Man-made Boundaries Research Articles

Haiti Fights Back: The Life and Legacy of Charlemagne Péralte

This deeply researched, thoughtfully crafted, and unapologetically argued work reveals how protest and revolution are at the core of Haitian national identity. Historian Yveline Alexis's compelling account of Haitian history and Haitian-US relations between 1915 and 2008 focuses on Charlemagne Péralte and those inspired by his anti-imperial campaign, most notably Haitian women and artists, as well as exiles mobilizing in New York City. The book is a must-read for anyone interested in Haitian nationalism, US imperialism, popular resistance, historical memory, and methodology, to name several of Alexis's foremost areas of contribution.Whereas most scholarship on Péralte focuses on his assassination by marines in 1919 and their strategy of publicly displaying his cadaver to squash a Haitian resistance operation (cacos) to the 1915 US military invasion of Haiti, Alexis challenges the image of Péralte as a “lawless bandit” by introducing readers to Péralte as a man who also gained prominence because of how he used “his pen” and because of the nationwide recognition of “his political portraiture” (p. 3). Ten chronological chapters survey pivotal and prominent moments from the existing historiography: the 1915 US military invasion of Haiti, the US military mission's official end in 1934, the 29-year dictatorship of François and then Jean-Claude Duvalier, and the transition to popular democratic rule after Duvalier's 1986 exile, which resulted in ongoing foreign intervention.Alexis's source base is abundant, interdisciplinary, and original: traditional records from Haiti and the United States (most notably, from the US Marines, Navy, and State Department archives), letters and other writings from Péralte, his eldest brother (Saül), and his mother (Anne-Marie Claire Emmanuel, also known as Madame Masséna), oral histories (including conversations with three of Péralte's descendants and residents of Péralte's hometown, Hinche), newspapers, published primary sources, murals, paintings, literature (particularly by Haitian women), radio transmissions, and ethnographic observations. These primary sources allow Alexis to foreground how the “subaltern speak and act” (p. 3). She discusses them alongside an equally diverse secondary literature, particularly grounded in Haitian-authored historiography and scholarship based outside Haiti on resistance.Through Alexis's efforts, we learn about Péralte's leadership style, how he came to lead the cacos, and how his enduring legacy epitomizes the fact that historical memory is central in Haitian nationalism. Alexis points to Péralte's privileged economic background (due to military positions that he and his family members held), his prestigious schooling, his nationwide and diplomatic political appointments, and family bonds as factors that helped Péralte garner widespread respect for himself. Moreover, Péralte's ability to convey profound connections between past and present, combined with his vast knowledge of Haiti's terrain and communities, allowed him to recruit fighters and establish strategies that generated support for anti-imperial campaigns across cities, regions, social classes, and gender lines.Alexis goes beyond the “man-made boundary” of most narratives by foregrounding the Haitian women in the cacos and broader anti-invasion campaign (p. 18). She introduces letters from Péralte's mother to her son that offered Péralte strategy and encouragement during his missions, women who took up arms, women who produced literary writing as a form of protest, and women who mobilized against both the invasion and domestic forms of gender-based oppression, including disenfranchisement.Alexis also documents how enduring Péralte's legacy is and the centrality of historical memory to diverse articulations of Haitian nationalism by engaging diverse ethnographic sources. Haitian artist Philomé Obin's paintings of Péralte between 1944 and 1970, the 1982 founding of the Charlemagne Péralte Center in New York City by activist priests in exile, the inclusion of anti-imperialist ideas in the manifesto of the Port-au-Prince–based political party named Front Charlemagne Péralte de Liberation Nationale, and the inclusion of Péralte's name and image on the painted facades of a barbershop in Brooklyn, New York, and a Haitian schoolhouse in 2008 are among the ways that Alexis demonstrates how Péralte is remembered or “resurrected” (a word she uses in chapter 8's title) to critique foreign intervention and the authoritarianism of Haitian heads of state, in addition to extending a bond that Alexis names “patriotic kinship” (p. 7). Alexis contributed to such memory making by commissioning original art for the book's vivid cover, which conveys the dignity and power that she argues for in the book.Readers might appreciate anticipating Alexis's stylistic decision to interject Haitian Kreyòl throughout the narrative. Translations and wordplay accentuate the authenticity of Alexis's overall writing tone. Still, amid brilliant turns of phrases and concepts, most readers may need to pace themselves to capture the many layers in Alexis's argument.Overall, Haiti Fights Back is a groundbreaking work of interdisciplinary history based on conscientious methodology, abundant findings, pointed arguments, and numerous paths for academic and nonacademic readers to deepen their study of Haiti, Haitian experiences, US imperialism, and the resistance practices of women and men in anti-oppression campaigns that transcend time and space.

