Management Of Seminoma Research Articles

Proton Radiation Therapy for Stage IIA/IIB Testicular Seminoma.

Testicular seminoma affects young men and is associated with very favorable prognosis. The evolution in treatment paradigm has focused on minimizing acute and especially late toxicities. Following orchiectomy, while surveillance is favored in Stage I patients, radiotherapy (RT) is a standard treatment option for de novo or relapsed stage IIA or select non-bulky stage IIB disease. Despite low doses, standard RT fields to paraaortic and pelvic lymphatics using x-rays exposes a large volume of uninvolved normal tissue/viscera to excess dose. This young patient population is especially vulnerable to risks of late RT toxicities including secondary malignancy. Proton beam therapy (PBT) has dosimetric advantage over x-ray-based RT due to lack of exit dose, and comparative dosimetric/modeling studies show significant sparing of uninvolved abdominal/pelvic organs. However, there is scant reported clinical data at this time for PBT. We review our early institutional outcomes with PBT for testicular seminoma. Single institution retrospective review from a tertiary care center of patients treated with PBT from 2013-2022 for testicular seminoma. Recurrence free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated from the completion of PBT. Toxicities were graded (Gr) using CTCAE v5.0. Four patients underwent PBT, median age 39 (range 36-47). All were Stage I at diagnosis (pT1b n = 3; pT2 n = 1) and were treated for recurrent stage II disease (IIA n = 3; IIB n = 1) at a median of 34 months from orchiectomy (range 3 - 74 months). Nodal extent included 2 with multiple paraaortic nodes, 1 with solitary paraaortic node and 1 with solitary pelvic node. PBT was delivered with pencil-beam scanning, treating paraaortic + ipsilateral pelvic fields (20 Gy in 10 fractions), then sequential boost to involved nodes (10 -16 Gy in 5-8 fractions). Typically, PA or posterior oblique fields were used to minimize dose to out-of-field abdominal/pelvic viscera. Treatment was well tolerated with minimal acute toxicities: fatigue Gr 1 (n = 3), nausea Gr 1 (n = 3). No Gr 2 or higher acute toxicities or significant late toxicities were observed. At median follow up of 30 months (range 3 - 54), no recurrences were observed, and RFS and OS were 100%. Two patients are without evidence of disease > 4 years post-treatment. In this case series, PBT for retroperitoneal and pelvic metastases in Stage IIA/IIB testicular seminoma was associated with oncologic efficacy with minimal toxicity. PBT reduces unnecessary dose to abdominal/pelvic organs compared to x-ray techniques, which is advantageous in young patients who have anticipated long-term survival. This is one of the few series reporting clinical outcomes of PBT in the management of seminoma. Randomized comparisons with x-ray approaches are impractical given the relatively low volume of patients receiving RT in modern seminoma management, so it is essential to report and track longitudinal outcomes across institutions to validate this approach.

Utilidad del 18-FDG-PET/CT para determinar viabilidad tumoral en manejo de masas residuales de seminoma posquimioterapia

Antecedentes: En las últimas décadas, el manejo postquimioterapia de seminoma ha evolucionado debido al uso creciente de tomografía por emisión de positrones con 18 fluoro-desoxi-D-glucosa (18-FDG-PET) este método solo o combinado con la tomografía computarizada (CT) se ha propuesto como herramienta no invasiva para evaluar la extensión de la enfermedad. El objetivo fue conocer su utilidad para determinar viabilidad tumoral en el manejo de masas residuales retroperitoneales de seminoma postquimioterapia.
 Material y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo monocéntrico, se revisaron expedientes clínicos de 53 pacientes durante 2013-2018. Se definió respuesta a tratamiento mediante criterios de Recist 1.1 por CT y viabilidad tumoral mediante Suv Max por 18-FDG-PET/CT. Según resultado se dividió en grupos: vigilancia (grupo 1), cirugía de rescate (grupo 2), radioterapia (grupo 3) y quimioterapia (grupo 4). Se realizo estadística descriptiva con programa SPSS v24. Se uso curva ROC para definir punto de corte, sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E).
 Resultados: Al analizar, sin discriminar por grupos, se encontró una curva ROC con punto de corte de 3.150, S 50% y E 60%, valores que no son discriminativos ni útiles para definir viabilidad tumoral. Al analizar el grupo de vigilancia y cirugía de rescate se obtuvieron S 80% y E 82%. Al comparar con los grupos 3 y 4 tuvieron un punto de corte de 3.150 y 2.350 respectivamente.
 Conclusiones: Primer estudio realizado en el país, el 18 FDG-PET/CT demostró una utilidad muy pobre para discriminar viabilidad tumoral en masas residuales seminomatosas postquimioterapia, mejorando discretamente los resultados para los grupos de vigilancia y cirugía de rescate.

