Management Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Articles

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a potential therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: modulation of the noradrenergic pathway in the prefrontal lobe

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by developmental impairments, inattention, motor hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Currently, there is no effective intervention that can completely cure it. One of the pathogenic mechanisms of ADHD involves abnormalities in the norepinephrine (NE) pathway within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In recent years, transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, has demonstrated promising potential in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, its application in the management of ADHD remains relatively unexplored. Previous studies have shown that taVNS exerts therapeutic effects on attention, cognition, arousal, perception, and behavioral regulation primarily through activating the vagus nerve conduction pathway, specifically targeting the nucleus tractus solitarius - locus coeruleus - NE pathway. These findings have led to the hypothesis that taVNS may be an effective intervention for ADHD, with NE and its pathway playing a pivotal role in this context. Therefore, this review comprehensively examines the correlation between NE pathway alterations in the PFC and ADHD, the mechanism of action of taVNS, and the potential role of the NE pathway in treating ADHD with taVNS, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for clinical applications.

Exploring the impact of probiotics on adult ADHD management through a double-blind RCT.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric condition often persisting into adulthood, characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Emerging research suggests a connection between ADHD and gut microbiota, highlighting probiotics as potential therapeutic agents. This study involved a double-blind, randomized controlled trial where college students with ADHD received either a multi-strain probiotic supplement or a placebo daily for three months. ADHD symptoms were evaluated using a computerized performance test (MOXO) and the MATAL questionnaire. Academic records provided performance data. Additionally, eating and sleeping habits, gastrointestinal symptoms, and anthropometrics were assessed through questionnaires before and after the intervention. Fingernail cortisol concentrations (FCC) measured the long-term activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The findings indicated that the probiotic significantly decreased hyperactivity, improved gastrointestinal symptoms, and enhanced academic performance. A multivariate analysis identified age as a significant predictor, with younger participants experiencing greater overall benefits from the intervention. There was also a negative correlation between FCC and symptoms of attention and impulsivity. Furthermore, higher academic grades were associated with lower levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity. These results suggest a beneficial impact of probiotics on ADHD symptoms and lay the groundwork for further studies to evaluate the effects of various probiotic strains on clinical outcomes in ADHD.

Review of Clinical Considerations in the Management of Adolescents with ADHD During Ramadan

Background: Fasting in Ramadan, a holy month in Islam, is considered a religious obligation to Muslims after puberty. Fasting during Ramadan entails abstinence from consuming food and liquids, as well as abstaining from other activities, including smoking and sexual activity, from dawn until sunset. Literature exists regarding the management of multiple medical conditions impacted by the month of fasting; however, limited literature exists to guide the management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) during Ramadan. Methods: This systematic review employed a PUBMED search which was conducted using keywords ((ADHD) AND (Muslims)) OR ((ADHD) AND (FASTING)) OR ((ADHD) AND (RAMADAN)) OR ((RAMADAN) AND (MANAGEMENT)) and search strategies to find existing literature on ADHD management during Ramadan or while fasting. Results: Eight hundred and sixty-one results were obtained. Of these, full texts of clinical trials, systematic reviews, reviews, randomized control trials, and metaanalyses resulted in 303 results that were screened by title or abstract for relevance to the topic. The duplicate articles were removed. Eighty-nine results were incorporated into this paper, including full articles, book excerpts, and online articles. Discussion: Muslim adolescents may face challenges with academic and social functioning as they navigate psychosocial changes in the context of Ramadan. ADHD management options should be discussed with individuals who are planning to fast. Pharmacologic management options include continuing on the current regimen, dose adjustment to mitigate side effect exacerbation, a change in medication class, or a change in medication formulation. For severe cases or cases with comorbid conditions, continued fasting may not be recommended. In these cases, the patient should attempt to seek counsel with their community’s religious scholar in collaboration with their medication provider. Ultimately, there are limitations in the available data, and there is a need for further investigation into the impacts of fasting during Ramadan on individuals with ADHD and the effectiveness of interventions to promote treatment adherence.