The Urban Image Conservation and Development of Nakhon Si Thammarat’s Old Town Community in Thailand

Nakhon Si Thammarat Old Town Community dated a thousand years old from four eras of settlement development. The community is located on an ancient beach ridge that stands until the present day. It also has an image of a community that is unique to any city. Today the community is rapidly expanding, so the importance of the old town’s various elements has been diminished. The research objectives are to analyze Nakhon Si Thammarat Old Town Community’s image and landscape and provide suggestions to preserve and develop the community’s image. The methodology is theoretical concepts of the image of the city, urban landscape, historic urban landscape, and urban conservation, including field surveys to identify problems and the community’s awareness. Visual assessments and mapping were also undertaken. Based on the study, the urban conceptual framework emphasizes the five elements of physical perception, whereas the cultural landscape concept focuses on the physical perception of the community’s core components and sub-elements that express specificity of the district, including traditional custom, which is intangible culture and a landscape element as well. 
 The analysis of urban image reveals that Nakhon Si Thammarat Old Town Community consists of the path in the area with Ratchadamnoen Road, Karom Road and Pattanakarn Khukwang Road as the main routes, the edge of the community divided by natural boundaries, which are various rivers and by man-made boundaries, which are canals and the old city’s embankments, and the unique district, such as Tha Wang Community, Khaek Market Community, and Nakhon Si Thammarat Old Town. The node or activity center is, for example, business activities in Tha Wang Community, Khaek Market Community and Hua It Market Community, and the tourism activities in the old community area around Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan Temple. The prominent landmark from the past to the present is Phra Borommathat Stupda. In addition, the unique physical elements in the old town are groups of large trees. Suggestions on conservation and development are to create awareness of secondary routes to reduce congestion of the main roads and connect to other attractions; to develop the old town’s border from four eras for clearer perception; to promote the main activities within each district; and to have measures to control the height, billboards, old buildings’ styles, and new buildings representing each district’s uniqueness that will not obscure the perception of the community’s landmarks.

Reptile assisted reproductive technologies: can ART help conserve 300 million years of evolution by preserving extant reptile biodiversity?

Biodiversity loss is the greatest environmental problem threatening ecosystem, animal, and human health. Anthropogenic induced changes to climate, habitat, disease, species distributions, poaching, and unsustainable trade have accelerated extinction rates in all vertebrates, including reptiles. Preventing reptile extinctions will require humans to acknowledge these losses and develop ex situ and in situ plans to preserve them. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are management tools used to protect numerous vertebrate taxa; however, progress in developing ART for reptiles has lagged. Creating functional and sustainable reptile ART will strengthen our conservation capacity by capturing genetic material from select individuals to overcome natural or manmade boundaries. Utilising short-term gamete storage and genome resource banking, in conjunction with timed artificial insemination (AI) or ex ovo incubation, could lead to profound advances in reptile conservation, mitigating the loss of reptile biodiversity. In this article, we review ART reptile research completed since the 1970s. Topics include AI, hormonal control of reproduction, gamete collection, gamete storage, and genome resource banking. Additionally, we review the potential application of advanced reproductive methodologies, including in vitro /ex ovo fertilisation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer), and genetic editing.

An Analysis of Cultural Identity in Amitav Ghosh’s The Shadow Lines

The aim of such a study is to understand some of the various issues regarding our national identity; particularly the identity politics that can fully submerge a colonized individual under its gigantic confusion. The author’s humble hope out of such a study is to have an idea of insight into Amitav Ghosh’s stance on national identity. Amitav Ghosh protests against the manmade boundaries of nation, cast, creed, and identity in his novel. The Shadow Lines (1988) negates the concept of national, social and cultural identities. In the novel, Ghosh gives the message to cast aside cultural, regional, territorial, religious and physical differences aside and join the hands through the bond of humanity. The characters like Tridib, Prince form a true relationship with one another bringing west and east together. This paper seeks to shed light on the formation of cultural identity crises in a transnational space in Amitav Ghosh’s novel which chronicles the lives of characters who, after many upheavals, where cross-cultural caste, class, gender, and national collaborations blur all sorts of boundaries and enable the formation of new alliances. The paper tries to unravel how the novel presents the emergence of reconstituted families within contexts of domination and resistance. In The Shadow Lines, Ghosh deals with the issues of identity vs. nationhood, the representation of history and ultimately concludes that all borders are imaginary constraints. He dismantles history, the frontiers of nationality, culture, and language. It is a historical novel that focuses mostly on nationalism, identity and the meaninglessness of partition and the 1964 communal riots which occurred in Calcutta, Dhaka, and Khulna.

