Malocclusion In Permanent Dentition Research Articles

Customizable Push Rod for Forsus Appliance

Introduction Among fixed orthodontic appliances, Forsus fatigue-resistant device (FRD) is a popular choice for treating Class II malocclusion in permanent dentition due to its patient-friendly design. FRD utilizes nickel titanium coil springs to deliver precise and adjustable forces for clinical applications. Material and method A 16 gauge stainless steel wire is used for the fabrication of push rods. Results The fabricated push rods work with efficacy in advancing the mandible in forward position. Conclusion In cases of push rod size mismatch our innovative design overcomes these limitations, ensuring optimal fit and performance.

Effect of premature loss of primary teeth on prevalence of malocclusion in permanent dentition: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of premature loss of primary teeth in children of mixed dentition age on the prevalence of malocclusion in permanent dentition. A search was conducted in Medline through PubMed, Cochrane databases, Google Scholar, and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) through March 2023. All observational studies that evaluated the association between premature loss of primary teeth and malocclusion in permanent dentition were included for analysis. Quality of studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. Meta-analysis was conducted using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.3. The association between different categories of malocclusion and premature loss of primary teeth was assessed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was explored through sensitivity analysis. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE analysis. This meta-analysis showed that the premature loss of primary teeth significantly increases the prevalence of overall malocclusion in permanent dentition (OR=2.54, P=0.003; I2: 83%). Subgroup analysis showed an insignificant relationship of premature loss of primary teeth with Class I malocclusion (OR=1.14, P=0.45; I2: 63%) and Class II malocclusion (OR=1.63, P=0.18; I2: 87%) but statistically significant relationship with Class III malocclusion (OR=3.73, P=0.006; I2: 71%). Sensitivity analysis reflected a significant reduction in I2 values. This meta-analysis provides substantial evidence supporting the relationship between premature loss of primary teeth and malocclusion in permanent dentition. Notably, Class III malocclusions exhibited a significant association with premature loss of primary teeth.

Prevalence and influencing factors of malocclusion in adolescents in Shanghai, China

BackgroundThe main purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence and related risk factors of malocclusion in permanent dentition among adolescents in Shanghai, and provide basic data for government’s preventive strategies and intervention plans.Methods1799 adolescents aged 11–15 years old from 18 middle schools in 6 districts of Shanghai were recruited to investigate oral health status and related risk factors using cluster random sampling method in 2021. Malocclusion and caries were examined by on-site inspection. The investigation criteria referred to Bjoerk and the recommendation of the WHO. The malocclusion inspection items included molars relationship, canine relationship, overbite, overjet, midline displacement, anterior crossbite, posterior crossbite, scissors bite, crowding and spacing. The subjects were asked to fill in a questionnaire including parents’ education level, oral health behaviors and dietary habits. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship between malocclusion and risk factors.Results1799 adolescents were included in the study and the prevalence of malocclusion in adolescents in Shanghai was 83.5%, and the proportion of molar relationship class I, class II, and class III was 48.9%, 14.7%, and 19.0%, respectively. The most common occlusal characteristic of malocclusion was anterior crowding, followed by midline irregularities and deep overbite, with prevalence rates of 44.8%, 39.0% and 38.6%, respectively. The prevalence rate of adolescents with caries was 34.3%. Those who had dental caries and preferred soft food were more likely to have abnormal occlusal characteristics (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe prevalence of malocclusion in adolescents in Shanghai is high, so it is of great significance to strengthen oral health education, allocate proper preventive strategies and carry out the early correction if necessary.

Research progress of temporomandibular joint in adolescent malocclusion

The prevalence of malocclusion in permanent dentition was 72.97%. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most important joints in human body, and its functional structure is the most complex. The shape and position of the temporomandibular joint in patients with malocclusion were affected by occlusal occlusion. This review focuses on the effects of different types of malocclusion on the morphology and function of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in adolescents.

Primary canine and molar relationships in centric occlusion in 3–6-year-old children in Davanagere population: A cross-sectional survey