Role of adenosine in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Although its precise etiology remains unclear, current evidence suggests that dysregulation within the neurotransmitter system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Adenosine, an endogenous nucleoside widely distributed throughout the body, modulates various physiological processes, including neurotransmitter release, sleep regulation, and cognitive functions through its receptors. This review critically examines the role of the adenosine system in ADHD, focusing on the links between adenosine receptor function and ADHD-related symptoms. Additionally, it explores how adenosine interacts with dopamine and other neurotransmitter pathways, shedding light on its involvement in ADHD pathophysiology. This review aims to provide insights into the potential therapeutic implications of targeting the adenosine system for ADHD management.

Trends in South Korean Medical Device Development for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Narrative Review.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are among the most prevalent mental disorders among school-aged youth in South Korea and may play a role in the increasing pressures on teachers and school-based special education programming. A lack of support for special education; tensions between teachers, students, and parents; and limited backup for teacher absences are common complaints among Korean educators. New innovations in technology to screen and treat ADHD and ASD may offer relief to students, parents, and teachers through earlier and efficient diagnosis; access to treatment options; and ultimately, better-managed care and expectations. This narrative literature review provides an account of medical device use and development in South Korea for the diagnosis and management of ADHD and ASD and highlights research gaps. A narrative review was conducted across 4 databases (PubMed, Korean National Assembly Library, Scopus, and PsycINFO). Journal articles, dissertations, and government research and development reports were included if they discussed medical devices for ADHD and ASD. Only Korean or English papers were included. Resources were excluded if they did not correspond to the research objective or did not discuss at least 1 topic about medical devices for ADHD and ASD. Journal articles were excluded if they were not peer reviewed. Resources were limited to publications between 2013 and July 22, 2024. A total of 1794 records about trends in Korean medical device development were categorized into 2 major groups: digital therapeutics and traditional therapy. Digital therapeutics resulted in 5 subgroups: virtual reality and artificial intelligence, machine learning and robot, gaming and visual contents, eye-feedback and movement intervention, and electroencephalography and neurofeedback. Traditional therapy resulted in 3 subgroups: cognitive behavioral therapy and working memory; diagnosis and rating scale; and musical, literary therapy, and mindfulness-based stress reduction. Digital therapeutics using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and electroencephalography technologies account for the biggest portions of development in South Korea, rather than traditional therapies. Most resources, 94.15% (1689/1794), were from the Korean National Assembly Library. Limitations include small sizes of populations to conclude findings in many articles, a lower number of articles discussing medical devices for ASD, and a majority of articles being dissertations. Emerging digital medical devices and those integrated with traditional therapies are important solutions to reducing the prevalence rates of ADHD and ASD in South Korea by promoting early diagnosis and intervention. Furthermore, their application will relieve pressures on teachers and school-based special education programming by providing direct supporting resources to students with ADHD or ASD. Future development of medical devices for ADHD and ASD is predicted to heavily rely on digital technologies, such as those that sense people's behaviors, eye movement, and brainwaves.

New Perspective of Multi-dimensional Approach for the Management of Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review

One of the most common mental diseases in childhood, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often lasts into adulthood for many individuals. The neurodevelopmental condition known as ADHD impacts three areas of the brain: hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention. The visual field is where attention is most affected by ADHD. Non-strabismic binocular vision disorder (NSBVD), which impairs eye coordination and makes it challenging to focus, has been linked to ADHD. Through a critical cognitive process called visual attention, humans are able to take in and organize information from their visual environment. This greatly affects how one observes, processes, and understands visual information in day-to-day living. Vision therapy is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that aims to improve visual talents and address visual attention deficits. This study aims to provide an overview of the research on the many approaches to treating ADHD, the relationship between NSBVD and ADHD, and whether vision therapy is a viable treatment option for ADHD. After a comprehensive search of many online resources, relevant studies were found. The review's findings provide insight into the range of ADHD patients' treatment choices. In order to improve treatment outcomes, non-pharmacological treatments can be employed either alone or in conjunction with medicine. Medicine by itself is insufficient and has several severe side effects when used continuously. The efficacy of vision therapy in improving visual attention and making recommendations for potential directions for further research in this field. Multiple studies are needed to identify the most effective treatment modalities for achieving positive outcomes for ADHD patients.

