Management Of Illness Research Articles

Natural compounds targeting YAP/TAZ axis in cancer: Current state of art and challenges

Cancer has become a burgeoning global healthcare concern marked by its exponential growth and significant economic ramifications. Though advancements in the treatment modalities have increased the overall survival and quality of life, there are no definite treatments for the advanced stages of this malady. Hence, understanding the diseases etiologies and the underlying molecular complexities, will usher in the development of innovative therapeutics. Recently, YAP/TAZ transcriptional regulation has been of immense interest due to their role in development, tissue homeostasis and oncogenic transformations. YAP/TAZ axis functions as coactivators within the Hippo signaling cascade, exerting pivotal influence on processes such as proliferation, regeneration, development, and tissue renewal. In cancer, YAP is overexpressed in multiple tumor types and is associated with cancer stem cell attributes, chemoresistance, and metastasis. Activation of YAP/TAZ mirrors the cellular "social" behavior, encompassing factors such as cell adhesion and the mechanical signals transmitted to the cell from tissue structure and the surrounding extracellular matrix. Therefore, it presents a significant vulnerability in the clogs of tumors that could provide a wide window of therapeutic effectiveness. Natural compounds have been utilized extensively as successful interventions in the management of diverse chronic illnesses, including cancer. Owing to their capacity to influence multiple genes and pathways, natural compounds exhibit significant potential either as adjuvant therapy or in combination with conventional treatment options. In this review, we delineate the signaling nexus of YAP/TAZ axis, and present natural compounds as an alternate strategy to target cancer.

Prevalence of Depression and Stress-related Anxiety among Adults during the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Study in Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi District, Western Uganda

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only posed significant challenges to physical health but has also brought about substantial mental health burdens worldwide. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and stress related anxiety among adults aged 18-40 during the COVID-19 lockdown in Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi District, Western Uganda. A cross-sectional study design was employed, with data collected from 170 participants through researcher-participant interviews. The prevalence of depression and stress-related anxiety was found to be 57%, indicating a high burden compared to pre-pandemic rates. Factors associated with higher rates of depression and anxiety included female gender, older age, marital status (separated, divorced, or widowed), lower education level, unemployment, family history of depression, and underlying medical conditions such as cancer. These findings underscore the importance of addressing mental health needs during public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. Routine screening and management of mental illnesses, along with targeted interventions to support vulnerable populations, are crucial for mitigating the psychological impact of such crises. Longitudinal studies are recommended to explore causal relationships between depression, anxiety, and underlying health conditions further. Keywords: Covid-19, Depression, Mental health, Prevalence, Stress-related anxiety, cross-sectional study.

Potential Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Managing Polypharmacy in Saudi Arabia: A Narrative Review.

Prescribing medications is a fundamental practice in the management of illnesses that necessitates in-depth knowledge of clinical pharmacology. Polypharmacy, or the concurrent use of multiple medications by individuals with complex health conditions, poses significant challenges, including an increased risk of drug interactions and adverse reactions. The Saudi Vision 2030 prioritises enhancing healthcare quality and safety, including addressing polypharmacy. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers promising tools to optimise medication plans, predict adverse drug reactions and ensure drug safety. This review explores AI's potential to revolutionise polypharmacy management in Saudi Arabia, highlighting practical applications, challenges and the path forward for the integration of AI solutions into healthcare practices.

Multiplex Detection of Foodborne Pathogens using 3D Nanostructure Swab and Deep Learning-Based Classification of Raman Spectra.

Proactive management of foodborne illness requires routine surveillance of foodborne pathogens, which requires developing simple, rapid, and sensitive detection methods. Here, a strategy is presented that enables the detection of multiple foodborne bacteria using a 3D nanostructure swab and deep learning-based Raman signal classification. The nanostructure swab efficiently captures foodborne pathogens, and the portable Raman instrument directly collects the Raman signals of captured bacteria. a deep learning algorithm has been demonstrated, 1D convolutional neural network with binary labeling, achieves superior performance in classifying individual bacterial species. This methodology has been extended to mixed bacterial populations, maintaining accuracy close to 100%. In addition, the gradient-weighted class activation mapping method is used to provide an investigation of the Raman bands for foodborne pathogens. For practical application, blind tests are conducted on contaminated kitchen utensils and foods. The proposed technique is validated by the successful detection of bacterial species from the contaminated surfaces. The use of a 3D nanostructure swab, portable Raman device, and deep learning-based classification provides a powerful tool for rapid identification (≈5 min) of foodborne bacterial species. The detection strategy shows significant potential for reliable food safety monitoring, making a meaningful contribution to public health and the food industry.

