Mammary Gland Size Research Articles

Effect of weaning system on lamb growth, mammary gland development and ewe milk production in dairy sheep managed in an outdoor pasture-based commercial farming system

The objective was to merge science and practice to determine the feasibility of a mixed suckling and milking system compared with a traditional exclusive suckling management system on the production performance of dairy sheep and their progeny in an outdoor pasture-based farming system at commercial scale. At 14 d postpartum, twin- and triplet-bearing mixed-age East Friesian ewes were randomly allocated to either a mixed system of once-a-day milking,suckling and early weaning (MS, n=61) or control with exclusive suckling and later weaning (Ctrl, n=57) using a randomised block design. MS lambs had lower live weight at weaning (14.6 vs. 16.7 kg; P<0.001) but 3-5weeks post-weaning average daily gain and mammary gland mass was similar between groups. Ewe lamb mammary mass was positively associated with post-weaning but not pre-weaning live weight gain (P<0.01). Weaning system influenced the percentage of protein, total solids and fat (MS > Ctrl) while milk yield, somatic cell count and lactose levels were not different. This study highlighted that the MS comparedwith Ctrl system had no negative effects on dam or progeny performance.

Milk Production in the First Lactation and Its Correlation with Mammary Gland Size of Etawah Grade Goat in BBPTU-HPT Baturraden, Indonesia

This study was conducted to determine relationship of the mammary glands size with milk production during the first lactation of Etawah Crossbreed/Peranakan Etawah (PE) goats at the Balai Besar Pembibitan Ternak Unggul Hijauan Pakan Ternak (BBPTU-HPT) Baturraden, Indonesia. The study used 41 first lactating PE goats. Variables in this study were taken by observation and measured of mammary glands. Data during the study which were taken included length, width, and circumference of udder, length, circumference, and distance between of teat, length and index of the mammary gland. Mammary gland index was calculated from the ratio between the length and circumference of the udder. Milk production was measured and recorded since the first day of lactation until day 91th. Data size of the mammary gland calculated the average and standard deviation. The data is then statistically analyzed regression. The results showed that milk production had a positive correlation with the circumference and length of the udder. Udder circumference correlation value to the milk production of 30.2%, while the length of the udder to the milk production of 22.3%. It was concluded that the production of goat's milk in the first lactation Etawah grade goat in BBPTU-HPT Baturraden correlated with the length and circumference of the udders but little correlation value.

ZnT4 provides zinc to zinc-dependent proteins in the trans-Golgi network critical for cell function and Zn export in mammary epithelial cells

Zinc (Zn) transporter 4 (ZnT4) plays a key role in mammary gland Zn metabolism. A mutation in ZnT4 (SLC30A4) that targets the protein for degradation is responsible for the "lethal milk" (lm/lm) mouse phenotype. ZnT4 protein is only detected in the secreting mammary gland, and lm/lm mice have ∼35% less Zn in milk, decreased mammary gland size, and decreased milk secretion. However, the precise contribution of ZnT4 is unknown. We used cultured mouse mammary epithelial cells (HC11) and determined that ZnT4 was localized to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and cell membrane and transported Zn from the cytoplasm. ZnT4-mediated Zn import into the TGN directly contributed to labile Zn accumulation as ZnT4 overexpression increased FluoZin3 fluorescence. Moreover, ZnT4 provided Zn for metallation of galactosyltransferase, a Zn-dependent protein localized within the TGN that is critical for milk secretion, and carbonic anhydrase VI, a Zn-dependent protein secreted from the TGN into milk. We further noted that ZnT4 relocalized to the cell membrane in response to Zn. Together these studies demonstrated that ZnT4 transports Zn into the TGN, which is critical for key secretory functions of the mammary cell.