Evaluating the Role of Homeopathy in the Management of ADHD: A Scoping Review

Evaluating the Role of Homeopathy in the Management of ADHD: A Scoping Review

Interdisciplinary Insights and Global Perspectives on ADHD in Children: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis (2014–2024)

This study used bibliometric analysis to investigate the research on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in pediatric populations between January 2014 and January 2024. The Scopus database is utilized to gather a diverse array of scholarly research on this complex ailment. Our objective was to compile a comprehensive dataset on understanding and managing ADHD by selecting specific terms such as “ADHD in Children”, “ADHD Treatment and Management”, and “Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder”. We utilized the advanced analytical capabilities of Biblioshiny (bibliometrix R-package) and VOSviewer (VOSviewer version 1.6.19), within our methodological framework, to do network analysis. By conducting this analysis, we were able to examine patterns in publications, author affiliations, the geographic spread of research, and identify influential texts and developing research topics. The findings underscore the collaborative endeavors of medicine, psychology, and neuroscience in tackling the physiological and psychological aspects of ADHD, with a focus on interdisciplinary contributions. The extensive global impact of ADHD research is highlighted by the significant contributions made by countries including the United States, China, the UK, the Netherlands, and Canada. Our data indicates a notable shift towards holistic strategies that encompass socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral aspects, alongside emerging practices like the utilization of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in research. This bibliometric study offers a comprehensive view of ADHD research by identifying significant patterns and clusters of themes. It illuminates the shifts in scientific conversation over time and identifies areas that show potential for additional research. The study advocates for ongoing collaboration across various disciplines and nations, emphasizing the significance of innovative strategies to enhance the well-being of those affected by ADHD.

Scheduling of methylphenidate: Preventing misuse or impeding ADHD treatment adherence?

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, with a chronic, and potentially debilitating course if untreated. Medication adherence is poor - negatively affecting emotional, social, educational and employment outcomes. The current Schedule 6 status of methylphenidate (MPH) drives healthcare resource utilisation and costs - a potential barrier to care. This study explored stakeholders' understanding and perceptions of the potential impact of a regulatory shift in the scheduling of MPH on treatment accessibility and adherence for ADHD. Participants from multiple stakeholder groups, involved in ADHD management in South Africa, were recruited via professional networks. A qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with 23 stakeholders was conducted to explore their views on the utility, benefits and risks associated with rescheduling MPH. Six key themes emerged from the interviews: 'adherence', 'accessibility', 'affordability', 'stigma', 'rescheduling of MPH' and 'risk mitigation'. Core to these themes is the role of the scheduling of MPH - which can have a protective societal role, but also acts as a barrier to care for individuals with ADHD. The current Schedule 6 status of MPH is not an effective strategy to prevent misuse and diversion but negatively impacts on treatment adherence. The positive outlook from stakeholders on rescheduling MPH holds significant implications for the ADHD landscape in South Africa. It is crucial to address stigma, facilitate fundamental change in service delivery and remove structural and practical barriers to care to improve outcomes for individuals with ADHD. A framework for ADHD treatment adherence is provided.

Investigating the Impact of Nutrition and Oxidative Stress on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Background/Objectives: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by difficulty maintaining attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. While the cause of this disorder is still unclear, recent studies have stated that heredity is important in the development of ADHD. This is linked to a few comorbidities, including depression, criminal behavior, and anxiety. Although genetic factors influence ADHD symptoms, there are also non-genetic factors, one of which is oxidative stress (OS), which plays a role in the pathogenesis and symptoms of ADHD. This review aims to explore the role of OS in ADHD and its connection to antioxidant enzyme levels, as well as the gut-brain axis (GBA), focusing on diet and its influence on ADHD symptoms, particularly in adults with comorbid conditions. Methods: The literature search included the main available databases (e.g., Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar). Articles in the English language were taken into consideration and our screening was conducted based on several words such as "ADHD", "oxidative stress", "diet", "gut-brain axis", and "gut microbiota." The review focused on studies examining the link between oxidative stress and ADHD, the role of the gut-brain axis, and the potential impact of dietary interventions. Results: Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the development and manifestation of ADHD symptoms. Studies have shown that individuals with ADHD exhibit reduced levels of key antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as a diminished total antioxidant status (TOS) compared to healthy controls. Additionally, there is evidence of a close bidirectional interaction between the nervous system and gut microbiota, mediated by the gut-brain axis. This relationship suggests that dietary interventions targeting gut health may influence ADHD symptoms and related comorbidities. Conclusions: Oxidative stress and the gut-brain axis are key factors in the pathogenesis of ADHD, particularly in adults with comorbid conditions. A better understanding of these mechanisms could lead to more targeted treatments, including dietary interventions, to mitigate ADHD symptoms. Further research is required to explore the therapeutic potential of modulating oxidative stress and gut microbiota in the management of ADHD.

