Zizania Latifolia Research Articles

Effect of Different Postharvest Pre-Cooling Treatments on Quality of Water Bamboo Shoots (Zizania latifolia) during Refrigerated Storage

Post-harvest pre-cooling of water bamboo shoots (WBS) [Zizania latifolia] can effectively delay its quality deterioration. Six types of pre-cooling treatments were used to pre-cooling post-harvest WBS, including cold slightly acidic electrolytic water pre-cooling (CSAEW), cold water pre-cooling (CWPC), vacuum pre-cooling (VPC), strong wind pre-cooling (SWPC), refrigerator pre-cooling (RPC), and fluid ice pre-cooling (FIPC). The effects of different pre-cooling treatments on the quality of refrigerated WBS were investigated. The results showed that the FIPC treatment was harmful to the storage quality of WBS, while the other five pre-cooling treatments could extend the shelf life of WBS to some extent. These pre-cooling treatments can inhibit the respiration of WBS, slow down its weight loss and lignification process, and maintain its relatively high levels of nutrient content and antioxidant activity. The CSAEW treatment outperformed other treatments in terms of bactericidal action and microbiological content control for WBS during storage. The protective effect of CSAEW treatment on the storage quality of WBS was relatively the best, and extended the shelf life of WBS by 12 days compared to the control group. This study indicated that the CSAEW pre-cooling treatment offers a new choice for pre-cooling root vegetables.

Signatures of local adaptation and maladaptation to future climate in wild Zizania latifolia

Global climate change poses challenges to agricultural production and food security. Assessing the adaptive capacity of crop wild relatives to future climate is important for protecting key germplasm resources and breeding new crops. We performed population genomics, genotype-environment association analyses, and genomic offset assessment of Chinese wild rice, Zizania latifolia, a crop wild relative and potential new grain crop, based on 168 individuals from 42 populations. We found two genetic lineages in Z. latifolia, corresponding to the south and north of its range, that diverged during the Late Pleistocene. We also identified lineage-specific positively selected genes associated with flower development and flowering, seed shattering, pathogen defense response and cold tolerance. We further found that populations from southeastern China are the most maladapted to future climate and should be prioritized for conservation. Our findings provide important clues for leveraging existing genetic diversity to identify important germplasm resources and create climate-resilient crops.

Immunomodulating melatonin-decorated silica nanoparticles suppress bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) through fine-tuning of oxidative signaling and rhizosphere bacterial community

BackgroundTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production is severely threatened by bacterial wilt, caused by the phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. Recently, nano-enabled strategies have shown tremendous potential in crop disease management.ObjectivesThis study investigates the efficacy of biogenic nanoformulations (BNFs), comprising biogenic silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) and melatonin (MT), in controlling bacterial wilt in tomato.MethodsSiNPs were synthesized using Zizania latifolia leaves extract. Further, MT containing BNFs were synthesized through the one-pot approach. Nanomaterials were characterized using standard characterization techniques. Greenhouse disease assays were conducted to assess the impact of SiNPs and BNFs on tomato plant immunity and resistance to bacterial wilt.ResultsThe SiNPs and BNFs exhibited a spherical morphology, with particle sizes ranging from 13.02 nm to 22.33 nm for the SiNPs and 17.63 nm to 21.79 nm for the BNFs, indicating a relatively uniform size distribution and consistent shape across both materials. Greenhouse experiments revealed that soil application of BNFs outperformed SiNPs, significantly enhancing plant immunity and reducing bacterial wilt incidence by 78.29% in tomato plants by maintaining oxidative stress homeostasis via increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (31.81%), peroxidase (32.9%), catalase (32.65%), and ascorbate peroxidase (47.37%) compared to untreated infected plants. Additionally, BNFs induced disease resistance by enhancing the production of salicylic acid and activating defense-related genes (e.g., SlPAL1, SlICS1, SlNPR1, SlEDS, SlPD4, and SlSARD1) involved in phytohormones signaling in infected tomato plants. High-throughput 16 S rRNA sequencing revealed that BNFs promoted growth of beneficial rhizosphere bacteria (Gemmatimonadaceae, Ramlibacter, Microscillaceae, Anaerolineaceae, Chloroplast and Phormidium) in both healthy and diseased plants, while suppressing R. solanacearum abundance in infected plants.ConclusionOverall, these findings suggest that BNFs offer a more promising and sustainable approach for managing bacterial wilt disease in tomato plants.Graphical

Short day promotes gall swelling by a CONSTANS-FLOWERING LOCUS T pathway in Zizania latifolia.