Mentalizing-Based Healthcare: Towards a Relational Paradigm for Chronic Illness Management

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a contemporary psychodynamic attachment approach for managing chronic illnesses with a focus on the role of impairments in mentalizing, attachment, and epistemic trust. This approach emphasizes the significance of relational dynamics in healthcare settings and may thus provide a complementary approach in health psychology which currently primarily targets individual and behavioral aspects of chronic illness by addressing the relational dynamics that are typically involved in chronic illness management. We review empirical evidence highlighting the roles of mentalizing, attachment, and epistemic trust in chronic illness. We propose an attachment and mentalizing-based healthcare paradigm that prioritizes relational dynamics that aligns with emerging health psychology trends, offering a holistic approach to patient care. Finally, we present some practical implications of this approach, underscoring the importance of psychologists working in health in fostering secure attachment, epistemic trust and mentalizing within patient-provider relationships. This involves tailoring patient interactions and psychoeducation to individual needs and narratives, enhancing treatment adherence and well-being.

Nutritional Calorie Labeling and Menu Ordering Practices Among US Adults With Chronic Illnesses.

The relationship between diet and the management of chronic illnesses is well established. However, it is unknown the extent to which people with chronic illnesses pay attention to nutritional information and act upon the information obtained. We evaluated the menu ordering practices of adults with chronic illnesses. We analyzed the 2018 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5 Cycle 2). Our analytic cohort included 3,154 respondents (weighted population size=228,464,822) who answered questions regarding a personal history of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and obesity. They also answered questions about their nutritional habits regarding whether they noticed caloric information at fast-food or sit-down restaurants and how that information influenced their dietary choices. Among respondents with these chronic illnesses, only obese patients were significantly more likely to pay attention to caloric information (OR=1.56; 95%CI: 1.06-2.31). However, noticing the calorie information was not associated with ordering less calories among all categories of respondents with chronic illnesses. US adults with chronic illnesses do not pay sufficient attention to the calorie information of their diet. Furthermore, awareness of the calorie information did not influence their dietary choices. Healthcare professionals should incorporate dietary counseling into the management of chronic illnesses of their patients.

Impact of negative signs on therapeutic compliance in patients with schizophrenia

IntroductionSchizophrenia is characterized by a heterogeneous clinical expression. Schizophrenic symptoms fall into three main dimensions: positive, negative, and disorganized. Negative symptoms may be primary or secondary to positive symptoms. Therapeutic compliance is essential in the management of mental illnesses and in particular schizophrenia. The associations between poor compliance and negative symptomatology are little studied even though it is found in several patients suffering from schizophrenia and is associated with a poor functional prognosis.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to evaluate the link between negative symptoms and medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study with a descriptive and analytical aim carried out among patients in whom a diagnosis of schizophrenia was made according to the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5.Data will be collected using an anonymous hetero-questionnaire including patients’ personal and sociodemographic data, as well as the negative symptoms subscale of the PANSS and Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) which assesses therapeutic compliance.ResultsIn total, we obtained a sample of 109 patients. The median age of the population is 37 years (+/- 8.2), the age varies between 18 and 64 years. The majority of patients were single, i.e. 79.6%. On average, patients had good compliance with the MARS with a mean score of 6.3 ± 1.9 [0;10]. A negative correlation between the negative symptoms subscale of the PANSS and the MARS was found significant (p=0.003), with a moderate effect.ConclusionsThis study showed that the negative signs of schizophrenia have an impact on therapeutic compliance. Therefore, it would be useful to enlarge the sample and study this association in depth in order to be able to improve these signs to ensure good care and better quality of life for these patients.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Investigating Bacopa monnieri L. Therapeutic Potential for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases.