Assessment for Predicting Parturition in Mares Based on Prepartum Temperature Changes Using a Digital Rectal Thermometer and Microchip Transponder Thermometry Device

The purpose of this study was to observe the changes in body temperature before parturition using a wireless temperature monitoring device (WTMD) and to evaluate the usefulness of body temperature measurements using a digital rectal thermometer (DRT) and a microchip transponder thermometry device (MTTD) for predicting parturition in mares. The body temperatures using a WTMD at 0 hr and -1 hr were significantly different from those at the same time on Days 1-5 (P<0.01). The temperature differences between the morning of Day 0 and at -3 hr, -2 hr, -1 hr and 0 hr using the DRT and MTTD showed a significant drop compared with the temperature differences between the morning and evening of Days 1-5 (P<0.05). Furthermore, when the cutoff value of the temperature differences between the morning and other times was set to ≤0, the sensitivities of the DRT and MTTD in the evening of Day 0 and at -3 hr were 43% and 100% and 71% and 86%, respectively. The results suggested that monitoring the body temperature differences between morning and within 3 hr before the time of parturition is a valuable method for predicting parturition in mares. Conversely, this method would be more useful in predicting parturition when used in combination with other observations such as the mammary gland size and waxing of the teat ends because it has nearly a 20% probability of false-positive results prior to the day of parturition.

Electrolytes Changes in Mammary Secretions Before Foaling in Jennies

No knowledge regarding the peripartum changes in mammary secretions in the jenny are presently available in literature. In the mare, instead, several studies report the role of these changes as indicators of foetal readiness for birth and impending parturition. This experiment was designed to determine calcium, sodium, potassium concentrations, and the value of sodium/potassium ratio in mammary fluids during prepartum in the jenny. Samples were daily collected by hand milking, after mammary gland size increased noticeably, from 17 Martina Franca jennies. Prepartum mammary secretions were analysed every other day between day 10 and day 2 antepartum, and then once a day from the day before to the day of parturition. Calcium concentration showed a significant increase between day 10 and day 6 antepartum and then between day 6 and days 4 and 2. Afterwards, another statistical significant increase was observed at parturition. Sodium concentration significantly decreased from day 10 to day 2 prepartum. Potassium concentration significantly increased between day 10 and day 8 before parturition, then showed a further increase at day 4, followed by none significant changes until foaling. All jennies showed a reversal in sodium/potassium ratio between 2 days antepartum and the day before. In conclusion, the evaluation of mammary fluid calcium concentrations and the reversal of sodium/potassium ratio could be used as good indicators of foetal maturity in the jenny. As far as the prediction of parturition is concerned, the reversal of sodium/potassium ratio is the best parameter, since it was detected 48-24 h before parturition in all considered animals.

P2-79 Effect of fetal number, ewe size and nutrition during pregnancy on mammary gland size

P2-79 Effect of fetal number, ewe size and nutrition during pregnancy on mammary gland size

Daidzein: bioavailability, potential for reproductive toxicity, and breast cancer chemoprevention in female rats.

Soy products containing phytoestrogens have received much attention as dietary components to promote better health. Daidzein, an isoflavone and phytoestrogen component of soy, was investigated for its potential to alter fertility and cause developmental toxicity to the reproductive tract in female rats, for chemoprevention to the mammary gland, and to study its bioavailability. Diets containing 0 mg, 250 mg (low dose), and 1000 mg (high dose) daidzein/kg feed were fed to virgin female rats, starting 2 weeks prior to breeding and continued until the offspring were 50 days postpartum. The serum daidzein concentrations in adult female rats fed the low and high daidzein-containing diets were determined to be 6- and 13-fold higher than serum daidzein concentrations of Asians eating a traditional diet high in soy. Both daidzein doses had no significant effect on fertility, numbers of male and female offspring, and anogenital distances. The high, but not the low, daidzein dose resulted in reduced body weight, a fact that may be explained by reduced feed consumption. Circulating progesterone, but not estrogen, levels were statistically reduced with the high, but not low daidzein-containing diet. Both daidzein doses resulted in slight, but not significant, decreases in ovarian and uterine weights, and mammary gland size. Histomorphological analysis of the reproductive tracts of female offspring 50 days of age exposed perinatally to daidzein did not reveal any pathology in the vaginal, uterine, ovarian, and mammary tissues. Perinatal exposure of female offspring to 250 mg daidzein/kg diet did not alter mammary gland development or ontogeny of chemically induced mammary tumors in rats treated with dimethylbenz(a)anthracene on day 50. With the low dietary daidzein dose, total equol (major metabolite) and daidzein concentrations in the blood of pregnant females, 7-day-old, 21-day-old, and 50-day-old female offspring were 529 and 303 nM, 163 and 982 nM, 1188 and 1359 nM, and 3826 and 630 nM, respectively. With the high daidzein diet, equol and daidzein concentrations in the blood of pregnant females, 7-day-old, 21-day-old, and 50-day-old female offspring were 4462 and 407 nM, 1013 and 3841 nM, 6472 and 3308 nM, and 7228 and 1430 nM, respectively. Eighty-nine to 99% of daidzein and equol were in the conjugated form. In the 21-day-old postconceptus exposed to the low and high daidzein diets, total equol and daidzein blood concentrations were 59 and 34 nM, and 358 and 132 nM, respectively. Virtually all of the daidzein in the milk of 7-day-old rats exposed to the low and high daidzein-containing diet were unconjugated, 2.6 microM and 7.3 microM, respectively. Total milk equol concentrations were 654 nM and 3.8 microM, of which 94% and 44% were unconjugated. In mammary glands of 7-day-old offspring exposed to 250 mg daidzein/kg diet, total daidzein concentrations were 407 nM (98% aglycone). We conclude that supraphysiological concentrations of daidzein administered via the diet did not cause significant toxicity to the female reproductive tract or provide a protective effect against chemically induced mammary cancer.