"Jiaobai" is a symbiont of Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, producing fleshy galls as a popular vegetable in South and East Asia. Current "Jiaobai" cultivars exhibit abundant variation in their gall formation date; however, the underlying mechanism is not clear. In this study, a strict short-day (SD) "Jiaobai" line "YD-3" was used. Plants were treated with two day-length regimes [14 h/10 h (day/night) (control) and 8 h/16 h (day/night) (SD)] from 100 to 130 days after planting. The gall swelling rate of the two treatments and another early SD treatment (from 60 to 90 days after planting), together with the contingent flowering plants in the experiment population, revealed that SD can improve both gall enlargement and flowering of "Jiaobai" plants. Comparison of RNA sequencing data among control, SD swelling, and SD flowering treatments of leaves and meristems indicated that SD promotion of "Jiaobai" swelling is conducted by theCONSTANS (CO)-FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) pathway, similar but not identical to the SD-induced flowering pathway in Z latifolia and rice. "Virus-induced gene silencing", "Yeast one-hybrid assay" and "Dual-luciferase assay" showed that a FT gene, ZlGsd1, is critical in SD promotion of gall formation and is positively regulated by a CO gene, ZlCOL1. Our study elucidated how photoperiod affects the formation of a unique organ produced by plant-fungus symbiosis. The difference in SD response between "Jiaobai" and rice, as well as their potential applications in breeding of "Jiaobai" and rice, were also discussed.

Development of a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification method with toothpick sampling for non-destructive detection of Ustilago esculenta in Zizania latifolia

Development of a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification method with toothpick sampling for non-destructive detection of Ustilago esculenta in Zizania latifolia

Reaching China’s fertilizer reduction goals through nitrogen and phosphorus recovery: a substance flow analysis case study

Linear agricultural nutrient regimes are the principal cause for perturbation of the geochemical cycles for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and other planetary boundaries. Nutrient cycles are characterized by high spatial disparity and China is a hotspot due to high fertilizer application rates. Using substance flow analysis, this study identified and quantified nutrient flows from agricultural production to residue management of Huangyan tangerines (Citrus reticulata) and water bamboo (Zizania latifolia) in a case study of Huangyan district (Taizhou City, Zhejiang province). About 754 Mg/a of N and 105 Mg/a of P can theoretically be recovered in the tangerines and water bamboo systems from currently untapped material flows. This could replace 59% of the N and 15% of the P currently applied as chemical fertilizer, reducing environmental impacts. Combining the nutrient recovery of both systems and upscaling the results to Taizhou City, the goal from the 14th Five-Year Plan for Agricultural and Rural Modernization to save 1182 Mg of nutrients per year could be exceeded by almost 12 times. This study’s data have varying degrees of uncertainty. The analysis of data representativeness shows potential for improvements, especially in the agricultural production of water bamboo and the nutrient contents of material flows.

Plant transpiration inspired biomass-derived solar evaporator for highly efficient solar vapor generation

The interface solar evaporation is an energy-saving and environmentally friendly method for seawater desalination and sewage purification. In this work, a biomimetic solar evaporator (ppy@AZL) inspired by plant transpiration was designed to achieve high efficient vapor generation. The ppy@AZL evaporator was made of zizania latifolia as raw material, has a cellulose skeleton with high water transport after alkalization and was decorated with photothermal polypyrrole to form bionic branches and leaves, and has excellent photothermal conversion performance. The evaporation performance and potential application of ppy@AZL evaporator in seawater desalination and sewage treatment were studied. The results indicated that the average evaporation rate of the ppy@AZL in simulated seawater (3.5 wt%) under the irradiation of one sun (1 kW m−2) was 2.239 kg m−2 h−1, and the photothermal conversion efficiency was 93.4 % in this work. In addition, the ppy@AZL evaporator has excellent evaporation rate of 2.668 kg m−2 h−1 in 9 h outdoor continuous evaporation experiment of simulated seawater (3.5 wt%), and can continuously and stably generate vapor. Therefore, this study provided a new solar evaporator with low-cost, simple preparation, better salt resistance, and high evaporation performance for seawater desalination and sewage treatment.