A - 69 The Use of Neuropsychological Assessments in the Diagnosis of ADHD among Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the US

Abstract Objectives Neuropsychological evaluations provide information that can potentially minimize the risk of poor outcomes and enhance the quality of life for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Black and Brown students have higher incidences of misdiagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and being funneled into Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) classrooms. There is support for the incremental efficacy of neuropsychological evaluation compared to routine care in the diagnosis and management of ADHD. This study analyzes neuropsychological assessment practices and diagnosis trends by race, ethnicity, and gender, incorporating teacher and parent perceptions through behavioral rating scales. Data Selection The following selection criteria were utilized: -published in peer-reviewed journals focusing on neuropsychological evaluations for ADHD among black and brown clients -employed a variety of assessment tools and methodologies - reporting on cultural considerations, validity, and reliability of neuropsychological assessments in black and brown populations. Data Synthesis Gender and racial differences in the timing and rate of diagnosis have delayed the onset of treatment. Additionally, there has been a difference in how parents and teachers endorse symptoms of ADHD by race on rating scales included in comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations. Conclusions Early intervention is associated with improved outcomes for individuals diagnosed with ADHD. However, there is a significant imbalance between the growing numbers of ethnic/racial and linguistic minority children in the United States who need neuropsychological services and the limited number of neuropsychologists trained to handle the cultural complexities. Accurate, culturally informed neuropsychological assessments are needed to ensure equitable behavioral health services are provided.

A - 36 Cognitive Impairments Linked to ADHD Severity and Insurance Gaps among U.S. Children

Abstract Objective To evaluate the presence and severity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children in the United States, and to explore the relationship between ADHD, functional cognitive impairments, access to evidence-based treatments, and adequate health insurance. Method This study included children aged six to 17 (n = 34,109) from the 2022 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) representing diverse races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses. Data was collected on ADHD diagnosis, severity, insurance coverage, medication/behavioral treatment, and cognitive impacts. Results Of the participants, 10.5% reported ADHD, with 4.4% reporting mild symptoms and 6% reporting moderate to severe symptoms. The more severe ADHD symptoms were, the greater impact on cognitive performance was noted χ2(2,N = 4772) = 705 p < 0.001; with mild ADHD rarely impacting cognition resid.(1,2) = −421. Only 13.9% of children with ADHD is currently covered by health insurance, and only 6.6% of children with ADHD have health insurance to cover their mental and/or behavioral health services. Of those insured, children with severe ADHD were more likely to have insufficient coverage χ2(8,N = 4642) = 362 p < 0.001; resid.(3.3) = −23.5. Conclusions The study revealed a considerable 10.5% of U.S. children currently have ADHD, with greater cognitive impacts revealed for children with greater severity of symptoms. Results also revealed critical disparities in ADHD management, and in turn their cognitive functioning. While 59.7% reported insurance always covered mental health needs, and 13.9% indicated inconsistent coverage, contributing to treatment gaps. This lack of coverage particularly affects children with moderate to severe ADHD, exacerbating cognitive impacts. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive ADHD care and improved, consistent mental health coverage.

ADHD Assessment and Treatment Services in a Sample of U.S. Colleges and Universities.