: As a dentist, it is very important to know the occlusal relationship of primary dentition so that any malocclusion in permanent dentition can be predicted at early stages and corrected accordingly by orthodontic treatments. The ideal occlusion and spacing in primary dentition acts as a mirror for the prevalence of malocclusion in the permanent dentition.: The aim of the study was to assess the occlusal relationships between the primary canines and the primary molars and spacings in primary dentition among a group of 3-6-year-old children.: A total of 120 children, comprising of 60 boys and 60 girls aged between 3-6 years irrespective of the race and socioeconomic status were randomly selected. The examination was done using pen light and mouth mirror. The occlusal assessment will be done only on children who are healthy and free from extensive caries that would affect the mesiodistal or occluso-gingival dimension of a tooth and, therefore, influence the occlusal characteristics. The primary molar relationship and the canine relationship will be assessed using Foster and Hamilton criteria with the teeth in centric occlusion. Primate space will be measured between primary lateral incisor and canine in the upper and primary canine and deciduous first molar on the lower on both the arches using a digital caliper [0-4 mm]. The obtained data was entered into Microsoft excel and chi-square test will be used for statistical analysis.: The study showed that, on left side, mesial step molar relationship was found in 53.3% boys and 55% girls, whereas on right side, 55% of boys and 51.6% of girls showed mesial step molar relationship. On left side, 77% of boys and 70% of girls showed class I canine relationship. On right side, 73% of boys and 67% of girls showed class I canine relationship. Primate spacings were found in 77% of children in maxilla and 84.7% of mandible.: The in vivo study concluded that, 1. Mesial step molar relationship was the most common Occlusal relationship of primary molars. 2. Class I canine relationship was the most common canine relationship in primary dentition. 3. Maxillary arch showed more percentage of primate spacings than mandibular arch. The early identification of molar and canine relationships and spacing present will help in prediction of future permanent molar relationship and probable future malocclusion.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ И РАЗМЕРОВ НИЖНЕЙ ЧЕЛЮСТИ ПРИ ЛЕЧЕНИИ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С РЕТРО- И МИКРОГНАТИЕЙ НИЖНЕЙ ЧЕЛЮСТИ

The beneficial orthodontic treatment should be focused on functional and aesthetic optimum results in dentofacial system achievement. The aim of the study is to evaluate on-treatment changes of mandible size and position in patients with mandibular micrognathia and retrognathism in different periods of dentofacial system evolving. Methodology: the research base of prospective clinical study was Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Department of E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University. The object of the study were 102 patients aged 6 to 16 years with distal malocclusion and mandibular micrognathia and retrognathism. All patients were under orthodontic treatment. Study data is lateral cephalograms, recorded before and after orthodontic treatment. Results: orthodontic treatment was most effective in mixed dentition when skeletal effects expressed in total normalization of mandible sagittal position and its significant expansion. In permanent dentition period mandible expansion considerably decreased in CS4 cervical vertebrae stage maturation and was clinically insignificant in CS5 cervical vertebrae stage maturation. Correction of distal malocclusion in permanent dentition had dental effects in clockwise occlusion plane rotation and inclination changing of upper and lower incisors. Conclusions: skeletal effects are leading in treatment of patients with distal malocclusion and mandibular micrognathia and retrognathism in dentofacial system high growth potential cases; dental effects are leading in dentofacial system low growth potential cases.

Frequency of Crowding in patients reporting at Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan

Aim: To determine the frequency of crowding in patients reporting at Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan. Methods: A total of 200 patients (126 females, 74 males) having malocclusion in permanent dentition were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients in the age group 7years and above were included in the study. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version20.0. Cross tabulations were performed for gender and age groups and chi square test was used to determine association. Results: The frequency of crowding was found to be 29%. The percentage of crowding in males was 12% and females 17 %. While the frequency of crowding was 31% in males and 28% in females. It was found that there was a decrease in crowding with increasing age in both genders. Conclusion: Crowding was more frequent in females than males. Keywords: Malocclusion, Alignment, Orthodontics

A Comparative Evaluation between Dermatoglyphic Patterns and the Permanent Molar Relationships – An Attempt to Predict the Future Malocclusions

Background: Due to the similar duration of development, finding the dermatoglyphic patterns to predict malocclusions can help a pediatric dentist to attempt any necessary preventive and interceptive orthodontic therapies. Aim: To assess the correlation between different dermatoglyphic patterns with the permanent molar relationships. Materials and Methods: 300 children who are 14-16 years old with completely erupted 2nd permanent molars up to occlusal table were recruited and the pattern of molar terminal plane was recorded in the proforma. Finger prints of these subjects were recorded with ink and roller method. Forensic analyst analysed the prints and classified based on the classification given by Galton and also calculated the finger ridge count as given by Cummins and Midlo Statistical analysis used: Chi-Square test was applied to compare proportions between all the groups and also for gender comparison. Fisher’s exact test was used when any expected cell frequency of less than five were obtained. Paired t-Test and McNemar’s test were applied to compare values between right and left hand. Results: Class I children showed absence of arch pattern in thumb and little finger of left hand; and higher total finger ridge count in right hand when compared to left hand. Children with Class II molar relationship had a significant association with presence of arch pattern in thumb finger of left hand; and presence of whorl pattern in both left and right ring fingers. Class III had a significant association with presence of loop pattern in left thumb finger and little finger; absence of arch pattern in thumb of right hand. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics can be a useful non-invasive analytical tool to predict malocclusions in permanent dentition and sometimes, to identify an individual. Further studies with larger sample size are required to provide an insight into its significant correlations.