Molluscicidal activity and biochemical impacts of borrelidins against an aquatic invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata for crop protection

The invasive golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is one of the devastating threats to aquatic ecosystems and wetland agriculture worldwide. Macrolides from microbes display various advantages over other compounds in controlling snails. However, emergence of antibiotic-resistant phenotypes against certain macrolides in the field appeals for exploring more effectively molluscicidal macrolides. Here, two borrelidins, borrelidin BN1 and BN2, from the extract of a Streptomyces strain fermentation were evaluated for molluscicidal potential against P. canaliculata using both immersion and contact bioassay methods. Borrelidin BN1 (borrelidin A) presented a significant molluscicidal activity comparable to the chemical pesticide metaldehyde, and had a much lower median lethal concentration value (LC50, 522.984 μg·ml−1) than avermectin B1 at 72 h of contact-killing treatment. Snail growth was inhibited by borrelidin BN1 more than by metaldehyde at sublethal concentrations, consistent with responses of key biochemical parameters. Exposure to borrelidin BN1 decreased the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as the levels of energy reserves and sex steroids in snail tissues, while increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Further application assay confirmed that borrelidin BN1 protected crop plant Zizania latifolia from P. canaliculata damage via suppressing snail population density. These findings suggest great potential of borrelidin BN1 as a molluscicide. Additionally, its higher activity than the stereoisomeric borrelidin BN2 (borrelidin F) implied better molluscicidal borrelidins could be acquired through structural optimization.

Monitoring and analyzing the dynamics of Zizania floating mats with PlanetScope imagery and Google Earth Engine

Zizania latifolia has been observed to generate floating mats due to water level fluctuations and wind-waves, leading to significant detrimental impacts on both water quality and biodiversity. The key to controlling and monitoring the spread and movement of Zizania floating is the early detection of outbreaks and the clarification of its formation mechanisms in response to water levels and wind actions. The temporal and spatial resolutions of conventional remote sensing monitoring methods are challenging to satisfy the requirements for continuous and accurate tracking of Zizania floating, which undergoes daily movement. This study develops a timely and accurate monitoring method for Zizania floating by calculating the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from high spatiotemporal resolution PlanetScope (PS) imagery and building a decision tree on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Taking the Zizania floating outbreak in Honghu Wetland as the subject of our study, we extracted the continuous movement trajectories of Zizania floating from May to September 2019. Subsequently, we analyzed the interrelationship between the formation of Zizania floating and hydrometeorological factors. We then investigated the effects of Zizania floating on water quality and biodiversity. The results show that: (1) The integration of PS imagery and the GEE platform holds the potential to simplify the workload of remote sensing data processing. Based on the difference in NDVI between water bodies and Zizania floating, the dynamic expansion and reduction areas of the Zizania floating were successfully extracted by setting the threshold at 0.3, enabling timely and accurate tracking. (2) Abrupt fluctuations in water levels during brief time intervals serve as the primary trigger for Zizania floating. Additionally, wind speed during the same timeframe acts as a catalyst for the emergence of Zizania floating, with wind direction influencing its movement. (3) The outbreak of Zizania floating significantly elevates the concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (CODmn), and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), while concurrently reducing the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in water bodies. The prolonged presence and movement of Zizania floating has reduced the biodiversity of the wetland ecosystem. Zizania floating mats present unique challenges due to their unpredictability, complicating the monitoring and tracking processes. It is necessary to develop a prompt, accurate, and cost-effective detection program for Zizania floating to reduce the risk it poses to wetland ecosystems.

Improving treatment performance in mature wetlands: The impact of emergent plant species

Improving the treatment performance of mature surface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) is critical for long-term sustainability. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of plant species affecting the treatment performance of mature SFCWs remain largely unexplored. In this study, three 6-year-old field-scale SFCWs were subjected to orthogonal tests, with Nelumbo nucifera, Typha angustifolia, and Zizania latifolia as plant species. The aim was to understand how the emergent plant species selected for the newly constructed wetlands influenced the nitrogen and phosphorus treatment performance at maturity. The results showed that plant species significantly affected total nitrogen (TN) treatment performance through dissolved oxygen and water temperature. Typha and Zizania had larger above-ground biomass and denser canopies than Nelumbo, significantly increasing anaerobic zones and water temperature. Therefore, SFCWs with Typha or Zizania had the best organic nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen treatment performance compared to those with Nelumbo. However, the integrated ability of microbes and plants to remove ammonia nitrogen was not affected by internal factors in mature wetlands. Plant species significantly affected total phosphorus (TP) treatment performance through local flow patterns. Although plant species did not significantly affect general hydraulic performance, Zizania had denser tillers and thicker stalks than Nelumbo and Typha, increasing flow velocity near the wetland bottom. Therefore, SFCWs with Nelumbo or Typha were more capable of TP removal than those with Zizania. Overall, Typha was the optimal plant species compared to Nelumbo and Zizania for efficient removal of TN and TP. Therefore, appropriate plant species for newly constructed wetlands are crucial for enhancing nitrogen and phosphorus treatment performance at maturity. From a long-term perspective, SFCWs should be planted with emergent plants with large above-ground parts and sparse tillers. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the plant species affecting nitrogen and phosphorus in mature SFCWs.

