Malocclusion In Primary Dentition Research Articles

Neuro-Occlusal Rehabilitation (NOR) in the Early Treatment of Malocclusion in Primary Dentition: A Scoping Review

Neuro-Occlusal Rehabilitation (NOR) in the Early Treatment of Malocclusion in Primary Dentition: A Scoping Review

Narrating the Genetic Landscape of Human Class I Occlusion: A Perspective-Infused Review.

This review examines a prevalent condition with multifaceted etiology encompassing genetic, environmental, and oral behavioral factors. It stands as a significant ailment impacting oral functionality, aesthetics, and quality of life. Longitudinal studies indicate that malocclusion in primary dentition may progress to permanent malocclusion. Recognizing and managing malocclusion in primary dentition is gaining prominence. The World Health Organization ranks malocclusions as the third most widespread oral health issue globally. Angle's classification system is widely used to categorize malocclusions, with Class I occlusion considered the norm. However, its prevalence varies across populations due to genetic and examination disparities. Genetic factors, including variants in genes like MSX1, PAX9, and AXIN2, have been associated with an increased risk of Class I occlusion. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of clinical strategies for managing Class I occlusion and consolidate genetic insights from both human and murine populations. Additionally, genomic relationships among craniofacial genes will be assessed in individuals with Class I occlusion, along with a murine model, shedding light on phenotype-genotype associations of clinical relevance. The prevalence of Class I occlusion, its impact, and treatment approaches will be discussed, emphasizing the importance of early intervention. Additionally, the role of RNA alterations in skeletal Class I occlusion will be explored, focusing on variations in expression or structure that influence craniofacial development. Mouse models will be highlighted as crucial tools for investigating mandible size and prognathism and conducting QTL analysis to gain deeper genetic insights. This review amalgamates cellular, molecular, and clinical trait data to unravel correlations between malocclusion and Class I phenotypes.

Malocclusion in primary dentition: a cross-sectional study in a Lisbon population

Objectives: To study the prevalence of malocclusion in deciduous dentition and its associated factors. Methods: The target population consisted of children between 3 and 5 years old who attended four kindergartens in Alvalade, Lisbon. Data was collected through a questionnaire to parents and an intraoral examination of children. The questionnaire collected sociodemographic and non-nutritive sucking habits information. The intraoral examination collected data about the child’s occlusion and dental caries. Results: The sample included 89 children. The prevalence of malocclusion was 83.9%, and the most prevalent types were crowding (44.8%) and distocclusion (41.4%). Most of the children (68.2%) had non-nutritive sucking habits, of which using a pacifier was the most frequent (81.6%). The habit of using a pacifier after three years of age was reported by 67.8% of the participants. The variables statistically associated with malocclusion (p<0.05) were age, mother’s education level, non-nutritive sucking habits, use of pacifiers and thumb sucking, and caries in primary teeth. Conclusions: The prevalence of malocclusion and non-nutritive sucking habits was high. Early diagnosis and intervention are important to avoid serious malocclusion problems and structural and functional changes.

Prevalence of Oral Habits and its Association with Malocclusion in Primary Dentition among School Going Children of Nepal.

The objectives of this study were to: (1) study the prevalence of oral habits among school going children with primary dentition; (2) determine the association of oral habits with malocclusion in primary dentition; and (3) compare the prevalence of oral habits based on gender, race, age and grade. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 625 school going children with a complete set of primary dentitions. A closed-ended questionnaire was developed to gather information about oral habits followed by clinical examination. The prevalence of oral habits was 42.7%. Finger nail biting (19.5%) was the most prevalent oral habit, whereas self-destructive oral habits (0.7%) were the least prevalent. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed significant association of (P<0.05): digit sucking habit with distal step molar relationship, class II canine relationship and increased overjet; pacifier sucking habit with presence of distal step molar relationship, class II canine relationship, crossbite and increased overjet; and finger nail biting habit with absence of primate spaces. Nearly half of the participating children indulged in one or more oral habits. There was significant association between some oral habits and malocclusion traits, indicating the requirement of timely screening and interception.