Transboundary Environmental Governance across the World's Largest Border ed. by Stephen Brooks and Andrea Olive

Reviewed by: Transboundary Environmental Governance across the World's Largest Border ed. by Stephen Brooks and Andrea Olive Paul Todhunter Transboundary Environmental Governance across the World's Largest Border. Edited by Stephen Brooks and Andrea Olive. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2018. vii + 248 pp. Map, tables, contributors, index. C$39.95 paper. Transboundary environmental governance concerns management of resources where "manmade boundaries . . . have been inserted against nature's will." The book provides a significant contribution to a growing literature on transboundary governance along the Canada–United States border. This international border, the world's longest border, contains 20% of the available global fresh surface water, shares numerous and diverse habitats, possesses rich and varied natural resources, and is populated by peoples with close economic ties, parallel histories, and common cultural roots. Important differences also exist, however, that lead to divergence and conflict in transboundary governance. The aim of the editors is "to help us better understand the issues, processes, and challenges that characterize transboundary environmental governance between Canada and the United States." They asked volume contributors to describe the state of existing relationships, governance structures, and processes of transboundary governance, to assess the adequacy of these structures with respect to environmental impacts, and to evaluate opportunities for reform, improved outcomes, and successful accommodation of emerging environmental concerns. The editors have splendidly met these aims. I was most impressed by the coherence of the entire volume, and how each individual chapter made a significant contribution to the whole. Each contributor focused on the editors' aims, provided an entry of similar length and depth, presented interesting case histories, and addressed common themes. Contributors had access to drafts of other chapters, and often referenced points made in other parts of the book. The volume has none of the disjointedness that can characterize edited multi-author volumes. Most chapters share a common structure, with a summary introduction, a historical perspective on the development of environmental governance, a development of those initial structures to accommodate the increasing complexity of environmental and human affairs, and selected case histories. The volume is organized along a geographical gradient cross-cut by major resource types. The editors first provide a lengthy preface that summarizes each contribution. The first chapter reviews the International Joint Commission that grew out of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 and formed the basis of early Canada–United States transboundary governance, but is now overshadowed by multilayered regional agreements of varied types. The next three chapters examine the Great Lakes Basin, each focusing on a different environmental issue: water quantity, water storage, and river navigation; fisheries management; and water quality and pollution. The fifth chapter, on the Prairie Region, will be of greatest interest to this journal's readers. A historical prioritization of economic development led to full allocation of water rights in a region of scarce and unreliable water resources, but now faces challenges from new voices advocating for environmental conservation and sustainability. The St. Mary, Milk, and Souris river basins are the focus of the chapter, a decision for which rational support is given. The omission of the Red River of the North Basin is disappointing, however, given its unique properties and regional importance. A chapter on the Pacific West and two chapters on energy governance follow that are also highly relevant to the Great Plains. Here, in a unique twist, Canada has been the driver for resource development, and the US has been more resistant in its approach to resource development. The final chapter summarizes lessons learned, and looks forward to new challenges posed by invasive species, climate change, and development of the Arctic. Numerous themes emerge from the individual chapters. Multilayered governance has developed with a sharing of power between national, subnational, regional, and local levels of administration. New actors now bring their voices to the governance table, including environmentalists, nongovernmental organizations, and Indigenous, First Nation, and tribal peoples. The early dominance of economic development interests has broadened to consider environmental quality, habitat conservation, and sustainability perspectives. Common-pool resources require different governance structures and approaches depending upon the symmetry or asymmetry of regional benefits and costs of resource development. Transboundary governance has grown in complexity, often leading to institutional...

Solidarity in transboundary flood risk management: A view from the Dutch North Rhine–Westphalian catchment area

Climate change is putting pressure on water systems, and its effects transcend man-made boundaries, making cooperation across territorial borders essential. The governance of transboundary flood risk management calls for solidarity among riparians, as climate change will make river basins more prone to flooding. ‘Solidarity’ means that individuals act to support members of a particular community to which they belong. Recently, the solidarity principle has become institutionalized due to its formalization in the EU Floods Directive. However, it is not clear what solidarity means in the upstream–downstream practices of transboundary flood risk management. Understanding the meaning of solidarity is important for the development of cross-border climate adaptation governance. This article discusses the conceptualization of the solidarity principle and explores its meaning for international cooperation in the Dutch North Rhine–Westphalian border region. Our critical case study reveals that although all actors understand the importance of solidarity, they interpret it differently, often based on self-interest related to their position in the catchment. The formal inclusion of the solidarity principle in the Floods Directive can best be seen as a step in the continuous development of transboundary flood risk governance, as no striking changes in practice have been identified after its formalization.Policy relevanceAs climate change increasingly puts pressure on river basins and other shared resources, cross-border cooperation and solidarity are seen as increasingly important. This article discusses the meaning of solidarity in practice and reveals how this normative principle may contribute to transboundary climate adaptation governance. Understanding its meaning is important for future cross-border climate adaptation governance.

