Management Of NGOs Research Articles

Rethinking non-governmental organizations – at the crossroad of economics and civil society

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The article aims to close the existing knowledge gaps, show why non-governmental organizations are founded and maintained, and elaborate and systematize the existing knowledge through an analysis of the existing subdisciplines within economics, laying the groundwork for the economics of non-governmental organizations.
 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article was written based on a structured literature review with an approach similar to the grounded theory method. The research question is: Why are NGOs founded and what is their modus operandi?
 PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: After determining the research question, literature evidence was collected from a variety of sources, which led to the creation of a theoretical explanatory model. Nevertheless, a deductive, top-down approach has been taken to present the final model in a more comprehensible and transparent way.
 RESEARCH RESULTS: Based on the institutional hierarchy of O.E. Williamson and drawing from the theoretical framework of the economics of the public sector and the motives behind the sharing economy, a model was built that explains why NGOs are founded and maintained, thus elucidating the route from social theory (in particular, institutional environments) all the way to undertaking actions to solve a given issue.
 CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The article influences and enhances the current state of knowledge regarding non-governmental institutions, including the placement of NGOs in particular disciplines within economics. It also significantly supports researchers doing subsequent studies regarding this area of social science. After further research in the proposed direction, more practical implications may arise in the future, including improvements in the management of NGOs that will facilitate their more efficient operation.

Effectiveness of resource management of Lebanese NGOs in response to COVID-19 and the Syrian crisis

Crises are appearing widely in different regions of the world. The Syrian war was considered one of the largest humanitarian crises where Lebanon hosted many displaced Syrians. Recently, the coronavirus outbreak coincided with a severe socio-political and economic crisis in the country. COVID-19 affected NGOs’ response to the community and refugees. Henceforth, the study examined NGO activities and strategies in response to the Syrian refugee crisis during and after COVID-19 to identify future effective practices. The paper is based on qualitative data. Forty representatives from NGOs in Lebanon participated in semi-structured interviews. They reported on (i) the influence of COVID-19 on NGOs’ activities, (ii) effective strategies for supporting Syrian refugees and the host community, and (iii) evaluation of NGOs’ achievements and failures to provide services for the community during COVID-19. Data disclosed that COVID-19 enhanced the need for different activities to support refugees and the host community but failed to procure funds and get the necessary support from the funding agencies. The paper suggested that both government and donor agencies should enhance support for NGOs during crisis times, with better communication among stakeholders being crucial. A resource dependency theory was developed and supported by stakeholder perspectives. Based on the research findings, implications, and future research suggestions are proposed.

Influence of Emotional Support on Humanitarian Aid Response in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas in Kenya

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of emotional support on humanitarian aid response in arid and semi-arid areas in Kenya. The study used a positivism approach and explanatory research design. The target population was 5996 from which a sample of 375 respondents was obtained using the Yamane formula. Structured questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect the data. The study used a stratified random technique to select the respondents. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis and presented in prose form. Moreover, SPSS Version 25 was used to organize and analyze the quantitative data. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in tables and graphs. The study found that emotional support is positively and significantly related to humanitarian aid response in the Arid and Semi-Arid areas in Kenya (β=0.520, p=0.000). The results indicate that a unitary increase in emotional support will increase the humanitarian aid response in the Arid and Semi-Arid areas in Kenya by 0.520 units when other factors are held constant. The study concludes that emotional support encourages an individual to work hard at reaching goals, increasing humanitarian aid responses. Emotional support involves listening and empathizing with the team members, which positively impacts the delivery of humanitarian aid. Motivation drives individuals to work hard to achieve goals, thus increasing humanitarian aid response. Employees who trust leaders are less likely to quit, increasing humanitarian aid responses. Emotional support is an essential leadership ingredient that binds any relationship into a practical and working partnership. It is recommended that the management of the NGOs involved in the humanitarian aid response should concentrate more on emotional support. The management of NGOs should consider increasing the monetary benefits package they give to the team members. In addition, the management teams in organizations should always carry out a thorough study of the various motivational tools that can motivate employees. The management should listen to the view of the team members.