Ineffective Feeding Practices and Their Effect on Malocclusion: A Narrative Review

Abstract Objective The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the association of ineffective feeding practices with the development of malocclusion in children and the role of a pediatric dentist in identifying the cues and signs of improper feeds, and encourage effective breastfeeding practices. Introduction There has been an ongoing debate on the role of effective breastfeeding in the prevention of malocclusion. Although no specific claim supports the positive impact of the same, a detailed reviewing of the literature helps to identify the method of feeding to be chosen considering health benefits and personal preference. Materials and Methods A broad search of all resources linked to the topic was performed in PubMed, Medline, World Health Organization web site, government web sites, and Google Scholar search engine. Keywords used in the search included breastfeeding, ineffective breastfeeding, bottle feeding, pacifier, and malocclusion. A total of 60 articles published in the period from 2000 to 2019 were segregated. Selected articles comprised original research, meta-analysis, and systematic reviews. Results Parameters such as duration, posture, and non-nutritive sucking habits had an impact on effective breastfeeding. Discussion Effective breastfeeding and maintaining appropriate posture and duration helps to positively impact the normal growth and development of the jaws, muscular functioning, and speech. Thereby, the risk of developing malocclusion in primary dentition can be prevented. Conclusion An understanding of the role of breastfeeding and malocclusion will help in the early intervention and prevention of malocclusion and deviated muscular function. Highlighting the role of counseling and effective feeding practices is also an area that should be focused upon by budding clinicians.

Prevalence of Malocclusion in Primary Dentition in Southeast Part of Haryana, India: A Cross-sectional Study.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition of children in southeast part of Haryana state in India.Materials and methodsAbout 1,540 children of age 3–5 years from 10 nursery and 10 primary schools were selected across Rohtak city. The children were selected by stratified random technique and examined at their respective schools. Oral examination was done to record the parameters such as molar relation, canine relation, crowding, spacing, midline shift, overjet, overbite, rotations, supernumerary teeth, tooth wear, anterior crossbite, and open bite. Chi-square test was used for calculating p-value.ResultsClass I canine relations was seen in 66.2%, flush terminal plane, mesial step, and distal step were observed in 60%, 30.8%, 9.2%, respectively. Midline shift was observed in 1.8% in maxilla and 4% cases in mandible. Rotations were more prevalent in mandibular dentition (26%). Supernumerary teeth were found to be 0.4% in maxillary arch. Spacing was reported in 81.9% in maxillary dentition and 69% in mandibular dentition. Increased overjet and overbite was present in 10.3% and 30.9%, respectively. Anterior crossbite and anterior open bite were seen in only 1% and 1.9% children, respectively with statistically significant higher prevalence in males. Prevalence of attritional facets were reported 13% in enamel and 8% in dentin.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of class I canine relation, flush terminal plane molar, and spaced dentitions, suggestive of low prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in Rohtak district of Haryana state. The results may provide a baseline data for further research on a larger scale.How to cite this articleSharma K, Bihani T, Kumar V. Prevalence of Malocclusion in Primary Dentition in Southeast Part of Haryana, India: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(6):757–761.

Effect of Type of Malocclusion on the Surface Pattern of Caries on Molars and DMFT Index in Primary and Mixed Dentition Period- A Pilot Study

Introduction: Caries pattern is multifactorial in context to the type of diet, tooth structure, time of insult, microflora and salivary contents (salivary pH, buffering action, salivary flow, etc.). Craniofacial relationship may be a contributing factor in the site of occurrence of caries i.e., mesial, distal, occlusal, palatal/lingual and buccal surfaces of primary and permanent molars. Aim: The aim of the study was to find out the effect of the type of malocclusion in primary dentition and mixed dentition period on the surface distribution of caries with respect to their molars along with overall DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth index) of the patient. Materials and Methods: A pilot study was conducted in Government and Private schools of district Gurugram, Haryana. Hundred children between 3-5 years of age with primary dentition and 8-10 years of age in mixed dentition period as per inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. Type of terminal plane relationship, according to Baume’s classification, i.e., Flush terminal/mesial step/distal step and affected carious site in all primary molars were examined in 3-5-year-old children. Similarly in 8-10-year-old, type of malocclusion according to Angle’s Classification and its association with carious sites in permanent first molar were examined. Decayed, missing and filled teeth index, DMFT/dmft (i.e., dmft=0-1, 1-2, ≤3 and DMFT+dmft (DMFT+dmft=0-1, 1-2, ≤3) was analysed in both groups, respectively. Results: The mesial step molar relationship was the most common malocclusion (93%) in primary dentition whereas in mixed dentition Angle’s Class I was the most common (84%) malocclusion. Caries occurrence was more in maxillary molars as compared to mandibular molars. The order of caries occurrence in primary and permanent dentition was occlusal surfaces&gt;mesial surfaces&gt;distal surfaces&gt;buccal surfaces&gt;palatal/lingual surfaces. The caries occurrence according to dmft index in primary dentition was not associated with any type of malocclusion, though it was more in mesial step molar relationship. Angle’s Class II malocclusion contributed significantly high DMFT+dmft index with p-value of 0.020. Conclusion: Type of malocclusion does not affect with surface pattern of caries on molars in primary and mixed dentition period. Decayed, missing and filled caries index may be significantly associated with Angle’s Class II malocclusion according to the present study.

