significant association with adoption. Major problems like irrigation, insect and disease, training, lack of labor and cost of input were encountered during the adoption of improved mandarin orchard management practices. It is recommended that, literacy program needed to be strengthened, training should be based on felt need and subsidy should be given to farmers to encourage them towards mandarin cultivation as well as adoption of improved orchard management practices.

Study on knowledge and adoption of improved cultivation practices of mandarin (Citrus reticulata blanco) Growers in Nagaland, India

Knowledge of improved technologies and rate of adoption are complementary to each other. Modernization of the farming sector through the acquisition of knowledge and the adoption of improved technologies is meant for sustainable livelihood improvement and socio-economic up-scaling of the rural community. This paper attempts to assess the knowledge and adoption of improved cultivation practices of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) growers in Nagaland, India. The study was conducted in predominantly mandarin growing areas of Nagaland, India. Altogether, 120 experienced mandarin grower from 2 mandarin growing districts (namely, Kohima and Wokha) were purposively selected. The data were collected through a pre-structured interview schedule and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. The study showed that the majority (75.84%) of the respondents had a medium level of knowledge and adopted improved cultivation practices. The majority of the mandarin growers had a higher level of knowledge on the package of practices viz., site selection, planting material, intercultural operations, diseases, pests, harvesting, and packaging, while the farmers had no awareness and adoption of irrigation and application of fertilizers. The study also shows that most mandarin growers did not adopt practices viz., budded planting material, planting method, pesticide, manures, grading and storage, while partially adopted mulching and pruning. Further, various socio-economic factors of respondents had established a positive and significant association with knowledge level and status of adoption of improved mandarin cultivation practices of respondents.

Effect of Harvesting Methods on Storage Behaviour of Mandarin (<i>Citrus Reticulata</i> Blanco) Under Cellar Condition

Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a premier fruit crop expanding rapidly in the hilly areas of Nepal. Most of the mandarin growers in Nepal are using conventional harvesting method which is responsible for deteriorating the fruit quality and shortening the postharvest shelf life. Thus, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different harvesting methods on quality and shelf-life of mandarin during storage under the Cellar condition (11±2°C and 85-90% RH). For this, mandarin fruits harvested by different methods i.e. hitting by sticks, direct pulling, twisting and pulling, and clipping were stored for 90 days and fortnight interval reading of different quality parameters were carried out. The experimental results revealed that fruits harvested by clipper with small pedicel intact recorded the minimum PLW (3.15%), decay loss (8.33%), and TSS (10.57° Brix) and retained the higher fruit firmness (3.30 kg/cm2), maximum juice recovery percentage (49.69), TA (0.85%) and vitamin C (25.50 mg/100 ml) during the storage under Cellar condition. The study concluded that fruits harvesting with clipper can be stored safely up to three months under the Cellar condition.

Antibiotic use in mandarin production (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in major mandarin-producing areas in Thailand: Asurvey assessment.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), one of the major global threats to human security, has serious negative consequences for both health and economies. Excessive and inappropriate uses of antibiotics are the main drivers of the emergence of resistant bacterial strains. In Thailand, antibiotics have been used in citrus production since 2012 to treat citrus greening disease or Huanglongbing disease, despite no antibiotics being registered for use in mandarin. This raises concerns about irrational use of antibiotics, which can cause AMR. To assess the status of greening disease and the use of antibiotics in mandarin production. A face-to-face interview survey in 2017 with 221 mandarin growers in two major mandarin-producing areas. Greening disease is one of the most serious diseases in mandarins and farmers in the two major mandarin-producing areas in Thailand used ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline and penicillin to treat it. As no antibiotics are registered for use in plants, farmers used antibiotics (registered with the Thai Food and Drug Administration) for human use, either active pharmaceutical ingredients or finished products. They commonly purchased them from retail pharmacies or agrochemical suppliers. Farmers were influenced to use antibiotics by their orchard neighbours and advice from a few academics. The farmers injected antibiotics into the tree trunks approximately three to four times a year and stopped for more than two months before harvesting for in-season fruits. Antibiotics registered for human use are being applied to control greening diseases. We recommend scaling up sustainable disease control measures and curtail the use of antibiotics through close and effective dialogue among 'One Health' partners.

Constraints faced by khasi mandarin growers in North-Eastern Himalayas- A case study from Assam

Constraints faced by khasi mandarin growers in North-Eastern Himalayas- A case study from Assam

Adoption of improved mandarin production technologies among mandarin growers of Darjeeling hills

The study was undertaken with the objective to assess adoption behaviour of improved mandarin production technologies among mandarin orange growers. The study was purposively conducted in the hill region of Darjeeling district in West Bengal where mandarin orange is the pride fruit of the region. In all, 150 respondents were considered for the study and personal interview method was applied for collection of data using semi-structure interview schedule and farm visit. The socio-economic profile of the mandarin orange growers shows that mean age of the respondents was 50 years with mean education upto class 6 and agriculture as primary occupation. Mean land holding was 2.3 hectares with 15 numbers of plants and having 28 years of farm experience. Annual income from mandarin production was about 0.99 lakhs. Majority of the respondents had no social participation and had training exposure among 20 per cent of the respondents. The study shows that adoption of improved mandarin production technologies was low among the mandarin growers. Total Rank Order Score (TROS) shows that proper harvesting time and methods was highly adopted. St aking and supporting was highly adopted by the respondents. The study shows low adoption of soil treatment, seedling preparation, practices of scientific intercropping. The study also shows low adoption of other improved mandarin production technologies like application of manures, application of micronutrient, water treatment, fruit drop control measures and plant protection measures. The study further shows that age (p<0.01) of the mandarin growers was negatively correlated and education (p<0.01) of the respondents, number of plants (p<0.05) and training received (p<0.05) by the respondents was positively correlated with adoption of mandarin production technologies. The study reveals that education of the respondents and the numbers of plants in the orchard were the main contributing factors for adoption of improved mandarin technologies.

Marketing Pattern and Efficiency of Khasi Mandarin in Meghalaya

An attempt has been made to study the marketing of Khasi mandarin in Sohra market of East Khasi Hills and Mawkyrwat market of West Khasi Hills districts of Meghalaya during the year 2015–16. Primary data was collected from selected mandarin growers constituting eighty (80) growers and five (5) intermediaries operating at each level of marketing channels. Three distribution Channels were identified viz., Channel-I (Producer →Wholesaler →Retailer →Consumer), Channel-II (Producer→Retailer→ Consumer) and Channel-III (Producer → Consumer). Channel-I was the most popular channel where the farmer disposed maximum of their produce. The price spread was found to be highest under Channel-I (41.26 percent) of consumer's rupee in Sohra market and 46.64 percent of consumer's rupee in the Mawkyrwat market, due to more marketing costs incurred by agencies involved and more marketing margins earned by them. Producer's share in consumer's rupee under Channel-III was highest (94.51 percent) in Sohra market and 92.34 percent in the Mawkyrwat market, due to absent of intermediaries as the produce was sold directly to the consumer. Channel-III was found to be more efficient in both markets with the efficiency of 17.20 in Sohra market and 12.50 in the Mawkyrwat market, as it involved direct marketing of the produce to the consumers.

Production and marketing constraints of Nagpur Mandarin growers in Madhya Pradesh

Production and marketing constraints of Nagpur Mandarin growers in Madhya Pradesh