Perception of a “Color Revolution” in China under the Xi Jinping Regime and National Security Implications—Close interconnection between domestic politics and diplomacy—

The Xi Jinping regime in China has been implementing various policies that prioritize the concept of “national security,” and highlight concerns about the perceived threat of a Color Revolution. The concept of “national security” has been elevated to a policy philosophy of “holistic” or “comprehensive” security. This comprehensive security means that “security” is related to all areas, including the economy, culture, and the environment, and that security takes precedence over other factors such as the economy, culture, and the environment. Diplomacy is no exception, and the policy philosophy is to treat diplomacy and security together, where security takes precedence over diplomacy. The emphasis on the logic of national security also influenced its Hong Kong policy and its policy of governing the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Furthermore, it led to the strengthening of domestic management of foreigners and international NGOs. Moreover, this domestic logic of “national security” has had a strong influence on foreign policy. For example, the domestically propagated discourse on the “color revolution” directly influenced the US-China summit meeting, where the topic of discussion was whether the US was planning to overthrow the CCP regime or not. In China, diplomacy and domestic politics appear to be rapidly becoming one and the same.

Contemporary Slovenian Drama at the Beginning of the Third Decade of the 21st Century – Where Is It and Where Is It Headed?

The article offers insight into various approaches to developing contemporary Slovenian playwriting at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century. It lists existing formal and informal educational opportunities for playwrights, methods of cultivating new writing and various public presentation formats of new Slovenian dramatic writing and the recent development of its staging in Slovenia. The author presents quantitative data on the percentage of Slovenian scripts staged in government-funded theatres and the variations of this percentage over the last two decades. The author’s analysis is based on an extensive questionnaire which includes both quantitative and qualitative research methods examining the processes and circumstances of writing contemporary Slovenian drama from the viewpoints of its various stakeholders: playwrights, translators, dramaturgs, directors, artistic directors and general managers of government-funded public cultural establishments, NGOs or private theatres, editors, publishers, teachers and the representatives of public funding bodies. The findings show a lack of understanding of the creation processes of contemporary Slovenian playwriting by representatives of its peripheral professions (i.e., non-authors). The research results also reveal the consequences of the field’s long-lasting insufficient funding and lack of an expert workforce. Based on the research results, the author proposes possible future directions for the efficient development of contemporary Slovenian playwriting. These proposals include staging, commissioning and long-term theatre residencies for playwrights, as well as establishing a specialised venue aimed exclusively at staging contemporary Slovenian plays.

Determinan Akuntabilitas Pengelolaan Keuangan Organisasi Nonlaba

The mainly funding source of NGOs come from community donations that highly dependent on the high level of accountability. However, several recent surveys show that public trust in NGOs is the lowest compared to other institutions. This shows that the accountability of NGO still needs to be improved. Based on legitimacy and stewardship theory, this study analyzes the impact of internal control systems, transparency, with restrictions fund, presentation and accessibility of financial statements on NGOs accountability of financial management. Sample of the research consisted of 97 NGOs with 120 respondents and used purposive sampling method. To collect data, a questionnaire was used which was distributed to staff and finance managers of NGOs. The results of study provide evidence that internal control systems, transparency and with restrictions fund have a positive effect, presentation of financial statements has no effect and accessibility has a negative effect on the accountability of NGO financial management. Result of this study can be used as input for efforts to increase the accountability of NGO financial management. This study also emphasizes some implications for improving accountability of NGO financial management.

Internal Control System and Financial Performance of Non-Governmental Organisations in Nigeria

This study examined the impact of each of the internal control components such as control environment, risk assessment, and control activities on the financial performance of some selected NGOs in Nigeria. The study was anchored on stakeholders’ theory and adopted a descriptive survey research design to describe the relationship between the variables. The population consists of 200 key staff of the 20 purposely selected NGOs in Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents and the data collected were analysed using the descriptive statistic of mean and standard deviation while a linear regression model was used to test the relationship between the variables. The findings revealed that control environment and risk assessment to some extent influence the financial performance of surveyed NGOs while control activities have a significant effect. The study concluded that each of the internal control components considered in the study has an impact on financial performance. Inadequacy or nonexistence of any will negatively affect the financial performance of an NGO and vice versa. This study recommended that the management of NGOs should create and maintain a strong internal control system since the organisation's financial success is influenced by the strength of the control system. This can be accomplished by establishing standards, processes, and organisational structures that serve as the pivot for internal control throughout the organisation.