Maternal modulation of specific and non-specific immune components of colostrum and mature milk.

The neonates of most mammalian species cannot survive on an adult diet or exposure to an array of adult pathogens. Lactation provides a transitional period for the immature newborn to adapt to the adult environment. However, there is immense variation in the metabolic maturity of mammals at birth, as well as in the rate of postnatal growth and development during the lactation period. As a result, large differences in milk composition have evolved among mammals (Oftedal and Iverson, 1995). Furthermore, large progressive changes in milk composition occur during lactation to meet the changing metabolic needs of the young (Nicholaset al.1997). For example, the Tammar Wallaby has a relatively short gestation period, during which Phase 1 of mammary development occurs. The animal weighs only 400 mg at birth and remains permanently attached to the teat for the next 130 days, while growing to 100 g (Phase 2A). The pouch young (PY) then detaches from the teat and sucks intermittently to reach a weight of 400500 g by 200 days of age (Phase 2B). The PY then leaves the pouch intermittently until 260 days when it exits the pouch permanently, finally weaning at 300 days, at a weight of 1.6-2.5 kg (Phase 3). The increase in body weight of the young from about 0.5 g to 2000 g during lactation is associated with major changes in milk composition that define phases 2A, 2B and 3 of lactation. Both mammary gland size and milk production increase commensurate with the rate of growth of the young.

Relationships between piglet growth rate and mammary gland size of the sow

An experiment was conducted to study whether piglet growth rate is related to mammary gland size. It involved three primiparous sows and four multiparous sows that were fed ad libitum during the lactation period. The piglets received no creep feed. The weight and teat order of the piglets were recorded. The sows were slaughtered after approximately 4 weeks of lactation (25–28 days). The amounts of mammary tissue and mammary DNA were larger in multiparous than in primiparous sows, and the concentrations and amounts of mammary RNA as well as mammary RNA/DNA ratios were highest in the front glands, intermediate in the middle and lowest in the rear glands. Average daily gain of the piglets was of the same magnitude regardless of gland position in the primiparous sows. In the multiparous sows, the piglets suckling the front teats had the highest gain while those suckling the middle teats had intermediate gain and those suckling the rear teats had the lowest gain. Average daily gain of the piglets in the lactation period was positively correlated to the amount of mammary tissue (0.35), mammary DNA (0.41) and mammary RNA (0.31), while correlations to mammary RNA concentration (0.28) and RNA/DNA ratio (0.22) did not reach significance. There were no significant correlations between piglet start weight and any of these mammary gland compositional traits.

Ultrasound technique for measuring mammary cistern size of dairy ewes.