Case Study: Historic Alexandria: The Next Fifty Years

The Alexandria, Virginia, historic district has been considered one of the best national examples of the application of historic preservation principles to guide development of a city while preserving historic resources. A superficial examination finds a town rich in historic resources, ranging from the eighteenth century to the twentieth, that has grown and changed while keeping appropriate scale and massing. However, after a critical look at a variety of planning issues, one finds that the legacy of preservation has been mixed. With ever-increasing impact over the last fifty years, development in the core of the city has been managed primarily through preservation controls. One of the results is a cap on the height of buildings and a resulting uniformity of design. These limits may inhibit both future growth and the flexibility to incorporate changes in transportation, parking, and building technology. Looking ahead, these issues will have to be faced as public funding and resources diminish and support for historic preservation research and documentation dwindles.I write this essay as a preservation architect who has worked in Alexandria and scores of other historic districts across the Mid-Atlantic region.1 It is based on my experience and observations since the early 1970s. After providing historical background on the development of Alexandria's historic district, I present an assessment of the long-term impacts of historic district controls-which have, as I will argue, effectively replaced zoning. I examine what this implies for the future of the city, including economic viability/stability, social justice, and sustainability.The Historic Core: Urban Development and PreservationAlexandria is an incorporated city with a population of just over 146,300 and a land area of 15.4 square miles.2 There are about 60,000 households according to the last census. The original town was founded in 1749 on the Potomac River; along with Georgetown to the north, it thrived as a regional port town through the eighteenth century (Fig. 1). Like other cities, particularly on the East Coast, the urban core of Alexandria was shaped by natural and man-made boundaries: the Potomac River, to the south, Hunting Creek, and the west with the railroad (Fig. 2) (This differs markedly from cities in the Midwest and West, where physical boundaries have rarely existed and therefore, physical growth has not been contained.) This original core area of Alexandria is now called Town, and reached an area about one and a half miles long and one mile wide. Since its foundation, Old Town has grown in a westward direction, away from the Potomac. Through the early twentieth century, the growth extended well beyond the original town footprint with the annexation of land from the neighboring two counties, Fairfax and Arlington. By 1935, Alexandria had generally reached its current footprint.3This westward development can also be linked to modes of transportation. For most of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the town was compact and focused on the seaport; walking and horse-drawn vehicles were the forms of transport. With the introduction of the railroad and later the Civil War, a western edge for the city was formed by the railroad right-of-way. The railroad also created incursions directly into the core of the town, to facilitate movement of goods to and from the port. With automobile use in the early twentieth century, major north-south and east-west highways were developed that both expanded the town greatly and caused commercial development to move west from the former seaport. After the introduction of the METRO subway system in 1983, commercial development again moved further west to be adjacent to the two METRO stations.Although there were isolated preservation efforts in the early twentieth century, in 1946 Alexandria City Council established the and Historic Alexandria District (OHAD) to recognize the historic core of the city. …

The Distribution, Status, and Conservation Outlook of the Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) in Cameroon

The populations of many endangered species are becoming increasingly fragmented, and accurate, current information on the status of these subpopulations is essential for the design of effective conservation strategies within a human-dominated landscape. The drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) is one of the most spectacular and endangered primates in Africa, yet up-to-date information on its distribution, population status, and conservation outlook is lacking. Cameroon has been estimated to encompass 80 % of the species’ range. We examined the distribution, population status, and conservation outlook for the drill throughout its historic range in Cameroon. To do this, we divided the historic range of the drill in Cameroon (46,000 km2) into 52 survey units along natural and manmade boundary features. Based on a series of field surveys in 2002–2009, village interviews, analysis of geospatial data, and bibliographical research, we assigned each survey unit a rank of 0–4 for 15 parameters indicative of current situation for drills, habitat suitability, and conservation outlook. We obtained direct evidence for the presence of drills in 16 of the 52 survey units, with those of Ejagham, Korup, Ebo, and Nta Ali receiving the highest index scores. We warn of local extirpations and increased isolation among drill populations due to loss of dispersal corridors, e.g., Douala Edea survey unit. In some cases drills persist in forest fragments within human-dominated landscapes, e.g., Kupe-Manenguba, but the species’ future is probably dependent on effective wildlife management in a handful of isolated strongholds where probability of long-term protection is higher, particularly in Korup National Park, Takamanda National Park, and the proposed Ebo National Park. Pressure from current and proposed large-scale commercial plantations, oil prospecting, logging, and the continual human population growth in this region means that a concerted conservation effort will be needed to safeguard the remaining drill habitat if the species is to survive in Cameroon.