The popular perennial creeping plant known as Bacopa monnieri (also known as Brahmi) is being utilized in the Indian Ayurvedic medicine practice. It has a variety of bioactive phytoconstituents that have been used therapeutically to treat a number of serious illnesses. Ancient Vedic scholars used this herb because of its pharmacological effects, particularly as a nerve booster and nootropic supporter. However, it is vital to comprehend the active phytochemical components of Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) and their molecular mechanisms in order to better grasp the effect of BME on neurological illnesses and diseases. Understanding its active phytochemical constituents and their molecular processes is essential. Numerous clinical investigations indicated that BME may have neuroprotective benefits, so it is worthwhile to re-evaluate this wellknown plant. Here, we focused on neurological problems as we examined the pharmacological and phytochemical characteristics of BME. For their effective usage in neuroprotection and cognition, many clinical concerns and the synergistic potential of Bacopa extract have been investigated. Alzheimer's disease is a neurological condition caused by the production of reactive oxygen species, which also causes amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau protein aggregation and increases neuro-inflammation and neurotoxicity. Our review offers a more indepth molecular understanding of the neuroprotective functions of BME, which can also be connected to its therapeutic management of neurological illnesses and cognitive-improving effects.

IJCM_317A: The quality of news reports on violence against health workers in India

Background: The Indian Medical Association report from 2015 states that around 75% of doctors had faced violence at the workplace. One of the major contributory factors to such assaults is the public conscience against healthcare workers. An improper understanding of the purpose and functions of emergency care and outpatient facilities also adds to the bitterness. The media, especially online has a great influence over them. Inadequate, unscientific, and very often emotional reporting of medical news will not help the frontline workers in peaceful and resource-effective productivity. Objective: To examine the quality of reporting of news articles on violence against health workers in India. Methodology: A cross-sectional study to examine the quality of news articles on violence against healthcare workers published online in the past three years based on the guidelines from the Independent Press Standards Organisation, UK and Press Council of India’s Norms 2022. Articles in English, Hindi, and other regional languages that the authors had expertise in were selected. The data was collected using Google Forms and analysed in Google Sheets. Results: The majority of the articles did not mention the illness and medical management done, while the chronology of the violent incidents was adequately mentioned. Almost 50% of the articles did not mention any witness interviews. One-third of the articles did not mention the date of incidence. One-fourth of the articles, mostly regional language articles used clickbait keywords in the articles. Most of the articles did not give any follow-up reports on the news. Conclusion: There is a huge gap in adequate and unbiased reporting on the incidents of violence against healthcare workers among the online media.

Establishing an acute illness management simulation programme for general medical registrars in a tertiary UK hospital

Establishing an acute illness management simulation programme for general medical registrars in a tertiary UK hospital

Click, Track and Eat: The Power of Nutrition Apps

Nutrition apps enhances the nutrition guidance and suitability in balancing and tracking food intakes. They expand knowledge and awareness about nutrition as well. The modern technologies connect users to have wearable devices and data analytics with motivations, visions and support on their journey towards healthy lifestyles. Instead of hunting through books and contacting nutritionists, you can find all information about healthy lifestyles into single solution and easily assessable platforms.
 As it provides more flexibility, it allows the users to interact at their own ease and make healthier choices by obtaining nutritious recipes and advices, which makes it more convenient and cost effective. In addition, these apps provide users to give real-time feedbacks and guidance, monitor their diet behaviors and physical activities and supplementation information They also facilitate them in weight calculations and calories-tracking to manage their whole diet plans. Furthermore, these offer several healthier activities like exercising and staying hydrated alerts.
 However, nutrition apps have many limitations and challenges; users may consider it time consuming with recent study highlighting that the calorie and fitness tracking may be related to eating disorders [1]. Additionally, another study on eating disorders found that body dissatisfaction and preoccupations with body shape tend to be high in the individuals using nutrition apps [2]. Despite these issues, the accuracy of these app can vary depending on user’s capability to record their food intake.
 Nevertheless, this does not deny the significance of dietary compositions in health and illness prevention and management. Appropriate nutritional intake is crucial to maintain a healthy life, avoid nutrient deficiencies and lower the risk of diseases. Therefore, it is imperative to establish effective methods so that the dietary can be tracked and thus improved. It is equally important to address the concerns related to negative impacts of nutrition apps such as unhealthy eating habits due to overdependence.
 In conclusion, this editorial sheds light on the significance of nutrition apps that provide user-friendly interactions for improving dietary habits. While many of nutrition apps have positively improved user behaviors and diet quality, addressing challenges such as users’ annoyance and disengagements still remains. Looking forward, prioritizing user satisfaction and enhancing functionality is crucial to unlocking the nutrition apps potential for achieving long-term impacts in diet quality and promoting healthier lifestyles.