Sarda ewes, ∼4·5 million animals producing 500 000 tonnes milk annually, are one of the most important breeds of dairy sheep in the Mediterranean area. Several studies (Casu &amp; Labussière, 1972; Labussière et al. 1981; Gallego et al. 1983; Rebello de Andrade et al. 1989; Bencini, 1993) have shown that milk production is influenced by mammary gland size and cistern dimension. The size of the mammary cistern affects both milk secretion rate and milk emission kinetics during milking.Milk secretion rate is controlled at the mammary gland level mainly by a protein feedback inhibitor of lactation (FIL), which is produced by mammary epithelial cells and secreted together with milk into the alveoli (Wilde &amp; Peaker, 1990). As the alveoli are the site of action of the FIL (Henderson &amp; Peaker, 1984), the FIL affects the rate of secretion when the milk is stored in the secretory tissue, whereas it is inactive in the milk stored in the cistern. As a consequence, the action of the FIL should be less in animals with a greater cistern volume, because a large proportion of milk is stored in the mammary cistern and the time during which the milk is in contact with the alveoli is reduced. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that the milk production of cows (Dewhurst &amp; Knight, 1992; Knight &amp; Dewhurst, 1992, 1994) and sheep (Karam et al. 1971; Enne et al. 1972) with large cistern storage capacities was almost unaffected by changes in the frequency of milking.Cistern volume also affects milk emission kinetics and the proportion of stripped milk obtained at milking (Labussière, 1988). Cisternal milk is immediately available for removal, whereas alveolar milk is available only after operation of the ejection reflex, necessary in dairy ewes for complete udder emptying (Bruckmaier et al. 1997). Therefore, in animals readily able to expel alveolar milk into the cistern before the whole cisternal milk fraction is removed (Pazzona et al. 1978; Bruckmaier et al. 1997), a larger cistern volume enables milking time to be reduced by eliminating or restricting the need for stripping.On the basis of the above considerations, the volume of the mammary gland cistern could be proposed as a selection objective to improve milk production and milking ability of dairy ewes. For this purpose, a quick, accurate and economic method for measuring it is needed. The ultrasound technique allows the internal structure of the mammary gland cistern to be observed clearly in sheep (Ruberte et al. 1994; Pulina et al. 1996; Bruckmaier et al. 1997), cows (Bruckmaier et al. 1994b) and goats (Bruckmaier et al. 1994a). Cistern size has been measured by ultrasound in dairy cows (Bruckmaier et al. 1994b) and sheep (Pulina &amp; Nudda, 1996), where a positive correlation between milk yield and cistern area calculated from the ultrasound images of mammary glands was found. However, area estimation requires the use of expensive ultrasound equipment or of a digitizing tablet. In both cases, area measurement is difficult owing to the irregular shape of the cistern.The aim of this study was to test the use of linear measurements taken directly from ultrasound images to estimate cistern size in dairy ewes.

Mammary sensitivity to protein restriction and re-alimentation.

The present study tested the influence of protein undernutrition and re-alimentation on mammary gland size and secretory cell activity in lactating rats. During gestation, female Sprague-Dawley rats were offered a high-protein diet (215 g crude protein (N x 6.25; CP)/kg DM; H); litters were standardized to twelve pups at parturition. During lactation, two diets were offered ad libitum, diet H and a low-protein diet (90 g CP/kg DM; L). Lactational dietary treatments were the supply ad libitum of either diet H (HHH) or diet L (LLL) for the first 12 d of lactation, or diet L transferring to diet H on either day 6 (LHH) or 9 (LLH) of lactation. On days 1, 6, 9 and 12 of lactation, rats from each group (n > or = 6) were used to estimate mammary dry mass, fat, protein, DNA and RNA; the activities of lactose synthetase (EC 2.4.1.22) enzyme and Na+,K(+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.37) were also measured. Rats offered a diet considered protein sufficient (H) from day 1 of lactation showed a decrease in mammary dry mass and fat but an increase in DNA, RNA and protein on day 6, after which there was no further change, except for mammary protein which continued to increase. However, rats offered diet L showed a steady loss in mammary mass and fat throughout the 12 d lactation period and no change in mammary DNA, RNA or protein. Rats previously protein restricted for either the first 6 or 9 d of lactation had their mammary dry mass and mammary fat loss halted and showed a rapid increase in mammary DNA, RNA and protein on re-alimentation. Lactose production in group HHH, as measured by lactose synthetase activity, was similar on days 1 and 6 of lactation, after which a significant increase was seen. Protein-restricted rats showed no change in lactose synthetase activity during the 12 d experimental period. Changing from diet L to diet H led to a significant increase in lactose synthetase activity to levels comparable with those offered diet H from day 1. These results show that rats offered a protein-restricted diet during lactation suffer mammary underdevelopment, but this may be rapidly reversed by re-alimentation with a high-protein diet.