When Organization Theory Met Business Ethics: Toward Further Symbioses

ABSTRACT:Organization theory and business ethics are essentially the positive and normative sides of the very same coin, reflecting on how human cooperative activities are organized and how they ought to be organized respectively. It is therefore unfortunate that—due to the relatively impermeable manmade boundaries segregating the corresponding scholarly communities into separate schools and departments, professional associations, and scientific journals—the potential symbiosis between the two fields has not yet fully materialized. In this essay we make a modest attempt at establishing further connectivity by surveying the terrain covered by the two disciplines jointly, as if the boundaries between them did not matter. We commence by providing a concise overview of the organization theory discipline for interested non-specialists from the field of business ethics. Next, we proceed to point out four research themes commonly investigated by members of both communities, and also a variety of organization-theoretical perspectives on each. In the final part of this essay we explore what organization theory has to offer business ethics, and what the boundaries of that potential contribution are. We warn skeptical readers in advance that the spirit and tone of our essay is most definitely upbeat, as we are convinced that the potential for symbiosis between the two fields is vast and inspiring, even though it has only been unleashed partially and incidentally thus far.

Creative Regionalism: Governance for Stressful Times

Introduction: State and Local Versus Regional Problems Most public problems that state and local governments tackle are addressed effectively within their particular jurisdiction. In such cases, the benefits from addressing them usually are confined to the citizens living within the government's limits. For example, waste disposal is handled by picking up trash at citizens' homes or by giving them a specific site to deposit it, both within a discrete jurisdiction. Likewise, educational, community, and recreational benefits can be restricted to the citizens of a particular jurisdiction by requiring proof of residence within it. Similarly, when state and local governments aim to reduce harms, their jurisdiction for and delivery of public safety and security services is limited to a specific area, notwithstanding public safety boundary problems, such as hot pursuit or threats from adjacent jurisdictions (these can be handled though internal practices, such as standard operating procedures or bilateral agreements like memoranda of understanding). Although these examples do admit of spillover effects or externalities affecting or affected by other jurisdictions, the direct benefits provided are limited to those governed by a single, limited jurisdiction. In short, the delivery of these services in an effective way is not dependent on or limited by cooperation with other locales. However, other public problems confronted by state and local governments do not fall so easily into jurisdictional limits. Instead, they are either impossible to solve or are severely limited or degraded by a failure to achieve cooperation among multiple jurisdictions. Some of these instances result from network effects: networks of roads, railroads, and electric grids are enhanced by being connected to other networks, even though they are useful still when not connected. Other instances occur because a problem occurs across a broad area rather than the within boundaries of a particular state or local government. Watersheds are defined by mountains and ridgelines, not by governments, and they cross national, state, and local boundaries. Likewise, jurisdictions that share a common flow of air and atmospheric conditions have come to be known as air sheds because these conditions respond to natural rather than manmade boundaries. Therefore, public policies aimed at achieving clean air and clean water and implemented within one jurisdiction may be ineffective. In economic terms, the goods produced or harms avoided lack any exclusivity in production and cannot be confined to the populace of one place only: neither clean nor dirty air respects borders;

From Toussaint to Tupac: the black international since the age of revolution

This title reclaims a cross-national, radical black consciousness. Transcending geographic and cultural lines, From Toussaint to Tupac is an ambitious collection of essays exploring black internationalism and its implications for a black consciousness. At its core, black internationalism is a struggle against oppression, whether manifested in slavery, colonialism, or racism. The ten essays in this volume offer a comprehensive overview of the global movements that define black internationalism, from its origins in the colonial period to the present. From Toussaint to Tupac' focuses on three moments in global black history: the American and Haitian revolutions, the Garvey movement and the Communist International following World War I, and the Black Power movement of the late twentieth century. Contributors demonstrate how black internationalism emerged and influenced events in particular localities, how participants in the various struggles communicated across natural and man-made boundaries, and how the black international aided resistance on the local level, creating a collective consciousness. In sharp contrast to studies that confine Black Power to particular national locales, this volume demonstrates the global reach and resonance of the movement. The volume concludes with a discussion of hip hop, including its cultural and ideological antecedents in Black Power.

