Malocclusion In Preschool Children Research Articles

Relationship between Dental Occlusion and Maximum Tongue Pressure in Preschool Children Aged 4-6 Years.

Tongue function is regarded as a primary factor in the etiology of malocclusion, but details of the relationship remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to investigate maximum tongue pressure, in preschool children to examine its relationship with dental occlusion. A total of 477 healthy children (248 boys, 229 girls, aged 4–6 years) were recruited. Dental occlusion was assessed visually to record sagittal, vertical, and transverse malocclusion, and space discrepancies. Maximum tongue pressure was measured using a balloon-based tongue pressure measurement device. Additionally, 72 children (37 boys, 35 girls, aged 4–5 years) were recruited for a 1-year follow-up study. Approximately half of the children (53.5%) showed some type of malocclusion in the present study. Maximum tongue pressure was highest in the 6-year-old children. The results of a two-way ANCOVA show that the effect of age was significant (p < 0.001); however, the effects of sex and dental occlusion, or the interactions among these variables, did not reach significance. Additionally, maximum tongue pressure increased significantly in the 1-year follow-up study (p < 0.001), especially in the normal occlusion group. Maximum tongue pressure increases markedly with growth in the preschool years and can be associated with some types of malocclusion in preschool children.

Relación entre mordida cruzada posterior unilateral y hábitos bucales deletéreos en preescolares de un municipio del sudoeste del Bahía

Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue verificar la prevalencia de maloclusión en niños preescolares de un municipio del suroeste de Bahía, evaluando la presencia de mordida cruzada posterior unilateral y su relación con hábitos bucales deletéreos. Materiales y Métodos: La investigación fue realizada en niños matriculados en guarderías públicas y convenidas del municipio de Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil; después del cálculo muestral, la muestra incluyó 440 niños con edades de Original3 a 5 años. La presencia de maloclusión fue evaluada clínicamente y un cuestionario para evaluar la relación con los hábitos fue respondido por los representantes. Resultados: Se encontró un porcentaje de 94,28 % de los casos con mordida cruzada posterior unilateral relacionada a hábitos bucales. Conclusiones: Se hace evidente que los hábitos de succión no nutritiva pueden ser un factor etiológico para la mordida cruzada posterior unilateral.

Retención de molares primarios: diagnóstico, etiología, tratamiento y relato de caso clínico

Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue verificar la prevalencia de maloclusión en niños preescolares de un municipio del suroeste de Bahía, evaluando la presencia de mordida cruzada posterior unilateral y su relación con hábitos bucales deletéreos. Materiales y Métodos: La investigación fue realizada en niños matriculados en guarderías públicas y convenidas del municipio de Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil; después del cálculo muestral, la muestra incluyó 440 niños con edades de Original3 a 5 años. La presencia de maloclusión fue evaluada clínicamente y un cuestionario para evaluar la relación con los hábitos fue respondido por los representantes. Resultados: Se encontró un porcentaje de 94,28 % de los casos con mordida cruzada posterior unilateral relacionada a hábitos bucales. Conclusiones: Se hace evidente que los hábitos de succión no nutritiva pueden ser un factor etiológico para la mordida cruzada posterior unilateral.

Factors Associated with Malocclusion in Preschool Children in a Brazilian Small Town

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with malocclusions in preschool children. Material and Methods: A census, epidemiological study, with a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic sample, was carried out with children aged between 4 and 6 years, matriculated in preschools in the town of Aiquara, Bahia, Brazil. Malocclusion in the deciduous dentition was determined through the application of the index proposed by WHO, with the Foster and Hamilton criteria also being incorporated. The data was tabulated in duplicate in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and following correction, was analyzed using the SPSS, STATA and PAST Software. In order to identify the associated factors, we opted for Multiple Poisson regression analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: A total of 148 children were examined and the general prevalence of malocclusions was 69.59%, with 57.5% in the group of 4-year-old, 76.92% those aged 5 years old and 72.46% among children aged 6 years old. In terms of primary canines, 66.2% were identified as class I, 25.7% as class II and 8.1% as class III. Normal overjet was 41.2%, increased overjet 34.5%, edge to edge bite 17.6% and anterior crossbite 6.8%. The normal overbite 51.4%, reduced 20.9% and deep 8.1%. Of the individuals, 20.9% had posterior crossbite. In the Poisson regression analysis and PCA, a statistical association between the malocclusions and dental caries, duration of use of pacifiers, onychophagia and thumb sucking, was identified. Conclusion: The prevalence of malocclusion in preschool children in the small town of Aiquara is high and the associated factors identified are capable of control and prevention.

Perinatal health and malocclusions in preschool children: Findings from a cohort of adolescent mothers in Southern Brazil.

Pregnancy in adolescence has long-term consequences that can negatively influence oral conditions. In this study, we aimed to assess malocclusion in deciduous dentition and its association with prolonged breastfeeding, pacifier use, and perinatal health indicators pertaining to the periods immediately before and after birth. This cross-sectional study was nested in a cohort of adolescent mothers who became pregnant from 13 to 19years of age (mean age, 17.3±1.6years). A total of 509mother-child dyads were included. Information on perinatal indicators, including Apgar score (0-10), which is a standardized assessment of the condition of the infant at birth (heart rate, breath rate, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and skin color), head circumference, birth weight, and need for intensive care unit admission were collected after delivery through interviews with the mothers. By the time the children were 24 to 36months of age, malocclusion was assessed, and information on the use of pacifiers and breastfeeding was collected. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to assess the effect of independent variables on the outcome (malocclusion). The prevalence of malocclusion was 62.33%, and open bite was the most frequent one (47.45%). After adjustments, children with no need for intensive care unit admission had a lower risk of malocclusion (prevalence ratio [PR]=0.75; 95% CI, 0.56-0.99), whereas those with an Apgar score less than 7 had a higher risk (PR=1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.64). Children who had used a pacifier (PR=1.82; 95% CI, 1.02-3.24) or were still using it (PR=3.88; 95% CI, 2.65-5.68) had a higher chance of malocclusion compared with children who never used a pacifier. Children breastfeeding for 24months or longer were less likely to have malocclusion (PR=0.46; 95% CI, 0.34-0.73). Poor perinatal health and pacifier use may be risk factors for malocclusion development in deciduous teeth. Long duration of breastfeeding is associated with better occlusal conditions in children of adolescent mothers. Further studies are needed with other age groups.