Enzyme-Treated Zizania latifolia Ethanol Extract Improves Liver-Related Outcomes and Fatigability.

Long-term hepatic damage is associated with human morbidity and mortality owing to numerous pathogenic factors. A variety of studies have focused on improving liver health using natural products and herbal medicines. We aimed to investigate the effect of enzyme-treated Zizania latifolia ethanol extract (ETZL), which increases the content of tricin via enzymatic hydrolysis, for 8 weeks on liver-related outcomes, lipid metabolism, antioxidant activity, and fatigue compared to a placebo. Healthy Korean adult males aged 19-60 years were randomized into ETZL treatment and placebo groups, and alcohol consumption was 24.96 and 28.64 units/week, respectively. Alanine transaminase, a blood marker associated with liver cell injury, significantly decreased after 8 weeks compared to the baseline in the ETZL treatment group (p = 0.004). After 8 weeks, the treatment group showed significant changes in the levels of high-density lipoprotein and hepatic steatosis index compared to the baseline (p = 0.028 and p = 0.004, respectively). ETZL treatment tended to reduce antioxidant-activity-related factors, total antioxidant status, and malondialdehyde, but there was no significant difference. In the multidimensional fatigue scale, ETZL treatment showed a significant reduction in general fatigue and total-fatigue-related values after 8 weeks compared to the baseline (p = 0.012 and p = 0.032, respectively). Taken together, the 8-week treatment of enzyme-treated Zizania latifolia ethanol extract demonstrated positive effects on liver-related outcomes, lipid metabolism, and mental fatigue without adverse effects on safety-related parameters.

Effects of melatonin on inhibiting quality deterioration of postharvest water bamboo shoots

Water bamboo shoots (Zizania latifolia) is prone to quality deterioration during cold storage after harvest, which causes the decline of commodity value. Chlorophyll synthesis and lignin deposition are the major reasons for quality degradation. This paper studied the influence of exogenous melatonin (MT) on the cold storage quality of water bamboo shoots. MT treatment could delay the increase in skin browning, hardness and weight loss rate, inhibit chlorophyll synthesis and color change of water bamboo shoots, while maintain the content of total phenols and flavonoids, and inhibit lignin deposition by inhibiting the activity and gene expression of phenylpropanoid metabolism related enzymes as PAL, C4H, 4CL, CAD, and POD. The results indicate that exogenous MT treatment can effectively inhibit the quality degradation of cold stored water bamboo shoots.

Characterisation of aroma compounds, sensory characteristics, and bioactive components of a new type of huangjiu fermented with Chinese wild rice (Zizania latifolia)

Chinese wild rice (CWR) is a nutritious and healthy whole grain, worth developing. To develop and use its value, a new type of huangjiu was brewed with CWR, and the flavour characteristics, sensory quality, functional and bioactive components were evaluated. CWR (67 flavour substances) and glutinous rice (GR)-CWR huangjiu (62 flavour substances) had a better flavour than GR huangjiu (54 flavour substances), and the overall style of GR-CWR huangjiu was more skewed towards GR. The fruity, honey, caramel-like, herb and smoky aroma attributes of CWR huangjiu were higher than those of GR huangjiu (P < 0.05), while only the alcoholic was weaker (P < 0.05) due to the lower alcohol content. The huangjiu brewed using CWR had a better taste than that brewed using only GR. Furthermore, CWR huangjiu had the highest content of total dietary fiber (732.0 ± 15.2 mg/100 g), followed by GR-CWR (307.0 ± 8.5 mg/100 g), and GR (127.0 ± 2.3 mg/100 g). CWR huangjiu also had the highest total phenolic compounds (3.32 ± 0.05 mg/100 g/%vol) and total saponins (2.46 ± 0.03 mg/100 g/%vol) contents, followed by GR-CWR and GR. This study provides guidance for exploring further possibilities for CWR in the future.