Up to 2 million college students in the United States have been diagnosed as having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a condition associated with negative academic, social, and psychiatric outcomes. The authors investigated the online availability and content of policies governing ADHD services at college clinics. Using a stratified sample of 200 colleges and universities, the authors reviewed clinic websites and invited clinical staff to participate in a survey. They weighted percentages to account for oversampling and used regression modeling to examine associations with policy availability. Only 70 institutions (32%, weighted percentage) provided information about ADHD services online. Institutions with <1,000 students had significantly lower odds of providing information online (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.04, 95% CI=0.01-0.26), as did institutions that accepted >67% of applicants (AOR=0.18, 95% CI=0.07-0.48). After merging data from the Web review and survey, the authors noted that 14% (N=11 of 75 institutions with data available for this variable) facilitated neuropsychological assessments on campus, 49% (N=33 of 72) did not allow stimulant medications to be prescribed, 73% (N=43 of 61) did not offer clinical evaluations for ADHD, and 89% (N=32 of 35) required a neuropsychological assessment to receive prescription stimulants. Information about the assessment and management of ADHD is rarely available online, and ADHD services on U.S. college campuses appear to be limited.

The Effect of Running Training on Improving Classroom Attention in Children with ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that adversely affect children’s academic performance and behavior in classroom settings. Current ADHD management strategies, primarily pharmacological and behavioral, have limitations, prompting the exploration of alternative interventions. This study investigates the effects of a 12-week structured running training program on improving classroom attention in children with ADHD. Thirty children aged 7 to 12 years participated in a single-group intervention study, with attention, behavior, mood, and physical fitness assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up. Results showed significant improvements in classroom attention, as evidenced by reduced scores on the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale-Revised (CTRS-R) and fewer errors on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Secondary outcomes indicated notable reductions in hyperactive-impulsive behaviors, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, as well as enhanced physical fitness. These findings suggest that structured running programs may be an effective non-pharmacological intervention for enhancing attention and behavior in children with ADHD. Further research should explore the long-term effects and underlying mechanisms of such interventions and investigate their integration into comprehensive ADHD management plans.

Improving access and outcomes for children with ADHD.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health condition characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity as well as difficulties with social interaction, learning, and sometimes sleep. A variety of symptoms is possible, and three ADHD presentations have been defined. Owing to healthcare workforce shortages, particularly in mental health care, it is critical for family NPs and other primary care providers to possess accurate understanding of the disorder and its symptomatology, evaluation, diagnosis, and management in children and adolescents. In today's landscape, newer extended-release and long-acting stimulants support better medication administration and adherence, as well as maintain more consistent levels in the body throughout the day, for pediatric patients. This article aims to keep family NPs up to date in the latest in ADHD diagnosis and management to reduce patient barriers to care; it also provides NPs with critical information to convey to pediatric patients, their families, and their teachers during this back-to-school season.

Machine learning-enabled detection of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with multimodal physiological data: a case-control study

BackgroundAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental psychiatric condition that typically emerges during childhood but often persists into adulthood, significantly impacting individuals’ functioning, relationships, productivity, and overall quality of life. However, the current diagnostic process exhibits limitations that can significantly affect its overall effectiveness. Notably, its face-to-face and time-consuming nature, coupled with the reliance on subjective recall of historical information and clinician subjectivity, stand out as key challenges. To address these limitations, objective measures such as neuropsychological evaluations, imaging techniques and physiological monitoring of the Autonomic Nervous System functioning, have been explored.MethodsThe main aim of this study was to investigate whether physiological data (i.e., Electrodermal Activity, Heart Rate Variability, and Skin Temperature) can serve as meaningful indicators of ADHD, evaluating its utility in distinguishing adult ADHD patients. This observational, case-control study included a total of 76 adult participants (32 ADHD patients and 44 healthy controls) who underwent a series of Stroop tests, while their physiological data was passively collected using a multi-sensor wearable device. Univariate feature analysis was employed to identify the tests that triggered significant signal responses, while the Informative k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm was used to filter out less informative data points. Finally, a machine-learning decision pipeline incorporating various classification algorithms, including Logistic Regression, KNN, Random Forests, and Support Vector Machines (SVM), was utilized for ADHD patient detection.ResultsResults indicate that the SVM-based model yielded the optimal performance, achieving 81.6% accuracy, maintaining a balance between the experimental and control groups, with sensitivity and specificity of 81.4% and 81.9%, respectively. Additionally, integration of data from all physiological signals yielded the best results, suggesting that each modality captures unique aspects of ADHD.ConclusionsThis study underscores the potential of physiological signals as valuable diagnostic indicators of adult ADHD. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, our findings demonstrate that multimodal physiological data collected via wearable devices can complement traditional diagnostic approaches. Further research is warranted to explore the clinical applications and long-term implications of utilizing physiological markers in ADHD diagnosis and management.