Effect of Funding Diversification on the Financial Performance of Nongovernmental Organizations in Kenya: A Case of Kenya Red Cross Society

Financial performance has been a matter of an on-going concern for non-governmental organizations, with scarcity of resource and mounting societal needs. The enduring problem has been on how to attain financial sustainability and reduce over-dependency on donor funding. It is hypothesized that engaging in funding diversification will enhance financial performance of non-governmental organizations. The main aim of this research was to examine the effect of funding diversification on financial performance of non-governmental organizations in Kenya. Stakeholder theory and resource dependency theory were adopted to anchor the study. A descriptive research design was used in this research. The population of the study were the 10 Kenya Red Cross Society departments in Nairobi. The unit of observation was the 389 employees in these departments. Sample size was 198 employees stratified according to their departments. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. The questionnaires were administered through emailing as well as drop and pick later method. Upon collection of the data, it was coded in quantitative format so as to enable analysing through use of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 24. Descriptive and inferential statistics generated were presented in tables and figures. The correlation findings showed that the relationship amongst funding diversification and financial performance was positive (r=0.429, p<0.001). The regression coefficient results indicated that funding diversification positively and significantly affected financial performance (β=0.558, p=0.000). This suggested that a unit increase in funding diversification would result in 0.558 increase in financial performance. This study concluded that funding diversification is an essential practice for NGOs to use in their endeavor to improve on their financial performance. The study recommends that management of NGOs should implement funding diversification in their operations to enhance financial performance.

Epidemics and local governments in struggling nations: COVID-19 in Lebanon.

Municipalities in Lebanon represent local governments at the basic community level. The proximity of the municipality to the local community and its knowledge of available resources, can be crucial in easing the impact of any disaster. This study aimed to document the range of preparedness/reactivity of municipalities as COVID-19 swept through Lebanon. A qualitative case study was implemented to explore municipal response to control the epidemic, using in-depth semi-structured interviews with twenty-seven stakeholders from nine municipalities across all governorates in Lebanon. In each municipality, participants included mayors/deputy mayors, available members of municipal councils, prominent community leaders, health care professionals, and managers of local NGOs. The collected data were analyzed using the comparative thematic analysis. The socioecological model was adopted to illustrate the dynamic interplay between the barriers and facilitators at all ecological levels. The response to the pandemic differed significantly in volume and nature among different municipalities across regions, with rural areas clearly disadvantaged in terms of adequacy and completeness of response. Barriers consistently mentioned by most municipalities included economic collapse and poverty, shortage in resources, lack of support from the central government, stigma, lack of awareness, underreporting, flaws in the MOPH surveillance system, impeded accessibility to healthcare services, limited number and weak role of municipal police, increased mental illnesses, and political patronage, favoritism, and interference. On the other hand, increased donations, community engagement, social support and empathy, sufficient human resources, the effective role of healthcare systems, and good governance were identified as key facilitators. The socioecological model identified several multi-level facilitators and loopholes which can be addressed through a suggested strategic "roadmap" providing evidence-based interventions for future epidemics. It is crucial meanwhile that the central government strengthens the administrative and financial resources of municipalities in preparing and rapidly deploying the expected optimal response.

Review of a Textbook Entitled “Organization and Management of NGOs” by Maria Ilcheva

Review of a Textbook Entitled “Organization and Management of NGOs” by Maria Ilcheva

Financial Empowerment and Entrepreneurial Venture Creation among NGOs’ Beneficiaries in Kwara State, Nigeria: An Empirical Investigation

NGOs place much emphasis on the provision of diverse relevant training, counselling, mentoring, and financial empowerment in cash and equipment grants, loans and subsidies that made little or no impact on the lives of beneficiaries and the economy. Hence, this study examined the impact of financial empowerment and entrepreneurial venture creation among NGO beneficiaries in Kwara State, Nigeria. The study was posited on the empowerment theory. A survey was carried out employing the simple random sampling technique to select 358 respondents from a total of 5,354 sampling frame of NGOs' beneficiaries in Kwara State. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that financial empowerment contributes significantly to entrepreneurial venture creation among the NGOs' beneficiaries. It was further revealed that cash loans and subsidies offered by NGOs have a positive impact on entrepreneurial venture creation, while grants have an inverse impact on entrepreneurial venture creation. The study, therefore, suggests among other things that the management of NGOs should scrutinize business plans properly before giving loans, grants, and subsidies to the beneficiaries so that only viable and innovative ideas will be funded. Also, they should offer training and enlightenment to beneficiaries to ensure the presence of unique and innovative activities and solutions pointing at entrepreneurial ventures creation.

Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının (STK) Performans Gelişiminde Bilgi Yönetimi (BY) Stratejilerinin Rolü: Filistin Vaka Çalışması

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of knowledge management strategies in enhancing NGOs’ performance. Descriptive research is followed in this study as well as a quantitative methodology design based on an electronic questionnaire survey to collect data. The research population consists of a total of 1,200 local and international NGOs that are active throughout the Palestinian Territories. A total number of 291 questionnaires were distributed to managers of NGOs or their representatives a total of 228 responses were received. The validity and reliability of the collected data were evaluated, which was used for statistical analysis. The researcher used SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 25.00 to evaluate these hypotheses. The research results demonstrate that the knowledge management strategies of “codification” and “personalization” are significantly affecting the selected NGOs' performance indicators in Palestine in terms of financial sustainability, organization process/function, and program/project performance. However, the hypothesis of the impact of the codification strategy on financial sustainability was dropped from the model due to a lack of significance. The study recommends that decision-makers in NGOs in Palestine should apply knowledge management strategies as a means of increasing organizational performance.

LINKING CRISIS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESS OF NGOs IN GAZA STRIP.

NGOs play an important and clear role in development and relief programs in Gaza Strip. Due to the political conditions that Gaza Strip is going through and to the limited services which are presented by the government in Gaza Strip. Although of the remarkable role of these organizations, they face problems and shortcomings in management in times of crises and emergencies. This study aims to show how to link crisis and emergency management to the process of strategic management of NGOs in Gaza Strip. This study sheds lights on some aspects of the functions of strategic management processes and also it investigates some aspects of the possibility of NGOs dealing with disasters in Gaza Strip. The descriptive analytical method was used to achieve the objectives of the study. The researcher used a questionnaire to collect data. The study sample consisted of 120 employees working in NGOs. The current study shows some weakness in crisis and emergency management. Furthermore, there is a positive relationship between the formulation, implementation and evaluation of strategy and crisis and emergency management for NGOs in Gaza Strip. The results showed that there is a statistically significant relationship at the significance level (a ≤ 0.05) between strategic management processes and crisis and emergency management in NGOs in Gaza Strip.

Influence of Monitoring and Evaluation Systems on Performance of Projects in Non-Governmental Organizations: A Case of Education Projects in Mombasa County, Kenya

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of monitoring and evaluation systems on performance of projects in non-governmental organizations: A case of education projects in Mombasa County. To achieve this purpose the study assessed how organizational structures and human capacity for monitoring and evaluation influence project performance in non-governmental organizations in Mombasa County. Also, the study examined how a project monitoring and evaluation plan and work planning for monitoring and evaluation activities influence project performance in Non-Governmental Organizations in Mombasa County.Methodology: A descriptive research design was used in this study and structured questionnaires were used to collect the study data. The study population constituted of project officers, managers, and monitoring and evaluation staff in the twenty-two registered non-governmental organizations operating in Education sector in Mombasa County. According to NGOs statistics in published Annual NGO report of 2018/2019, a registered NGO had an average of 10 employees stationed in Kenya. Therefore, the approximate number of project staff in Education sector is approximately 220. Yamane (1967) formula was applied in determination of sample size, with 1% margin of error. Based on the formula, total of 69 participants were required. The participants were voluntary sampled into the study sample though self-administering of online based questionnaire. Prior data collection, a sample of fifteen individuals working in education sector was considered in piloting of the research instruments. To adjust for incidences of non-response rate in voluntary sampling, an additional 30 participants were considered giving a cumulatively sample size of 99 participants. In this study a total of 15 project staff implementing projects in Education sector were considered for piloting. A reliability analysis of pilot data yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.890 implying a high level of internal consistency. Data was collected from sampled seventy respondents from ten non-governmental organizations while observing standard ethical and health guidelines. Collected data was downloaded from kobo-collect online platform and exported to Excel and SPSS for further processing. Descriptive and inferential statistics were generated and used to interpret the nature of relationship between the predictor variables and the dependent variable.Results: The study established that the performance of projects in education sector significantly and positively correlated with organizational structures for M&E (r=0.639, p<0.05), human resource capacity for M&E (r=0.412, p<0.05) and project M&E plan (r=0.273, p<0.05). However, the performance of projects in education sector was found to have a weak positive correlation with M&E work plan where (r=0.015, p>0.05). A regression model of the predictors against the performance of projects in education sector yielded R-square value of 74.1 % leading to a conclusion that the four components under study influence project performance in education sector.Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study recommends that the management of NGOs with technical support of focal M&E staff put in place mechanisms to further strengthen their existing systems for M&E. Also, further research can be explored on how M&E work plan influences project performance while considering adoption mixed methods approach in order to understand the justification for underlying relationships.