Glucose-Restricted Diets Alter Milk Composition and Mammary Gland Development in Lactating Rat Dams

To examine the effects of chronic restriction of maternal dietary glucose on lactational performance, pregnant dams were fed one of four isoenergetic diets containing graded levels of glucose (0, 12, 24 and 60%) from d 2 of pregnancy to d 15 of lactation. Dams fed the 0% glucose diet produced colostrum with higher protein and lower lactose and fat concentrations than normal, but all pups born to these dams failed to survive more than 24 h postpartum. Dams fed glucose-restricted diets (12 and 24%) had significantly lower d 15 milk fat concentration than dams fed the control diet, but there were no differences in milk protein, lactose and glucose concentrations. On d 15, pups suckling dams fed the 12% glucose diet had significantly lower body weights than pups of dams fed 24 and 60% glucose diets. Restriction of dietary glucose to 12% resulted in significantly smaller mammary gland cell size but failed to produce any significant differences in mammary gland composition (protein, fat and glycogen). The results indicate that the level of glucose in the maternal diet is an important determinant of milk composition and that > 24% glucose is needed for optimal milk fat concentration, whereas 12% dietary glucose is sufficient to sustain normal milk lactose concentration. The altered lactational performance in response to dietary glucose restriction was not mediated through changes in mammary gland composition, but in part by the reduced mammary gland size.

Effect of dietary protein quality and quantity on glucose utilization in rat mammary glands during lactation

The effects on glucose metabolism in the mammary gland of feeding diets deficient in protein quality or quantity from conception through day 4 of lactation were measured. Protein sources were 13% casein plus methionine (13CM), 13% wheat gluten (13WG) or 5% casein plus methionine (5CM). Dams were sacrificed on day 20 of gestation or day 4 of lactation. Mammary slices or isolated acini were incubated with 5 mM [U- 14C] glucose in the presence and absence of insulin and recovery of 14C in CO 2, lipid and lactose determined. In slices on day 4 of lactation, neither dietary protein quality or quantity significantly influenced incorporation of labeled glucose into CO 2, lipid or lactose. Insulin significantly increased incorporation into CO 2 and lipid 15% and 17%, respectively, and reduced incorporation into lactose 16%. In acini on day 4 of lactation, reduction in protein quality (13WG vs. 13CM) reduced lipogenesis and lactose synthesis per mg DNA, but no consistent effect of insulin was observed. In both slices and acini, incorporation rates were significantly higher on day 4 of lactation than on day 20 of gestation. The almost total failure of lactation previously observed in 13WG fed dams likely is related at least in part to a reduction in glucose utilization per secretory cell as well as to reductions in mammary gland size and content of DNA, RNA and protein previously observed.

Breast size, handedness and breast cancer risk

Bra cup size and handedness were studied as possible risk factors for breast cancer. Data for 3918 cases and 11 712 controls from 7 centres were used to examine the association of handedness with laterality of breast cancer; data for 2325 cases and 7008 controls from 4 centres were used to assess the relation of bra cup size to breast cancer risk. There was a suggestive ( P about 0.10) association of handedness with breast cancer laterality: odds ratio of a left-handed (or ambidextrous) woman having a left-sided cancer 1.22 (95% CI 0.96–1.56). Handedness may affect the lateral occurrence of breast cancer, although this tumour is in general more common in the left breast, possibly because this breast is usually slightly larger. Premenopausal women who do not wear bras had half the risk of breast cancer compared with bra users ( P about 0.09), possibly because they are thinner and likely to have smaller breasts. Among bra users, larger cup size was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer ( P about 0.026), although the association was found only among postmenopausal women and was accounted for, in part, by obesity. These data suggest that bra cup size (and conceivably mammary gland size) may be a risk factor for breast cancer.

Use of magnetic resonance imaging in the study of goat mammary glands in vivo

A technique is described for the in-vivo determination of mammary gland size and gross composition in goats by using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The volume of test objects determined with MRI had an error of +0.4 +/- 1.6% of the actual volume. In lactating goats the in-vivo MRI estimate of mammary parenchymal volume was significantly greater than, but highly significantly correlated with, the weight of parenchyma determined post mortem (for the whole udder, r = 0.88, P less than 0.001; for individual glands, r = 0.85, P less than 0.001). MRI-determined estimates of the volume of fluid within the mammary gland were within 1.2% of the volume of milk removed from the udders after imaging. The spin-lattice (T1) relaxation time of the whole udder correlated closely with the volume of fluid within the udder. The T1 relaxation time of parenchymal tissue measured in vivo did not differ significantly from that determined immediately after post-mortem excision.