Going beyond the limits: Genetic modification of livestock and dissolution of ancient boundaries

The intensive pursuit of biological efficiency has dominated animal science over recent decades. This paradigm is driven largely by economic criteria for lower resource input, increased output of livestock products, faster turnover and reduced costs to the consumer. Science has broken many economic boundaries. But disturbing stability always exacts a price: hidden costs, health, environment, welfare, biodiversity, the rural poor and the carbon footprint. The scientific mission to enhance food production is now facing new horizons at the molecular level for radical change in the life processes of animals. This quest for the genetic modification of livestock is unchartered territory and will also have widespread negative consequences. Two types of boundaries are challenged: ancient Biological boundaries and ancient Man-Made boundaries. The key biological boundary is between species and is now violated by genetic modification; key Man-Made boundaries include recognition of moral autonomy, rule of law and the qualitative difference between humanity and other species. All these ancient boundaries are foundational to sustainable societies and have been tested over huge time spans. Dissolution of these boundaries needs more caution than currently being exercised. Why? Because the scientific models of the genome used for genetic modification are proving to be wrong and inadequate. Emerging genome research reveals that control of gene expression is far more complex than the models used so far. Food products from genetically modified livestock are now in preparation for the human food chain without adequate testing and regulation and against the expressed wishes of consumers. Can the species produced by millions of years of natural selection be redesigned safely with inadequate knowledge? Do scientists have to redesign the inner molecular universe simply because we have the tools? Are unsubstantiated short-term economic arguments sufficient to justify dissolution of ancient boundaries and stable genomes that have stood the test of time in sustaining life? There must be a deeper answer if only because we are no more likely than natural selection to achieve new adaptive stability without enormous cost. Breaching these biological boundaries goes beyond biology and economics by opening the door to transhumanism which already has a dark history. Genetic modification of animals presents issues of risk, accountability, authority, power, ownership, and morality, the nature of animals and the meaning and purpose of humanity — all of which are explored. Scientists are called to recognize and act upon their social responsibilities.

Defining Needs-based Urban Health Planning Areas is Feasible and Desirable

Reporting health data for large urban areas presents numerous challenges. In the case of Toronto, Ontario, amalgamation in 1998 merged six census subdivisions into one mega-city, resulting in the disappearance of standard reporting units. A population-based approach was used to define new health planning areas. Census tracts were used as building blocks and combined according to residential income homogeneity, respecting natural and man-made boundaries, forward sortation areas and the City of Toronto's community neighbourhoods whenever possible. Correlations and maps were used to establish area boundaries. The city was divided into 5 major planning areas which were further subdivided creating 15 minor areas. Both major and minor areas showed significant differences in population characteristics, health status and health service utilization. This commentary demonstrates the feasibility and describes the outcomes of one method for establishing planning and reporting areas in large urban centres. Next steps include the further generation of health data for these areas, comparisons with other Canadian urban areas, and application of these methods to recently announced Ontario Local Health Integration Networks. These areas can be used for planning and evaluating health service delivery, comparison with other Canadian urban areas and ongoing monitoring of and advocacy for equity in health.

Finite-element implementation of reverse-time migration for anisotropic media

Reverse-time migration for post-stack seismic data in anisotropic media is implemented using the finite-element method. As an accurate digital method, the finite-element method is flexible for dealing with complicated geological structures, inner and man-made boundaries despite its intensive computation. Applying it in reverse-time migration may produce accurate images for anisotropic media. To eliminate man-made boundary reflections, the absorbing boundary condition for anisotropic elastic waves is also studied. An efficient and stable absorbing boundary scheme is presented combining a discrete transparent boundary condition with an attenuation boundary condition.

Omission and Commission Errors in the Field Mapping of Linear Boundary Features: Implications for the Interpretation of Maps and Organization of Surveys

Phase 1 mapping has been used widely in the UK as a method of resource inventory, and as an aid to conservation management and planning. Phase 1 maps may also provide baseline information for studies of land use change by future generations of landscape ecologists and historians. Contemporary assessments of their accuracy are essential to allow their value to be judged both now and decades hence. The accuracy of Phase 1 mapping of man-made linear boundary features was quantified by comparing maps drawn by six experienced field surveyors with a ground-truth version correctly showing all features. Overall errors within maps varied from 11.2% to 96.9% between surveys. Most of the error was caused by the omission of boundaries, rather than the misclassification of boundaries whose presence was recorded (i.e. errors of commission). The likelihood of a boundary being mapped was positively related to its length, and walls were more likely to be mapped than fences. Linear features can be mapped accurately, but reliance on the discretion of the surveyors, and their interpretation of the survey manual, resulted in variable practice and incomplete data in all cases. If data on linear features are not required, the time saved could be used to improve the accuracy of mapping other habitats (a concern identified in other studies). In addition to the provision of more explicit guidance to surveyors, the reporting of estimates of mapping accuracy and precision are identified as important aspects of the survey technique which require greater attention than is currently the case.