Старт «Програми вдосконалення викладання у вищій освіті України»: огляд Українсько-британського форуму «Досконалість викладання і навчання у вищій освіті»

The Ukrainian-British Forum "Excellence in Teaching and Learning in Higher Education" took place on December 4, 2020 in Kyiv and was dedicated to summarizing previous joint Ukrainian-British educational projects, including the Leadership Development Program of Ukrainian universities and the launch of the Higher Education Teaching Improvement Program Of Ukraine. The Forum was organized by the Institute of Higher Education of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine and the British Council in Ukraine. The Forum was attended by representatives of Ukrainian universities, Ukrainian educational top management and representatives of British analytical educational centers and NGOs to promote educational reforms. Emphasis was placed on taking the necessary concrete steps to establish a national platform for the exchange of experience in teaching and improving educational practices and the development of learning competencies between the British and Ukrainian sides. Nurturing the quality of higher education requires both the preservation of the national educational tradition in its best manifestations, and careful and careful adoption of world models of successful institutionalization of the experience of achieving high results in education. The improvement of standards of professional development of the main subjects of education in Ukraine should be a key factor for change at the next stage of educational reforms in Ukraine. Topics such as key stakeholders in education reform, institutional quality assurance of education, qualifications framework, expert experience, individual trajectory of teacher development, departure from the state-level diploma monopoly in Ukraine, etc. were also discussed. A significant expansion of opportunities for the creation of non-governmental – both private and branches of foreign higher education institutions in Ukraine – was announced. An important indicator of these changes should be the refusal from the monopoly of state-standard diplomas as evidence of higher education at the appropriate level.

Implementation of the concept of strategic management in youth non-govermental organizations