Exploring Methylphenidate-Induced Intraocular Pressure: A Cautionary Tale in Pediatric ADHD Management.

This case report explores the intricate relationship between methylphenidate (MTX) use and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in a pediatric patient with a preexisting history of eye disease. Despite existing literature presenting cases of IOP elevation linked to MTX, a significant gap remains in understanding nuanced risk factors. This case study used patients' medical records and a comprehensive literature review. A 6-year-old girl with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a family history of eye conditions exhibited elevated IOP after 12 days of MTX use, prompting discontinuation. The patient successfully transitioned to atomoxetine with normalized IOP and improved attention duration. Existing cases emphasize the potential link between sympathetic nerve activity and IOP elevation induced by central nervous system stimulants like MTX. Notably, the patient's high hyperopia contributed to the impact of MTX on IOP, suggesting the need for cautious use in susceptible individuals. This case underscores the importance of individualized treatment strategies, particularly in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients with family history and additional eye findings, emphasizing safety and comprehensive patient care.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder In Children and Adolescents

Among the neurobehavioral disorders that children and adolescents most frequently seek treatment for is ADHD. ADHD frequently has long-lasting effects that persist into adulthood, including noticeable symptoms. Co-occurring disorders such as disruptive, mood, anxiety, and substance abuse are frequently linked to ADHD. Reviewing symptoms and impairments helps establish the clinical diagnosis of ADHD. Data from neuropsychology, neurochemistry, neuroimaging, and genetics all support the disorder's biological basis. When diagnosing and treating ADHD, all facets of the patient's life must be taken into account. Individual, family, and educational support are all part of multimodal treatment. ADHD and comorbid conditions benefit from both medication and psychotherapy alone. Throughout the lifespan, pharmacotherapy—which includes stimulants, noradrenergic agents, alpha agonists, and antidepressants—is essential to the long-term management of ADHD.

A Systematic Review of Yoga as a Supportive Treatment for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been one of the leading causes of neuropsychiatric disorders among children, which is why it is extremely essential to have a clear understanding of the disease and the new and upcoming treatment options available. Yoga has been one of the most recently explored and newer techniques that have been employed in the treatment of this disorder. It has become extremely crucial to understand the importance of using supportive treatments in the management of ADHD owing to the innumerable side effects caused by stimulant medication and the growing demands of parental concern about starting their children on stimulant medication at a very young age. Through this review, we would like to shed light on how yoga helps improve the lives of children with ADHD and how it can be used as a supplementary therapy for children with ADHD. After thoroughly screening various articles on this topic, we selected a total of seven articles for this study to highlight the effect that yoga has had on the improvement of ADHD symptoms. Furthermore, we also highlight the impact of such interventions in a family-based environment and how they help improve the immediate environment of a child with this disorder, thereby facilitating the development of a conducive environment for growth. We also highlight how these interventions help control various miscellaneous symptoms among children, such as stress, depression, and anxiety, as these concomitant symptoms are often associated with ADHD. This review article helps explore how yoga has proved to be a very holistic approach to the management of children with ADHD.

Growing evidence of pharmacotherapy effectiveness in managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young children with or without autism spectrum disorder: a minireview.

Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) also have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD in children is associated with increased risk of negative outcomes, and early intervention is critical. Current guidelines recommend psychosocial interventions such as behavioral training as the first line of therapy in managing ADHD symptoms in children with or without ASD. Where symptoms are refractory to these interventions, medications such as stimulants, α2-adrenergic agonist inhibitors, selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and second-generation antipsychotics are recommended. However, these pharmacotherapies do not have regulatory approval for use in children of preschool age, and evidence on their safety and efficacy in this population has historically been very limited. Since publication of the current guidelines in 2020, several new randomized controlled trials and real-world studies have been published that have investigated the efficacy and tolerability of these medications in preschool children with ADHD, with or without comorbid ASD. Here, we provide a review of the key findings of these studies, which suggest that there is growing evidence to support the use of pharmacological interventions in the management of ADHD in preschool children with comorbid ASD.