Effects of different emergent macrophytes on methane flux and rhizosphere microbial communities in wetlands

Emergent macrophytes are of great importance for the structure and functioning of wetland ecosystems and play a significant role in environmental improvement, element cycling, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, our understanding of how GHG fluxes differ among macrophyte species and its links with the microbial communities remain limited. In this study, we investigated the rhizosphere microbial communities (including total bacteria, methanotrophs, and methanogens) and the GHG fluxes associated with four emergent macrophytes—Phragmites australis, Thalia dealbata, Pontederia cordata, and Zizania latifolia—collected from Xuanwu Lake wetland, China. We observed the highest CH4 flux (FCH4) (9.35 ± 2.52 mg·m−2·h−1) from Z. latifolia zone, followed by P. australis, P. cordata, and T. dealbata zones (5.38 ± 1.63, 2.38 ± 2.91, and 2.02 ± 0.69 mg·m−2·h−1, respectively). Methanogenesis was methylotrophic at all sites, as the 13C-CH4 values were higher than −64 ‰ and the fractionation coefficients were lower than 1.055. We found a positive linear relationship between FCH4 and the methanogen community, in particular the relative abundances of Methanobacterium and Methanosarcina, indicating that the variations in FCH4 among the studied macrophyte-dominated zones might be attributed to the differences in rhizosphere microbial communities. The methane emissions in various macrophyte zones might be due to the higher capacity of methanogenesis compared to methane oxidation which was inhibited by nutrient-rich sediments. Our findings provide insights for selecting specific emergent macrophytes characterized by low FCH4 in wetland ecological restoration.

Complete mitochondrial genome assembly of Zizania latifolia and comparative genome analysis.

Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf has been cultivated as a popular aquatic vegetable in China due to its important nutritional, medicinal, ecological, and economic values. The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Z.latifolia has not been previously studied and reported, which has hindered its molecular systematics and understanding of evolutionary processes. Here, we assembled the complete mitogenome of Z. latifolia and performed a comprehensive analysis including genome organization, repetitive sequences, RNA editing event, intercellular gene transfer, phylogenetic analysis, and comparative mitogenome analysis. The mitogenome of Z. latifolia was estimated to have a circular molecule of 392,219 bp and 58 genes consisting of three rRNA genes, 20 tRNA genes, and 35 protein-coding genes (PCGs). There were 46 and 20 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) with different motifs identified from the mitogenome and chloroplast genome of Z. latifolia, respectively. Furthermore, 49 homologous fragments were observed to transfer from the chloroplast genome to the mitogenome of Z. latifolia, accounting for 47,500 bp, presenting 12.1% of the whole mitogenome. In addition, there were 11 gene-containing homologous regions between the mitogenome and chloroplast genome of Z. latifolia. Also, approximately 85% of fragments from the mitogenome were duplicated in the Z. latifolia nuclear genome. Selection pressure analysis revealed that most of the mitochondrial genes were highly conserved except for ccmFc, ccmFn, matR, rps1, and rps3. A total of 93 RNA editing sites were found in the PCGs of the mitogenome. Z. latifolia and Oryza minuta are the most closely related, as shown by collinear analysis and the phylogenetic analysis. We found that repeat sequences and foreign sequences in the mitogenomes of Oryzoideae plants were associated with genome rearrangements. In general, the availability of the Z. latifolia mitogenome will contribute valuable information to our understanding of the molecular and genomic aspects of Zizania.

The application of water bamboo (Zizania latifolia) husk-derived biochar for copper-contaminated irrigation water treatment and soil amendment

Biochar prepared from water bamboo husks can be used for water purification and soil acidification amendment to safeguard agricultural soil and increase crop yields in Taiwan.

Comparative Analysis of the Nutritional Quality of Zizania latifolia Cultivars Harvested in Different Growing Seasons.

Zizania latifolia (Z. latifolia) is a popular aquatic vegetable with various nutrients in south China, but little is known about its cultivars and growing seasons in terms of the nutritional components. This work aims to characterize the nutrients of five Z. latifolia cultivars in different growing seasons. The results showed that Z. latifolia samples differed in terms of chemical parameters, which were significantly affected by variety, growing season, and their interaction. Zhejiao No. 8, harvested in the autumn, stood out with the highest levels of vitamin C. Tangxiajiao and Zhejiao No. 1 contained the highest values of total soluble solids, reducing sugar, soluble proteins, and amino acids. Significant differences were observed between the autumn Z. latifolia and spring samples; the former were of higher quality than the latter based on hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis. Moreover, total amino acids (TAA) and glutamic acid (GLU) were selected as the key indicators for Z. latifolia comprehensive quality by multiple linear regression analysis. This study provides essential information on Z. latifolia quality characteristics corresponding to cultivars and growing seasons, which lays the foundation for promoting the quality improvement of Z. latifolia scientifically.