The influence of breastfeeding and pacifier use on the association between preterm birth and primary-dentition malocclusion: A population-based birth cohort study

Little is known about the influence of biological characteristics on the occurrence of malocclusion. This study aimed to investigate the association between preterm birth and primary-dentition malocclusion and how breastfeeding and the use of pacifiers are related to this association. A representative sample (n=1129) of children from the 2004 Pelotas, Brazil birth cohort study underwent a dental examination at age 5years. Malocclusions were diagnosed according to the World Health Organizationcriteria, and the outcome was considered as the presence of moderate or severe malocclusion (MSM). Questionnaires including the children's oral health information were completed by the mothers. Data on socioeconomic status, breastfeeding, and preterm birth were obtained from previous follow-ups. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, followed by an interaction test. The prevalence of MSM was 26.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.6%-29.1%) in the total sample, 24.1% (95% CI, 21.5%-26.9%) in full-term births, and 42.2% (95% CI, 39.1%-45.3%) in preterm births. After adjustment, the prevalence of MSM was 42% higher in preterm births. Breastfeeding duration and pacifier use up to age 4years modified the effect of gestational age on MSM. Preterm birth is associated with the development of MSM. Breastfeeding reduces the effect of preterm birth on MSM, and pacifier use strengthens this association. Dentists should be aware that preterm birth may be a risk factor for malocclusion in primary dentition. The findings reinforce the benefits of breastfeeding on occlusal development and the negative consequences of pacifier use.

Is Low Income Associated with Malocclusion in Primary Dentition Among Preschoolers?

Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with malocclusion in the primary dentition of preschool children in a city of Brazilian Northeast. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 566 five-years-old preschool children who were enrolled in public and private preschools in the city of Teresina, Piaui, Brazil. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire administrated to parents/caregivers and clinical oral examination of the children was performed. Foster and Hamilton Index for primary teeth was used for the diagnosis of malocclusions. Descriptive analysis was carried out and Poisson regression was used to assesses the association with independent variables. Results: The prevalence of malocclusion was 51.2%. The most frequent types were Class II canines (17% and 16.8%), increased overjet (15.2%) and reduced overbite (14%). Anterior crossbite was present in 3.5% of the preschool children evaluated. There was an association between malocclusion and low family income (PR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.01-1.47). Conclusion: The prevalence of malocclusion in the primary dentition was high and associated with a low family income.

Poor oral habits and malocclusions after usage of orthodontic pacifiers: an observational study on 3\u20135\u2009years old children

BackgroundPacifier sucking habit has been associated in the literature with alterations of dental occlusion, and it could be a predisposing factor for other poor oral habits among children. Orthodontic pacifiers have been introduced in the market aiming to reduce these disadvantages caused by the conventional type of pacifiers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of poor oral habits and malocclusions, after usage of orthodontic pacifiers in children with primary dentition.MethodsA sample of 198 pre-school children, aged 3–5 years, (96 males and 102 females) who had exclusively used an orthodontic pacifier were included in order to assess the level of poor oral habits and the absence/presence of dental malocclusion. Firstly, children’s parents/legal guardians were given a validated questionnaire, then the children were clinically examined at a dental clinic.ResultsMost of the children (79.79%) had started using the orthodontic pacifier within the first 3 months of life, and the 43.49% of them continued using it over a period of 2 years. The recorded percentage for those who had used it throughout sleep was 89.39%. Mouth breathing during the night was reported for 36.04% of the children. Tongue thrust swallow affected 16.16% of the sample. The 5.56% of the data indicated the presence of fingersucking/thumbsucking habit. The noted percentages for children with lip biting, lingual interposition between teeth at rest and those with nail biting, were 5.56, 12.63 and 15.15%, respectively. The regression revealed a significant contribution between early start of using an orthodontic pacifier with the prevalence of fingersucking/thumbsucking (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.04–0.47, p = 0.0004).This also reported a noticeable increase of the malocclusion prevalence among the female gender (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.42–5.31), as well as those who were not exclusively breastfed (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.17–4.37).ConclusionsOrthodontic pacifiers does not favor the development of poor oral habits, even if it has been used for a period of 2 years in children with primary dentition. Children who begin to use orthodontic pacifier between 0 and 3 months, are less likely to acquire fingersucking/thumbsucking habit. The use of an orthodontic pacifier appears not to be correlated with the prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition, differently from what stated in literature about the conventional type of pacifier.

Prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in mainland China, 1988\u20132017: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Malocclusion is a common oral disease affecting children with various reported prevalence rates. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics of malocclusion among pre-schoolers in mainland China from 1988 to 2017. A total of 31 qualified papers describing 51,100 Chinese children aged 2–7 years were selected. The pooled malocclusion prevalence was 45.50% (95% confidence interval (CI): 38.08–52.81%) with 26.50% Class I (CI: 19.96–33.12%), 7.97% Class II (CI: 6.06–9.87%) and 12.60% Class III (CI: 9.45–15.68%) cases. The most common type of malocclusion was overbite (33.66%, CI: 27.66–39.67%), and the flush terminal type (47.10%, CI: 28.76–65.44%) was the most common in the terminal plane relationship. An increasing trend and wide variations across the country were observed. Additionally, there was no significant difference in malocclusion by gender (relative risk (RR) = 1.01, [0.96–1.06]) or urban/rural area (RR = 0.99, [0.82–1.20]). Although this study represents a narrow view of deciduous-dentition malocclusion in mainland China, the results provide sample evidence that can aid clinicians and policy makers towards early prevention and timely treatment.

Breast-feeding may be associated with a reduction in specific malocclusions in primary dentition

Breast-feeding may be associated with a reduction in specific malocclusions in primary dentition

Epidemiology of malocclusions in primary dentition and associated factors

Objective: this study aimed to evaluate malocclusion occurrence in children with complete primary dentition, describing the most frequent one and verifying potential associations with demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables. Subjects and method: 502 children with complete primary dentition from primary schools in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil, were examined. Data was collected based on questionnaires distributed to the mothers, as well as on physical examinations of the oral cavity. The children with malocclusion presented at least one of the following changes: anterior open bite, deep overbite, posterior crossbite, and overjet. Chi-square tests for heterogeneity and linear trend were used to verify associations with demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables. Results: the occurrence of malocclusions in the population studied was 67.5%. From them, 33.6% presented anterior open bite, 22.3% presented deep overbite, 9.8% presented posterior crossbite, and overjet was present in 1.8%. The most frequent malocclusion was anterior open bite, which was directly associated with the use of pacifier (p

Prevalence of Malocclusion in 3- to 5-Year-Old Children in Shanghai, China.

The aim of the present study was to obtain the prevalence of malocclusions in preschool children in Shanghai, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2335 children aged 3–5 years from kindergartens. Several occlusal parameters were clinically assessed, including second deciduous molar terminal plane, canine relationship, degree of overjet and overbite, anterior and posterior crossbite, and the presence or absence of physiologic spaces and crowding. All parents of subjects were asked to fill in the oral health knowledge questionnaires. The prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in Shanghai was 83.9%, and no significant differences were found in genders. Data showed that the prevalence of deep overbite (63.7%) was the highest in children with malocclusion, followed by deep overjet (33.9%), midline deviation (26.6%), anterior crossbite (8.0%) and anterior crowding (6.5%). The results revealed a high prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in children aged 3–5 years old of Shanghai, especially in vertical anomalies. The need for preventive orthodontic therapy is extremely desired and oral health education about malocclusion should be strengthened.

Assessment of occlusal characteristics of the primary dentition: a cross-sectional study in Brazilian preschool children

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the occlusal characteristics and prevalence of malocclusion among Brazilianpreschool children. Subjects and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1004 children aged 2-5 years enrolled in public preschools of the city of Canoas, RS, Brazil. A questionnaire was administered to guardians addressing demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral characteristics of the children and their families. The clinical exam was performed by previously calibrated dentists and the characteristics of the primary dentition were verified according to set criteria. Data analysis was performed through the chi-square test. Results: Stability in the sagittal and transverse planes of the posterior region, and a variability of incisal relations in the primary dentition were verified. The findings show high prevalence of malocclusion (70.3%) and its association with age. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition, implementing educational programs and prevention measures for preschool children is highlighted.

Prevalence of and factors affecting malocclusion in primary dentition among children in Xi'an, China.