Factors Associated with Influenza-like Illness among Inmates in an All-male Prison, Songkhla Province, Thailand, 2023

On 9 Feb 2023, the Office of Disease Prevention and Control Region 12Songkhlawas informed of an influenza-like illness (ILI) cluster in an all-male prison in Songkhla Province. We investigated to identify the causative agent, possible sources and risk factors, and provide control measures. We conducted an active case finding by interviewing inmates and officers. Prison facilities and hygiene behaviors of inmates and officers were inspected. A retrospective cohort study was performed. Basic and effective reproductive numbers were estimated. The overall attack rate was 12.6% (474/3,648). Most cases were inmates from Wing C (80.4%). There were no severe cases or deaths. Of ten specimens tested, all were positive for influenza B/Victoria lineage, V1a.3a.2. Fifty-four percent of inmates had received influenza vaccine within the last 12 months. A mismatch between the viral strain in the vaccine and the one causing this outbreak likely contributed to the outbreak as the vaccine provided to the inmates was manufactured during the previous year's influenza season. Vaccine effectiveness was 36.2% against ILI. Having high-risk conditions (adjusted odds ratios (AOR) 2.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27–6.32) and sharing drinking glasses (AOR 2.02, 95% CI 1.21–3.36) were significant risk factors. The basic reproductive number for ILI in this outbreak was 1.36. The effective reproductive number ranged from 0.18–3.69. For effective management of ILI outbreaks in prisons, a continuous program of influenza vaccination following updated World Health Organization recommendations and a comprehensive surveillance system with rigorous respiratory illness management practices are suggested.

The Relationship of Functioning and Life Satisfaction with Illness Management and Recovery in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of this study was to determine relationship between functioning and life satisfaction with illness management and recovery, and determinants of illness management and recovery in patients with bipolar disorder. This descriptive and correlational study was conducted with 152 participants between August 2022 and February 2023. "Personal Information Form", "Illness Management and Recovery Scale", "Functioning Assessment Short Test" and "Adult Life Satisfaction Scale" were used to collecting data. In study, a positive relationship was found between illness management and recovery and total functionality, autonomy, cognitive functionality, interpersonal relationships, and life satisfaction. Gender, marital status, educational status, employment status, total functioning, autonomy, cognitive functioning, interpersonal relationships, and life satisfaction were found to be effective in illness management and recovery. Being female, single, primary school graduate, unemployed, having low functioning (autonomy, cognitive functioning, interpersonal relationships) and having low life satisfaction were found to be determinants of illness management and recovery.

Etiology of febrile illness among patients seeking care at a district hospital in Manyara, Tanzania