Locoregional surgical treatment improves the prognosis in patients with primary metastatic testicular cancer with a single bone or brain metastasis.

The present study investigated the clinical significance afforded by locoregional surgery in improving the prognosis of primary metastatic testicular cancer (pMTC). The population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database was used as the primary source of data in the present study. Stratification analysis was employed to identify the effects of testicular surgery on testicular cancer-specific survival and overall survival. Propensity score matching and Cox regression models were then employed to find and evaluate the extent of improvements to the survival of patients with pMTC by testicular surgery. The median testicular cancer-specific survival and overall survival in the surgery group were 10% higher than those in the group without surgery. Testicular surgery was demonstrated to have provided a survival advantage for patients with a single metastasis in the bone or brain, but not in the liver or lung. When combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, surgery significantly improved the survival of patients. However, according to the surgical outcome based on molecular subtypes, when deciding on the surgery for patients with metastatic testicular cancer, only human chorionic gonadotropin and lactate dehydrogenase, and not α-fetoprotein should be considered. Surgery serves a significant role in the management of non-seminoma, whereas its role in the management of seminoma is far more limited. The effects of locoregional surgery have been neglected when treating patients with pMTC. Surgical procedures should be considered more seriously when planning combination treatments for patients with pMTC with a single bone or brain metastasis.

Proton therapy for seminoma: Case report describing the technique, efficacy, and advantages of proton-based therapy for seminoma

Radiation therapy plays a prominent role in the management of seminoma; however, concerns regarding long-term side effects have led to the use of surveillance and alternative therapies. Proton therapy offers dosimetric advantages over conventional photon therapy and may decrease shortand long-term morbidity. Herein, we describe, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of a patient treated with proton therapy for seminoma. This case illustrates the dosimetric advantages of proton therapy over conventional photon radiation.

Update on management of seminoma

Testicular germ cell tumors and, in particular, seminomas are exquisitely radiation and chemotherapy-sensitive and most presentations are highly curable. In recent years the management focus has been on reducing late sequelae of treatment. For Stage I disease surveillance and adjuvant carboplatin, chemotherapy has become an option. The efficacy of combination chemotherapy has been established for advanced metastatic disease. Through a review of the available literature this article outlines the recent changes in the management of seminoma.

Stage I seminoma in a 15‐year‐old boy

Seminomas are very rare tumours in children and adolescents. We describe a case of seminoma in a 15-year-old boy who was managed with orchidectomy but no adjuvant therapy. He remains relapse-free 8 years after surgery as determined by clinical, radiological and serological surveillance. This study emphasizes the uncertainty over the need for adjuvant treatment in the management of seminoma in the adolescent patient, in particular in prepubescent children.

Massa Pelvica da Seminoma in Testicolo Ritenuto: Descrizione di un Caso

The cryptorchidism is associated with an increased incidence of testicular malignancy. We report a case of a 55-year-old man with a seminoma arising in an uncorrected abdominal undescended testis. The authors analyse the diagnostic aspects and management of seminoma of an undescended testis.

Over 20 years of progress in radiation oncology: Seminoma

During the past 20 years, significant changes have occurred in the management of seminoma. Survival has improved by approximately 10%, and now 97% of patients are cured. Reductions in the numbers of patients irradiated, the volumes irradiated, and the doses used should reduce morbidity. The 1973 Patterns of Care Study (PCS) and the planned new study proffer statements of consensus on optimal care and evaluate compliance with guidelines. Specific changes in investigation, including measurement of the serum tumor markers beta human choriaonic gonadotropin (betaHCG) and alphafetoprotein (AFP) and computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of the retroperitoneum, better evaluate disease extent. For stage I disease, a reduction in the total dose of infradiaphragmatic irradiation to 2,500 cGy is recommended. An option for surveillance reduces unnecessary therapy in 80% and may improve fertility. The significance of disease bulk in stage II has been recognized, and treatment has been refined. The maximal radiation dose now recommended for stage II disease is 3,500 cGy. CT definition of radiation target volumes minimizes the risk of geographic miss. Prophylactic mediastinal irradiation is no longer recommended. Chemotherapy, usually now bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin, produces high cure rates for stage IID, III< and IV disease and has become the standard managemetn. Controversy still surrounds optimal therapy for stage IIC disease. Unresolved questions include cost benefit and quality of life issues surrounding optimal management for stage I disease, inguinal scrotal irradiation in stage I and II disease, and identification of the least toxic but effective chemotherapy for specific subgroups of patients with advanced disease.