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of malocclusion among children with primary dentition in Xi’an, China.MethodsA total of 2,974 subjects were selected from local schools in Xi’an city using a stratified cluster sampling method from January to September 2015. After screening samples according to the inclusion criteria, the final sample size comprised 2,235 pre-school children, with a mean age of 4.82 (SD, 1.76; range, 2.63–6.12) years. Malocclusion traits were assessed by trained clinicians followed by the evaluation of associated factors through clinical examination and a precisely designed questionnaire including data regarding gender, birth place, parental education level, monthly familial income, parental attitude toward the problem of malocclusion, feeding methods of the children, feeding postures, pacifier use, and delivery methods. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe most common type of malocclusion was increased overjet (34.99 %) in the sagittal direction, deep overbite (37.58 %), and midline deviation (25.32 %) in the vertical and transverse directions, respectively. The prevalence of posterior crossbite, anterior crossbite, and anterior open bite was 7.56, 6.80 and 6.98 %, respectively. The prevalence of the anterior edge-to-edge occlusion was the lowest (2.46 %). The variables associated with malocclusion (P < 0.05) were birth place (odds ratio [OR] = 1.741 with 95 % CI of 1.384–2.162), insufficient abrasion of primary canines (OR = 1.465; 95 % CI of 1.153–1.894), caries in primary teeth (OR = 2.045; 95 % CI of 1.665–2.539), tongue thrusting (OR = 2.833; 95 % CI of 1.640–3.649), mandibular prognathism (OR = 2.621; 95 % CI of 1.574–3.689), and finger sucking (OR = 1.573 with 95 % CI of 1.098–2.014). The feeding methods (OR = 3.614 with 95 % CI of 3.087–4.596) along with the method of delivery (OR = 1.847 with 95 % CI of 1.323–2.451) have been observed to play an important role in the morbidity of malocclusion (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe prevalence of malocclusion among pre-school children in Xi’an is higher compared to that in other geographical parts of China. Therefore, early attention to the development of occlusion and necessary interventions toward the associated factors are important to reduce its prevalence and further adverse effects.

Tratamiento de una maloclusión clase III en dentición decidua.

A medida que aumenta la edad, la cuantía de crecimiento disminuye y las clases III esqueléticas, se hacen más estables. El objetivo del tratamiento de la maloclusión de clase III en dentición decidua, es lograr un ambiente favorable para un mejor desarrollo dentofacial. En el presente artículo se propone un resumen teórico sobre tratamiento de maloclusión de clase III en dentición decidua y se presenta el Reporte de un caso.

Hábito de succión del chupete y alteraciones dentarias asociadas. Importancia del diagnóstico precoz

IntroductionThe non-nutritive sucking habits are a physiological activity during the first months of life of a child, but if they persist afterwards, these habits can affect the development of dental occlusion.The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of past pacifier-sucking habits in a sample of school children and its role in the genesis of dental malocclusion in primary dentition, as well as to follow up these alterations until the next phase of the dentition (mixed dentition). Material and methodsWe performed a longitudinal epidemiological study on a sample of 225 children from age 2 to 10 years in the Basque Autonomous Region.Data were obtained by means of a questionnaire of children habits, filled in by parents, and clinical tests carried out on the children, recording the presence of alterations in dental occlusion, such as anterior open bite and posterior crossbite. ResultsWe found a significant increase of malocclusion in the primary dentition of children who prolonged the pacifier-sucking habit. If this habit was abandoned early, anterior open bites improved, while posterior crossbites clutch remained or even got worse. ConclusionsThe pacifier sucking habit influences the development of the teeth, thus, it is necessary to detect early changes in order to prevent the establishment of dental malocclusion.

Occlusal guidance for unilateral scissors bite in primary dentition: A case report

A scissors bite is one of the more unusual malocclusions in primary dentition. The purpose of this report is to describe the unilateral scissors bite in primary dentition and the treatment outcome following the use of constriction appliances. A 5-year, 5-month-old boy developed a scissors bite in the left molar region due to the extended width of the maxillary dental arch. Two types of appliances were used to reduce the width of the maxillary dental arch; one was a removable type modified from a conventional expansion plate, and the other was a fixed type modified from a quad-helix appliance. The left maxillary primary molars were able to bite normally after the treatment using both appliances. As a result, the left first molars also could be guided to a normal occlusion and prevented from becoming a scissors bite. We suggest that improvement of the scissors bite in the primary dentition stage can prevent subsequent malocclusions in permanent dentition.