Relevance of the research topic. It is impossible to build a civil society without forming an effective engine of its development in all spheres of the state. In order to take measures in a sphere of youth politics, the public authorities should get support to its subjects including Youth NGO’s. NGO which is able to develop singly and develop subjects around during a long period of time should become a basis for improving youth policy of the state. Such development is only possible with the help of mechanisms and tools of strategic management, which makes this research up-to-date. Formulation of the problem. Strategic management of developing an organisation requires a detailed study from the point of view of development and implementation of management concept. It states mechanisms and tools which should be used in the organisation`s activity. In regard with the fact that development of NGO was forced by both evolutional and revolutionary changes, the possibility of applying the developed concepts of strategic management for the functioning of concrete types of organisations should be critically analysed. Analysis of the last research and publications. Theory of concepts of strategic management was thoroughly reviewed in works by M. Nebava, O. Ratushnyak, V. Ortina, L. Fedulowa, Z. Shershnyova and O. Stoliarenko. In addition to this, researches on strategic management were also considered. In works of A.Tompsom and A.Stricland, K.Prahalad and H.Hamel, I.Nonaka and H.Takeuchi and B.Wernerfeld. Strategic management in NGO’s was considered by M.Zemba, V.Melenivska, O. Hlebushkina, H.Kachura, T.Azarova, L.Abramova etc. However, the implementation of concepts of strategic management in the activity of NGO’s is not studied enough. This causes a need for thorough comprehensive research which requires a detailed analysis of existing concepts and approaches to strategic management. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. It is hard for youth NGO’s in Ukraine to pick up an effective concept of strategic management. It is a result of both operating conditions and absence of thorough theoretical basis so as most of the concepts were developed for the functioning of the commercial organisation. So, the important part of the problem which needs a solution is a definition of main provisions of the concept of strategic management which will meet the needs of development of Youth NGO. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. Among the main objectives of the article which let to approach the solution of the stated problem can be highlighted the necessity of developing a system of methods and tools of strategic management of Youth NGO. On the basis of this system and existing concepts, it is expedient to form a model of a concept of strategic management of Youth NGOs. Method or methodology of conducting research. Methods of system-structural analysis and synthesis, retrospection, dialectical and methods of generalization, grouping, comparison and other methods became a methodological basis of the article. Presentation of the main material (results of the work). The article considers the necessity of using the paradigm of strategic management for the development of the organization. The system of methods and tools of strategic management of youth non-governmental organizations is developed. The stages of development of the concepts of strategic management are analysed. The link between the strategic objectives of youth non-governmental organizations is determined. The concept of comprehensive strategic management for use by youth non-governmental organizations is proposed. Field of application of the results. Results of this research may be applied during management of the Youth NGO and during the formation of the state’s youth policy according to participants of NGOs in building up the civil society. Conclusions according to the article. Application of the concept of strategic management allows the youth NGOs to change the way of acting from management according to operative tasks to strategic management with the help of a comprehensive approach to perspectives of NGO’s development.

Managing authenticity and performance in Gulag Tourism, Kazakhstan

To date, there has been limited research concerning the methodology and approach to Gulag heritage and how it has been memorialised and commodified for tourism purposes. The recent cultural commodification of the Soviet past and the development of participatory visitor experiences at Gulag museums in Kazakhstan necessitate to advance understandings of the roles authenticity and performance play in the management of Gulag museum practices in the country. Using a qualitative case study research approach based on a combination of semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in the development of Gulag tourism including senior management of museums, museum guides, policy-makers, tourism operators, local NGOs and experts in Soviet Gulag heritage, direct observations and qualitative document analysis of two Gulag museums and sites in Kazakhstan, the commodification and management of Soviet Gulag heritage is explored. Results reveal that beyond objects on display and images regarded as interpretive illustrations that allow visitors to connect with the past and verify history, dioramas and staged performances re-enacting various elements of the Gulag life are used as immersive and emotional tools to accentuate the ‘dark’ atmosphere of the epoch and induce a more impactful and participatory visitor experience. The findings contribute to literature on authenticity and performance in Gulag tourism by examining the delicate question of the extent to which stakeholders involved in the management of the Gulag tragedy can offer meaningful visitor experiences that are historically accurate and protect the dignity of the victims while adapting to the dynamic roles of museums as heritage and education sites.

Managing Non-Governmental Organizations to Create Values in the Disruption Era

Objective - This paper explores the challenges faced by the Indonesia National Council on Social Welfare (INCSW) and its 64 organization members from 31 provinces in Indonesia. INCSW is a social organization that is the coordinating agency for social activities by the Government of Indonesia. The analysis includes strategic management of NGOs in the era of disruption, known as the industrial revolution 4.0. Methodology/Technique - This study uses a qualitative methodology procedure to produce descriptive data obtained from verbal answers and observable behavior. The data collection methods used in this study include interviews, surveys, observations, and use of documents as secondary data. Open interviews were conducted with several administrators and staff of the Indonesia National Council on Social Welfare (INCSW). Short questionnaires were given to 64 representatives of NGOs from 31 provinces. The interview and survey included questions that probed their understanding of the industrial revolution 4.0, disruptive innovation, willingness to change, and the readiness of the organization to create values in the era of disruption. Findings - The results show that technology use is still very lacking. The quality of human resources is of minimum concern in digital knowledge. The discussions include observations about the development of management strategies and a variety of programs offered by the Indonesia National Council on Social Welfare (INCSW). Novelty - This research is one of the few studies that examine non-profit organizations in order to create economic and social values in the era of disruption. This study explains the new paradigm of NGOs by changing the platform of NGO work operationalization. This study widens the application of 'network society' theory in the study of NGOs by emphasizing networks to create value for their stakeholders. The managerial implications of this study include the importance of technology use through social media for social sharing, thus communicating social issues more efficiently and effectively. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Change Management; Disruptive Innovation; Human Resources; Industry Revolution 4.0; Non-Governmental Organizations. JEL Classification: M20, M21, M29.