The management of seminoma

The management of seminoma

Alternatives to Radiotherapy in the Management of Seminoma

In a period from January 1978 to January 1989, 114 patients with seminoma have been managed, primarily in studies aimed at examining alternatives to radiotherapy. In a pilot study of single agent platinum in 27 previously untreated patients with metastatic seminoma, 82% remain progression-free and 89% alive and disease-free at 5 years compared with 81% progression-free and 88% alive and disease-free in a selected group of 16 previously untreated patients who received platinum-based combination treatment. Results from a pilot study of surveillance in 26 patients with stage 1 seminoma showed that 27% developed evidence of further disease (5 relapses, 2 second tumours) by 3 years, with all relapse patients salvaged by subsequent treatment. Because of the slow pace of relapse compared with malignant teratoma, with relapses occurring after 2 years, a pilot study was initiated to evaluate the effect of 2 courses of adjuvant carboplatin. The results to date in 25 patients suggest that with the use of modern antiemetics this regimen is as well tolerated as prophylactic radiotherapy. With a median follow-up of 16 months there has been 1 relapse subsequently salvaged by combination chemotherapy. A radomised trial is now justified to assess the quality of life and late toxicity of this approach compared with prophylactic radiotherapy.

Management of seminoma with bulky abdominal disease

Thirty-three cases of seminoma with palpable abdominal disease were treated at the Cancer Control Agency of B.C. between 1948 and 1983. Twenty-three had disease confined to the abdomen (Stage IIB), eight had simultaneous involvement of mediastinal and supraclavicular nodes (Stage IIIB) and two had bone or pulmonary metastases (Stage IV). Five and 10-year disease-specific actuarial survivals for the whole group were 87% and 81%, respectively. Corresponding relapse-free survival was 64%. Of the twenty-three IIB cases, 15 had primary treatment with abdominal radiation only, and eight had prophylactic mediastinal/supraclavicular radiation. Although relapse in IIB was more common in the group receiving abdominal radiation only, survival was unchanged. For the entire IIB group, 5- and 10-year disease-specific actuarial survivals were 91% and 84%, respectively, and corresponding relapse-free survival was 74%. The eight IIIB patients were treated primarily with radiation. Four patients relapsed, all in extranodal sites. Two of these died of disease. Both Stage IV patients required radiation and chemotherapy for long-term disease control. Stage IIB disease can be treated primarily with abdominal radiation, but radiation alone is inadequate when bulky abdominal disease is associated with supradiaphragmatic lymphatic spread or hematogenous metastases.

The management of testicular seminoma: Edinburgh 1970-1981.

One hundred and fifty two patients with seminoma of the testis presenting to a regional centre between 1970 and 1981 have been reviewed. One hundred and forty three of these patients were treated primarily with radiotherapy. The actuarial survival of all 152 patients was 84.4% at 5 years and 83.3% at 10 years. The following factors significantly influenced survival: clinical stage; T-stage of the primary tumour; date of first treatment. Patients treated after 1979 had a better prognosis than patients treated before 1973. A group of patients with an actuarial survival of 100% at 5 years could be identified: they were in clinical stage I after lymphography and had T1 primary tumours. We could find no clear relationship between tumour size, duration of symptoms and clinical stage at presentation. We conclude that radiation therapy still has an important role to play in the management of seminoma of the testis. We recommend prophylactic retroperitoneal irradiation for patients in clinical stage I, primary treatment with radiotherapy for patients in clinical stages IIA and IIB, and primary treatment with chemotherapy for patients in clinical stages IIC, III and IV.

Possible New Approaches to the Management of Seminoma of the Testis

Summary— A review of 21 newly diagnosed patients with either advanced Stage 2 or Stages 3 and 4 metastatic seminoma treated with platinum based chemotherapy regimes has demonstrated 17 long-term disease-free survivors (81%) compared with 10 of 18 such patients treated by radiotherapy between 1960 and 1977 (56%) and 10 of 34 treated before 1960 (29%). These results somewhat overstate the benefit of chemotherapy over radiotherapy because the incidence of seminoma as a proportion of all germ cell tumours changed, following a change in histological and radiological staging procedures during that period. However, the data presented do suggest that seminoma may be even more sensitive to chemotherapy than malignant teratoma, since 12 of the 21 patients reported received cisplatin as a single agent and 10 of these survived. These observations have lead to a re-investigation of the relapse rate of Stage 1 seminoma in a surveillance study. To date, 10 of 11 patients observed have remained relapse-free for a median of 11 months'follow-up.