Prevalence of Malocclusion in 3- to 5-Year-Old Children in Shanghai, China.

The aim of the present study was to obtain the prevalence of malocclusions in preschool children in Shanghai, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2335 children aged 3–5 years from kindergartens. Several occlusal parameters were clinically assessed, including second deciduous molar terminal plane, canine relationship, degree of overjet and overbite, anterior and posterior crossbite, and the presence or absence of physiologic spaces and crowding. All parents of subjects were asked to fill in the oral health knowledge questionnaires. The prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in Shanghai was 83.9%, and no significant differences were found in genders. Data showed that the prevalence of deep overbite (63.7%) was the highest in children with malocclusion, followed by deep overjet (33.9%), midline deviation (26.6%), anterior crossbite (8.0%) and anterior crowding (6.5%). The results revealed a high prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in children aged 3–5 years old of Shanghai, especially in vertical anomalies. The need for preventive orthodontic therapy is extremely desired and oral health education about malocclusion should be strengthened.

Malocclusion in preschool children: prevalence and determinant factors

To evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and associated factors in the primary dentition of preschoolers in the city of Diamantina, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 381 children aged 3-5 years treated at the 10 basic health care units in the city during immunisation campaigns. The dependent variables (presence of malocclusion, open bite, crossbite and crowding) were evaluated through a clinical oral exam. The independent variables (gender, age, health problems, breastfeeding, bottle feeding, harmful oral habits, mother's schooling, household income and number of children in the home) were collected through interviews. Statistical analysis involved descriptive analysis, Chi square test and Poisson regression. The prevalence of malocclusion was 32.5%. Open bite was the most frequent type of malocclusion. Children with a history of bottle feeding (PR 1.74; 95% CI 1.24-2.44) and those with harmful oral habits (PR 1.49; 95% CI 1.23-1.99) had greater prevalence rates of malocclusion. Greater prevalence rates of open bite were also found in children with a history of bottle feeding (PR 5.00; 95% CI 1.99-12.5) and those with harmful oral habits (PR 2.90; 95% CI 1.59-5.29), whereas greater prevalence rates of crossbite were found in boys (PR 1.79; 95% CI 1.10-2.91) and were associated with mother's schooling (PR 1.91; 95% CI 1.20-3.06). A history of bottle feeding and the presence of harmful oral habits were identified as determinants for the occurrence of malocclusion in preschoolers.

Influence of Nonnutritive Sucking Habits, Breathing Pattern and Adenoid Size on the Development of Malocclusion

To investigate the association of finger and pacifier-sucking habits, breathing pattern, and adenoid size with the development of malocclusion in primary dentition. A case-control study was carried out involving 300 preschool children, ages 3 to 6 years, randomly selected from 10 public and 10 private preschools from a large representative sample of 745 children. The study was developed to identify risk factors associated with the development of malocclusion. The case group (n = 150) was composed of individuals with at least one of the following malocclusions: anterior open bite, posterior crossbite, or overjet of more than 3 mm. The control group (n = 150) was made up of individuals without malocclusions. Other variables were assessed through questionnaires about oral habits, including the use of a dummy, finger sucking, duration of these habits; mouth-breathing analysis; and a lateral cephalometric radiograph to evaluate the airway obstruction related to the adenoids. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Statistical significance was P < .05. The risk factors for the occurrence of malocclusion in preschool children were duration of pacifier-sucking after 2 years of age (OR = 14.7) and mouth-breathing pattern (OR = 10.9). No significant associations were found between hypertrophied adenoids or finger-sucking habits and the occurrence of malocclusion. The malocclusion in the primary dentition in preschool children was directly related to the duration of pacifier-sucking after 2 years of age and the mouth-breathing pattern.

Relationship between malocclusion and deleterious oral habits in preschool children in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of malocclusions in preschool children in the city of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil, and verify the existence of associations between malocclusions and deleterious oral habits, gender and age. Methods: 342 children (3-5-year-old; 196 boys and 146 girls) with complete primary dentition and no previous orthodontic treatment were randomly selected from children regularly attending municipal day care centers. The occurrence of the following malocclusions was evaluated: accentuated overjet and overbite, anterior open bite and posterior crossbite. A calibrated experienced examiner (Kappa = 0.86) performed all clinical examinations under natural lightening after drying the teeth and soft tissue with gauze. Yates' chi-square and Fisher's exact tests verified the association between the variables and odds ratio. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: Malocclusions and deleterious oral habits were observed in 74% and 73.4% of the children, respectively. The prevalence of malocclusion was 68.9% in boys and 80.9% in girls. Accentuated overjet (45%) and anterior open bite (42.4%) were the most prevalent malocclusions. There was statistically significant difference (P = .008) between genders. However, no statistically significant differences (P = .47) were found among the age groups. Accentuated overjet, anterior open bite and posterior crossbite showed a positive association with the presence of deleterious oral habits. Conclusions: The high prevalence of malocclusions and deleterious oral habits observed in this pediatric population is supportive to the fact that oral health professionals that treat patients in these age groups should be aware of the importance of an early and accurate diagnosis in order to avoid the aggravation of occlusal alterations in the future.