Milk Consumption and Energetics of Growth in Pouch Young of the Tammar Wallaby, Macropus-Eugenii

Milk consumption rates of young tammar wallabies, Macropus eugenii, were measured during the first 32 weeks of lactation by means of 22*Na turnover. Milk consumption rates were low during the first 18 weeks or so of lactation, rising from 1.2 to 9.0 ml d-'. Milk consumption rose to 43 ml d-' at 30 weeks post-partum. Changes in milk consumption were paralleled by increases in the size of mammary glands and weight gain by the sucklings. The mass gain for each millilitre of milk consumed (crude growth efficiency) averaged 0.23 g ml-I during the first 26 weeks of lactation, but then increased to more than 0.35 g ml-'. The increased growth efficiency was associated with massive increases in the lipid and energy content of milk from 26 weeks onwards. The conversion efficiencies of milk protein and energy to body materials were intermediate (55-87%, 23-36%, respectively) to those of other mammals, which suggests that the slow growth of pouch young during the first 17 weeks of lactation is the result of restricted milk production by the mother. Milk production and the growth of young were closely correlated with maternal mass (r=0.96; r=0.80, respectively) at 16 weeks post-partum.

Relationship between Milk Yield and Mammary Gland Development in Mice

Female mice from four lines exhibiting different nursing ability as measured by mean 12-day weight of eight offspring within a nursed litter) were used to examine milk yield, body size, feed intake, and cellular development of mammary glands and liver. Three selected lines exceeded the control line in milk yield and mammary gland and liver weights. They had more total deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein contents in both mammary gland and liver tissues than the control. Phenotypic correlations between milk yield and deoxyribonucleic acid contents of mammary glands and liver were .39 and .35, while correlations between milk yield and protein to deoxyribonucleic acid ratio of mammary glands and livers were .04 and .11. Milk yield was correlated closely with body size .57 and with feed intake .55. Milk yield was related more to cell number than to cell size of the mammary glands and liver, and large amounts of milk were produced by heavy dams with substantial feed intake.

Effect of Graded Levels of Lactogenic Hormone upon Mammary Gland Growth and Lactation in Rats.

SummaryLactogenic hormone was administered subcutaneously at 1, 2 or 3 mg to lactating rats each day during days 7 to 19. Milk yields were obtained after a 10-hour isolation period of dam from pups on days 14, 16, 18 and 20 of lactation. One mg of lactogenic hormone significantly increased yield on days 18 and 20; 2 mg on days 16, 18 and 20; and 3 mg on days 14, 16, 18 and 20. Maximum stimulation occurred on day 20 with 2 mg and 3 mg of hormone, with 88 and 82% increase over controls, respectively. Determination of deoxyribo- and ribo-nucleic acids of mammary glands from lac-tators sacrificed on day 20 revealed no significant increase in DNA but significant increases in RNA after hormone treatment. The data strongly suggest that maximal levels of litter weight size and mammary gland size are limiting in ability to estimate milk secretion potential, while milk yields and RNA values reflect secretory status beyond these limits. Lactogenic hormone at 2 or 3 mg per day stimulates increased lactation more than...

433. The design and use of a milking machine for sows

In the course of an investigation on the yield and composition of sows' milk, we have experienced difficulties in obtaining representative samples of milk for analysis.The technique adopted was that described by Braude et al. (1) in which 5 units of pitocin were injected into the ear vein of the sow and the milk withdrawn by hand. Since the yield of these sows was being measured over a 24 hr. period each week, it was possible to compare the quantities obtained, following injection, with the average amount suckled by the litters during natural sucklings. The comparison was never particularly accurate as we found that two operators, each milking one teat, were all that could be conveniently accommodated on each side of the sow. This meant that only four glands could be milked properly. We found, too, that variations in teat size and mammary gland size affected the speed of withdrawal and the final amount obtained.

Size of Mammary Glands of Normal Rhesus Monkeys and Those Injected with Theelin, Corpus Luteum Extract, and Anterior Pituitary Extract.

Size of Mammary Glands of Normal Rhesus Monkeys and Those Injected with Theelin, Corpus Luteum Extract, and Anterior Pituitary Extract.