Yorkshire's Southern Boundary

BOUNDARIES OFTEN SEEM timeless features of the landscape, fixed points used by successive generations, markers that are impervious to political change. In many cases they have indeed endured for centuries, sometimes perhaps even for millennia. Maurice Beresford has tramped round many, showing how in the days before largescale maps were available the inhabitants of manors, parishes, and townships took great care to perambulate and record their boundary points and to ensure that their young members remembered them for the rest of their lives. Yet Yorkshiremen who insist on their peculiar identity will be disconcerted to find that the southern boundary of their county has not been a permanent fixture over the centuries. The border fluctuated during the conflicts between Mercia and Northumbria in ways that are not clear, the south-eastern section was altered radically by the Normans, and during the twentieth century the city of Sheffield has encroached well into North Derbyshire. A study of boundaries within Yorkshire has commented on the frequency with which water courses, ranging from large rivers to small streams, were used to divide territories? We shall find that this is true of the more enduring parts of the county's southern boundary. In landscapes where no natural divisions were apparent ditches had to be dug and banks thrown up alongside them from the spoil. Where no natural rocks reared up to pierce the horizon, crosses had to be erected. It is usually impossible to date these man-made boundary markers, though we can often prove their existence by the thirteenth century, when local records provide detailed evidence for the first time. By then, Yorkshire and its neighbouring counties in the Northern Danelaw had been in existence for two or three hundred years. We will begin at Salters brook, at the top of the Woodhead Pass, where the salters from the Cheshire 'wiches' Northwich, Middlewich, and Nantwich emerged from their long journey up the Longdendale Valley on their way to the markets at Rotherham, Barnsley, Doncaster, and Wakefield. Until 1974 the county of Cheshire had an unusual shape, with a long neck stretching north-eastwards up this valley, so important was this route to its salters. Derbyshire lay to the south of this neck and Yorkshire to the north and beyond the salters' brook in the east. It appears to be an

Individuals living in areas with high background radon: a GIS method to identify populations at risk

Objective: to identify and link populations and individuals that live within high risk areas. Design: census registers and disease registers which contain data on individuals can only give aggregate statistics relating to postal code districts, town, county or state boundaries. However environmental risk factors rarely, if ever, respect these man-made boundaries. What is needed is a method to rapidly identify individuals who may live within a described area or region and to further identify the disease(s) occurring among these individuals and/or in these areas. Method: this paper describes a method for linking the standard registers available in Sweden, notably the residence-property addresses they contain and the geographical coordinate setting of these, to map the population as a point coverage. Using standard GIS methods this coverage could be linked, merged or intersected with any other map to create new subsets of population. Representation of populations down to the individual level by automatised spatialisation of available census data is in its simplicity a new informatics method which in the designated GIS medium adds a new power of resolution. Results: we demonstrate this using the radon maps provided by the local communes. The Swedish annual population registration records of 1991 for the county ofÖstergötland and the property register available at the Central Statistical Bureau of Sweden formed the main data sources. By coupling the address in the population register to the property register each individual was mapped to the centroid of a property. By intersecting the population coverage with the radon maps, the population living in high, normal or low risk areas was identified and then analysed and stratified by commune, sex and age. The resulting tables can be linked to other databases, e.g. disease registers, to visualise and analyse geographical and related patterns. The methodology can be adapted for use with any other environmental map or small area. It can also be expanded to the fourth dimension by linking likewise available migration information to generate immediately coordinate-set, accumulated exposition and similar data.