Different contributions of PROG1 and TAC1 to the angular kinematics of the main culm and tillers of wild rice (Oryza rufipogon).

PROG1is necessary but insufficient for the main culm inclination while TAC1partially takes part in it, and both genes promote tiller inclination in Asian wild rice. Asian wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), the ancestor of cultivated rice (O. sativa), has a prostrate architecture, with tillers branching from near the ground. The main culm of each plant grows upward and then tilts during the vegetative stage. Genes controlling tiller angle have been reported; however, their genetic contributions to the culm movement have not been quantified. Here, we quantified their genetic contributions to angular kinematics in the main culm and tillers. For the main culm inclination, one major QTL surrounding the PROG1 region was found. In cultivated rice, tillers firstly inclined and lately rose, while it kept inclining in wild rice. It was suggested that PROG1 affected the tiller elevation angle in the later kinematics, whereas TAC1 was weakly associated with the tiller angle in the whole vegetative stage. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) suggested that these angular changes are produced by the bending of culm bases. Because near-isogenic lines (NILs) of wild rice-type Prog1 and Tac1 alleles in the genetic background of cultivated rice did not show the prostrate architecture, the involvement of another gene(s) for inclination of the main culm was suggested. Our findings will not only contribute to the understanding of the morphological transition during domestication but also be used in plant breeding to precisely reproduce the ideal plant architecture by combining the effects of multiple genes.

Functional keystone taxa promote N and P removal of the constructed wetland to mitigate agricultural nonpoint source pollution

Characterized by irregular spatial and temporal variations of pollutant loading and complex occurrence mechanisms, agricultural nonpoint source pollution (ANPSP) has always been a great challenge in field restoration worldwide. Returning farmlands to wetlands (RFWs) as an ecological restoration mode among various constructed wetlands was selected to manage ANPSP in this study. Triarrhena lutarioriparia, Nelumbo nucifera and Zizania latifolia monocultures were designed and the water pollutants was monitored. N. nucifera and Z. latifolia could reach the highest TN (53.28 %) and TP (53.22 %) removal efficiency, respectively. By 16s high-throughput sequencing of rhizosphere bacteria, 45 functional species were the main contributors for efficient N and P removal, and 38 functional keystone taxa (FKT) were found with significant ecological niche roles and metabolic functions. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the microbial driving N and P removal mechanism in response to ANPSP treated by field scale RFWs.

The Difference in Diversity between Endophytic Microorganisms in White and Grey Zizania latifolia.

The Zizania latifolia is usually infected by the obligate parasitic fungus Ustilago esculenta to form an edible fleshy stem which is an aquatic vegetable called Jiaobai in China. The infection by the teliospore (T) strain of U. esculenta induces Z. latifolia forming gray fleshy stems, while the mycelia-teliospore (MT) strain of U. esculenta induces white fleshy stems which are more suitable for edibility than gray fleshy stems. The mechanism of this phenomenon is still largely unknown. One of the possible causes is the diversity of endophytic microbial communities between these two fleshy stems. Therefore, we utilized fungal ITS1 and bacterial 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to investigate the diversity of endophytic microbial communities in the two different fleshy stems of Z. latifolia. The results revealed that the α diversity and richness of endophytic fungi in white Z. latifolia were significantly greater than in gray Z. latifolia. The dominant fungal genus in both fleshy stems was U. esculenta, which accounted for over 90% of the endophytic fungi. The community composition of endophytic fungi in gray and white Z. latifolia was different except for U. esculenta, and a negative correlation was observed between U. esculenta and other endophytic fungi. In addition, the dominant bacterial genus in gray Z. latifolia was Alcaligenaceae which is also negatively correlated with other bacterium communities. Additionally, the co-occurrence network of white Z. latifolia was found to have a stronger scale, connectivity, and complexity compared to that of gray Z. latifolia. And the detected beneficial bacteria and pathogens in the stems of Z. latifolia potentially compete for resources. Furthermore, the function of endophytic bacteria is more abundant than endophytic fungi in Z. latifolia. This research investigated the correlation between the development of Z. latifolia fleshy stems and endophytic microbial communities. Our findings indicate that the composition of endophytic microbial communities is closely related to the type of Z. latifolia fleshy stems. This research also suggests the potential utilization of specific microbial communities to enhance the growth and development of Z. latifolia, thereby contributing to the breeding of Z. latifolia.