Author’s Response: The Third Revolution Is Real

Author’s Response: The Third Revolution Is Real Elizabeth C. Economy (bio) Let me begin by thanking David Shambaugh, Liselotte Odgaard, Yongjin Zhang, and Michael Auslin for providing such thoughtful and well-considered reviews of The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State. It is an honor to have four such distinguished scholars take the time to address the ideas and themes of the book, and I am delighted to have the chance to respond. Two broad issues are raised by more than one reviewer. The first is the essential question of whether the third revolution is a genuine “revolution.” Shambaugh suggests that much of the rhetoric associated with Xi Jinping’s China is not new, nor are the changes as progressive or transformative in nature as those undertaken by the leaders of the two previous revolutions, Deng Xiaoping and Mao Zedong. Zhang notes that revolution “by definition” is associated with “human emancipation” and with “progressive, sometimes violent struggle” that is directed against “subjugation and oppression.” In fact, Xi’s policy direction, he argues, is regressive or reactionary. Zhang further points to cooperation between the state and society on issues such as environmental protection as evidence that Xi has not ushered in a revolution. I did, in fact, grapple at length with the term revolution and at one point considered characterizing Xi’s leadership as a “reactionary revolution” to capture precisely the regressive nature of the policies that Zhang references. Ultimately, however, I understand both revolution and reform as political processes that are devoid of normative bias. Both signify change in political processes and institutions; the transformative effect on those processes and institutions, however, is far greater in revolution than in the case of reform. Moreover, if one accepts Deng’s own characterization of his leadership as the “second revolution,” it is certainly plausible to argue that Xi has ushered in a “third revolution”—a transformation of equal import that has reversed many of the political processes initiated by Deng. Under Xi’s leadership, China has moved away from collective decision-making back to one-man rule and eliminated the two-term presidency; reasserted the role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in society and the economy, [End Page 162] reversing Deng’s trend toward withdrawing the party from everyday decision-making; rejected Deng’s welcoming of foreign ideas and capital and built a virtual wall of restrictions and regulations designed to constrain foreign competition and influence; and upended Deng’s low-profile foreign policy to adopt one that is far more ambitious and expansive. Moreover, the Chinese state increasingly is fusing technology with politically repressive laws and regulations, as evidenced by the social credit system, internet constraints, and a country-wide surveillance system. In this context, Odgaard’s suggestion that Xi’s authoritarianism may be veering into totalitarianism is particularly relevant and further underscores the revolutionary nature of Xi’s policies. To Zhang’s note that state-societal cooperation on environmental protection necessarily undermines the concept of revolution, I would offer two reflections: first, Xi’s regime has embraced environmental protection, alongside anticorruption, as a pillar issue of regime legitimacy within its revolution; second, the political processes of cooperation between the state and society around environmental protection have changed significantly from the era of Hu Jintao to Xi. For example, opportunities for open discourse or coordinated environmental activism via the internet, social protest, and NGOs are much diminished. Xi has also pushed for party committees to establish a presence in and actively guide NGOs, and he has sharply limited the ability of environmental NGOs to engage with their foreign counterparts through the Law on the Management of Foreign NGOs. Zhang and Odgaard further raise the important issue of whether China’s third revolution will exert a transformative impact on the international system. Zhang argues that if China is indeed experiencing a revolution, it could not be “caged” within Chinese borders, and he seeks evidence of China’s revolutionary agency and impact on the liberal international order. Odgaard wonders whether China will attempt to use coercive power abroad in order to recreate a Chinese sphere of influence in Asia—particularly in the event that the United States...

중국 `해외비정부조직관리법`의 분석과 전망

중국 `해외비정부조직관리법`의 분석과 전망