Managing febrile illness is complicated due to the increasing involvement of non-malarial pathogens. This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kiteto District Hospital in Northern Western, Tanzania, between January and February 2019. Out-patients with a temperature ≥38°C were consecutively enrolled until the sample size was reached. Whole blood samples were collected aseptically and tested for 36 pathogens using a multiplex PCR. Out of the 426 febrile patients, 184 (43.2%) had pathogens detected in their bloodstream. Brucella spp. was isolated in 61 (14.3%) patients, followed by Dengue virus 51 (12.0%), Salmonella Typhi 39 (9.2%), Plasmodium falciparum 37(8.7%), Coxiella burnetii 23 (5.4%) and Leptospira spp., 17 (4.0%). Forty patients (21.7%) had more than one pathogen, whereby co-infection with Brucella spp. and C. burnetii was frequent among study participants. Dengue virus was the most frequent in children aged below 14 years, whereas Brucella spp. was the dominant agent in adults. The cause of fever was not identified in 242 (56.8%) of these patients. Houses surrounded by long grasses were risk factors for febrile illness caused by P. falciparum, consuming untreated milk and consuming sour milk were risk factors for febrile illness caused by bacteria zoonoses while not washing hands after visiting the toilet was a risk factor for febrile illness by S. Typhi. Regarding management, 143 (34.8%) were given anti-malaria despite malaria rapid diagnostic test (MRDT) negative results, while 26.5% were given both anti-malaria and antibiotics for febrile illness. In this study, the majority of febrile illness cases were due to non-malarial pathogens, with P. falciparum accounting for only 8.7% of the cases. We found that about one-third of the cases were wrongly treated for malaria, and more than a quarter were wrongly given antibiotics. A review of the management of febrile illnesses is warranted.

Etiology of febrile illness among patients seeking care at a district hospital in Manyara, Tanzania

Managing febrile illness is complicated due to the increasing involvement of non-malarial pathogens. This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kiteto District Hospital in Northern Western, Tanzania, between January and February 2019. Out-patients with a temperature ≥38°C were consecutively enrolled until the sample size was reached. Whole blood samples were collected aseptically and tested for 36 pathogens using a multiplex PCR. Out of the 426 febrile patients, 184 (43.2%) had pathogens detected in their bloodstream. Brucella spp. was isolated in 61 (14.3%) patients, followed by Dengue virus 51 (12.0%), Salmonella Typhi 39 (9.2%), Plasmodium falciparum 37(8.7%), Coxiella burnetii 23 (5.4%) and Leptospira spp., 17 (4.0%). Forty patients (21.7%) had more than one pathogen, whereby co-infection with Brucella spp. and C. burnetii was frequent among study participants. Dengue virus was the most frequent in children aged below 14 years, whereas Brucella spp. was the dominant agent in adults. The cause of fever was not identified in 242 (56.8%) of these patients. Houses surrounded by long grasses were risk factors for febrile illness caused by P. falciparum, consuming untreated milk and consuming sour milk were risk factors for febrile illness caused by bacteria zoonoses while not washing hands after visiting the toilet was a risk factor for febrile illness by S. Typhi. Regarding management, 143 (34.8%) were given anti-malaria despite malaria rapid diagnostic test (MRDT) negative results, while 26.5% were given both anti-malaria and antibiotics for febrile illness. In this study, the majority of febrile illness cases were due to non-malarial pathogens, with P. falciparum accounting for only 8.7% of the cases. We found that about one-third of the cases were wrongly treated for malaria, and more than a quarter were wrongly given antibiotics. A review of the management of febrile illnesses is warranted.

The study of clinical profile of severe dengue in children

Background: Dengue fever is one of the most important vectors borne viral diseases, causing the significant burden due to high admissions and mortality in southern parts of India. Early detection and early intervention of sickness can reduce this burden for which we should know the clinical features and other parameter in dengue so that mortality rate can be reduced. Methods: It was a retrospective single center study which included patients admitted to department of pediatrics from a period of October 2022 to November 2023. A total of 30 cases of severe dengue admitted in a span of 6 months. A detailed clinical and laboratory data was recorded in a questionnaire format which was analyzed using statistical tool. Results: Among 30 cases of severe dengue the most common clinical feature was shock (53%), hepatitis (36%), clinical fluid accumulation (33%), mucosal bleeding (26%) and ARDS (165). Severe dengue was frequently found in the range of white cell count 1000-4000/ul and platelet count 12000-50000/ul. Conclusions: The key to the management of severe dengue illness lies in the in-depth knowledge of clinical manifestation among children. Thus, it is important to be aware of warning signs and varied presentations of severe dengue so that there will be accurate management of in resource limited setups.

Nurses' Roles in Caring for Older People in Domiciliary Settings: A Scoping Review Protocol.