96/01404 The future of liquefied natural gas in Europe

Widely distributed aquifers have been proposed as effective storage reservoirs for compressed air energy storage (CAES). This aims to overcome the limitations of geological conditions for conventional utility-scale CAES, which has to date used caverns as the storage reservoirs. As a promising technology, compressed air energy storage in aquifers (CAESA) has received increasing attention as a potential method to deal with the intermittent nature of solar or wind energy sources. This article presents a selective review of theoretical and numerical modeling studies as well as field tests, along with efficiency and economic analyses, to assess the feasibility of the emerging technology. Although some field tests suggest that a large bubble could be created in aquifers to sustain the working cycles at target rates, challenges remain before the technology can be recommended for wide deployment. The geological critical safety factors affecting the gas bubble development and sustainability of operation cycles include the geological structure, aquifer depth, and hydrodynamic and mechanical properties, such as porosity, permeability, compressibility, and mineral composition. Moreover, the injection/withdrawal well configurations and oxidation reactions caused by the oxygen in compressed air should also be considered. The failed attempt of renewable energy combined with CAESA in Iowa is described and the lessons learned are summarized. Combining CAESA with thermal storage, using CO2 as cushion gas, horizontal wells or hydraulic fracturing, and man-made boundaries are proposed to improve CAESA efficiency but need further study for future applications.

Relationship between Religious Places and Boundaries in Ancient Palace Cities and Provincial Capitals

In geography, boundaries have been a very important subject of reseach. The aim of this paper is to consider the multivocality of boundaries with particular emphasis on their religious symbolism. Generally, the word boundary is defined in 2 ways: natural boundaries, without the intervention of man, such as mountains and rivers, and the man-made boundaries, such as administrative districts.However a new approach to such definitions has developed whereby the boundary is considered as having symbolic meaning in human life; particularly as a liminal space where the profane meets with the sacred.The Fudoki, written in the eighth century, contains folkores relating, how gods and men decided their own territories and built shrines on or near mountains which formed topographical boundaries.Mountains and Rivers exist around the living space of the people. They enclose the people but at the same time, constitute a link to the outside world. So the road passing a mountain and the bridge crossing a river are the boundary of the sacred and the proface world.In ancient palace cities, chimata (crossroads) were very important places, where many people and things came and went. In the same way gods and souls came and went. For example a religious service was performed to ward off unhappiness and disease at the four corners of the palace city. The concept of the religious service is like a concentric circle, with the palace as the core, surrounded by the palace city, and land outside the city limits.Particularly, oharae has the character of liminality. Because it was done in June and December, during extremes of hot and cold, not only in the capital, but also, in provinces, and along mountain rivers which flowed into the sea.In archaeology, hitogata (Human-shaped substitution object) are regarded as tools of oharae. They were used as substitutes for people and appeared from the latter kofun and Nara Periods. Many hitogatas have been excavated from waterways in the palace and on its perimeter, the ditches by the streets, and crossroads in the palace city. These places constitute liminal spaces between the sacred and the profane.Moreover hitogatas have also been dug up from ditches or rivers in the outskirts of some provincial capitals. Thus the same spacial symbolism can be seen in the palace cities and the provincial capitals.In conclusion, studying boundaries and their symbolism provides an important insight into the cosmology of living space in 7-8 C Japan.

Spatial Price Competition: A Network Approach

Ohta 1988; Stahl 1989) and locational welfare (Stern 1972; Capozza and Van Order 1977; Benson 1984), we must not forget that the geographic properties of these models invariably have been naive. Besides employing several assumptions of parametric uniformity (for example, identical consumer demand and a constant transportation rate), researchers usually have simplified the geographic context for interfirm competition in two other important ways. First, the boundary or end firm problem has commonly been dealt with by envisaging an infinite (two-dimensional) plane (Liisch 1954; Mills and Lav 1964; Greenhut, Hwang, and Ohta 1975) or finite circle (Chamberlin 1953; Eaton 1976; Novshek 1980) over which competing firms locate. Only in a few cases, apparently, have spatial markets been depicted as both finite and bounded (Hotelling 1929; Eaton and Lipsey 1975; Carruthers 1981; Okabe and Suzuki 1987). As an extension of Eaton and Lipsey (19751, Okabe and Suzuki (1987) have discussed stability conditions and configuration of firms on a bounded two-dimensional space as a function of the number of spatial rivals, noting the instabilities associated with market boundaries. While we certainly agree with Lancaster (1979, p. 191) that it is a judgment call “as to how important events near the boundary are compared to events in the interior,” we feel that since the real world is indeed characterized by a multiplicity of (natural and man-made) boundaries, more effort must be made to accommodate the end (exterior) firm phenomenon in spatial competition models (Coyte et al. 1988; Hay and Johnston 1980; Fik 1989). Second, researchers often have assumed that the unbounded spatial market is in long-run equilibrium without ever establishing just how this equilibrium has been attained (recently, for example, Beckmann 1989; Capozza and Van Order 1989). In other words,