Due to global shifts in demographics and advances in chronic illness management over the past few decades, domiciliary care has become the primary setting for caring for older people. In this regard, nurses play a crucial role, promoting quality care and minimizing hospital admissions and the need for institutionalization. However, historical and geographic variation in nursing titles and the multitude of labels for different roles have been obstacles to the creation of a clear map outlining specific nursing roles in home care for older people. The aim of this scoping review is to map the evidence on the different nurses' roles in caring for older people in domiciliary settings. This review will include primary, secondary, and gray literature on nurses' roles in domiciliary settings for older people, sourced through comprehensive searches of various databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL) and reference scanning. No language restrictions will be applied. Two independent reviewers will conduct screening and data extraction. The tabulated results will be informed by descriptive frequencies and content analysis, presenting comprehensive findings. The review protocol was retrospectively registered within OSF database on the 23 November 2023.

Pre-hospital emergency medicine: a spectrum of imaging findings.

The goal of emergency medical services (EMS) is to provide urgent medical care and stabilization prior to patient transport to a healthcare facility for definitive treatment. The number and variety of interventions performed in the field by EMS providers continues to grow as early management of severe injuries and critical illness in the pre-hospital setting has been shown to improve patient outcomes. The sequela of many field interventions, including those associated with airway management, emergent vascular access, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), patient immobilization, and hemorrhage control may be appreciated on emergency department admission imaging. Attention to these imaging findings is important for the emergency radiologist, who may be the first to identify a malpositioned device or an iatrogenic complication arising from pre-hospital treatment. Recognition of these findings may allow for earlier corrective action to be taken in the acute care setting. This review describes common EMS interventions and their imaging findings.

Deep learning-based automatic segmentation of COVID-19 in chest X-ray images using ensemble neural net sentinel algorithm

IntroductionCOVID-19 has affected billions of people worldwide and has serious public health effects. Automatic image segmentation is crucial to improve clinical decision-making for full assessments of illness management as well as monitoring. It plays a crucial part in detecting, diagnosing, and tracking diseases by allowing for the exact or accurate segmentation of diseased regions. Automatic segmentation and classifying medical images remains the most difficult obstacle in medical diagnosis, however, because of the lack of annotated medical images. MethodsIn this article, we propose the Ensemble Neural Net Sentinel Algorithm (ENNSA), and unique deep learning (DL) method for the segmentation and classification of COVID-19. Chest X-ray dataset is first collected from Kaggle and preprocessed. The features in the processed image are retrieved using the Insistent Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (IGLCM). ResultsThe suggested ENNSA outperforms current techniques in terms of accuracy (99.25), precision (100), recall (43), and F1 score (61) regardless of unbalanced datasets, indicating its promise as a diagnostic tool for respiratory diseases. ConclusionIn addition, the segmentation approach is used to separate the chosen features for COVID-19 classification from the chest X-ray images. The investigational outcomes demonstrate that our proposed strategy outperforms currently used methods in classifying COVID-19.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF NEWBORN CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES (IMNCI) UPTAKE AMONG CHILDREN IN CMH GILGIT, PAKISTAN

In developing countries, about 9 million children die before reaching the age of 5 every year, with 70% of these deaths attributable to five central diseases (measles, diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and malnutrition). The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) have recognized the importance of early care-seeking and have developed the "integrated management of childhood illness" to promote proper healthcare practices within families and communities and decrease the mortality rate of children under five in developing countries. This study aimed to improve the health-seeking behaviour of mothers and reduce the burden of disease in children under five, with specific objectives to assess the factors affecting the uptake of integrated management of childhood illness (IMNCI) and the health-seeking behaviour of mothers. Using a structured questionnaire, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 156 randomly selected parents of patients at CMH, Gilgit, from August to December 2016. The chi-square test determined associations between different factors and mothers' health-seeking behaviour. The results showed strong associations at p=0.05 and a 95% confidence interval with n=156. Strong associations were found between the first care given and the head of the family (p=0.02) and between health problems and the head of the family (p=0.01). The findings also indicated a strong relationship between the head of the family and restrictions when seeking care for a sick child (p=0.00). Maternal education positively impacts health outcomes, leading to fewer family restrictions, early identification of problems, and improved decision-making when seeking healthcare.