Prevalence of Class Iii Malocclusion in Permanent Dentition - A Retrospective study

Prevalence of Class Iii Malocclusion in Permanent Dentition - A Retrospective study

Factors associated with the stability of compensatory orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion in the permanent dentition

This study aimed to assess the stability of compensatory treatment of Class III malocclusion in permanent dentition. Thirty-six patients (21 women and 15 men; mean age, 20years) with Class III malocclusion were subjected to the compensatory treatment of permanent dentition and followed up for at least 3years after orthodontic treatment (T3). Multivariate Poisson regression was performed to assess the influence of clinical, cephalometric, and dental cast variables at the beginning (T1) and the end of treatment on the stability of Class III malocclusion. Overjet changed from -0.25mm (-3 to 0.5mm) at T1 to 1.4mm (1-2.5mm) at the end of treatment and 0.8mm (0-1.5mm) at T3. Clinical relapse (overjet<1mm and/or canine Class III relations) was observed in 11 patients (30.6%). Patients treated with extraction of mandibular premolars (risk ratio [RR]=2.13×10-07, P<0.001), with better orthodontic end outcomes (RR=1.16, P=0.009) and which had lower maxillary incisor inclination at T1 (RR=1.08, P=0.035) showed a lower risk of relapse. Demographic (sex, age), clinical (length of treatment and posttreatment, number of treatment phases, time of Class III elastics), cephalometric (SNA, SNB, ANB, Wits appraisal, SNGoGn, IMPA), and dental cast (peer assessment rating index and arch dimensions) variables were not significantly associated with clinical relapse at T3. The stability of compensatory treatment of Class III malocclusion in permanent dentition is multifactorial, with few predictive variables. Patients treated with extraction and better orthodontic finishing had a lower risk of relapse, whereas larger maxillary incisor inclination at baseline increased the risk of relapse.

Assessment of Saudi parent's awareness towards space maintainers at Alkharj city: A cross-sectional study.

Background:Premature extraction or loss of a tooth due in primary dentition may lead to malocclusion in permanent dentition. Space maintainers are very important to children in mixed and primary dentition for preventing problems of malocclusion. The utilization of space maintainers depends on parental knowledge and awareness about space maintainers.Aims and Objectives:To assess the of Saudi parent's awareness toward space maintainers in Alkharj city.Material and Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was planned among Saudi parents who visited the College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University. Questions related to space maintainers awareness, use, source of information, and utilization of space maintainers were asked.Results:Around 312 (82.1%) parents were not aware of space maintainers and did not receive any information about the same. About 166 (43.7%) parents did not have any personal experience of a child's missing deciduous teeth. Only 115 (30.26%) respondents received some information about space maintainers. The majority of parents 298 (78.4%) were unaware whether space maintainers aid in the eruption of permanent teeth. Similarly, 73.7% did not know when to use space maintainers.Conclusions:Knowledge of space maintainers among Saudi parents is very less. Dental professionals hence need to create awareness of interceptive orthodontics rather than curative approaches, to achieve better oral health outcomes.

Anxiety and oral habits as factors associated with malocclusion

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to associate the presence of oral habits with anxiety and malocclusion. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study with 199 schoolchildren 6–14 years old. Malocclusion was evaluated by using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Oral Habits Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used to assess oral habits and anxiety. The schoolchildren were divided into two groups: mixed and permanent dentition. The associations between the outcome variable (oral habits) and the independent variables (anxiety and malocclusion) were evaluated using the Exact Fischer test and the Chi square test. Results: Of the individuals with malocclusion in permanent dentition, 77.4% reported some deleterious oral habit, and 55% of those with no malocclusion at this stage had deleterious habits. Discussion: Oral habits may be associated with the presence of malocclusion in different stages of occlusal development (mixed and permanent dentition) and may be influenced by anxiety.

The association between palatal rugae pattern and dental malocclusion.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Palatal rugae complete its development during early intrauterine life, whereas dental malocclusions in permanent dentition establishes several years into the post-natal life. Objective: The objective of present study was to determine if there is an association between the palatal rugae pattern and Angle’s classes of malocclusion. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on pretreatment dental casts of 184 patients. The sample was divided into the following groups: Class I, Class II div. 1, Class II div. 2, and Class III. The number of palatal rugae was recorded, bilaterally. The length, pattern and orientation of three anterior-most primary rugae on both sides were recorded. Results: The mean age of the study sample was 17.8 ± 5.4 years. The mean number of the palatal rugae was 11.18 ± 2.5, with significant differences among different malocclusion groups. The length of the first rugae on left side and third rugae on both sides varied significantly among the groups (p< 0.05). Similarly, the pattern of palatal rugae was also found to be significantly different among the malocclusion groups. The right sided rugae did not have any significant difference in the orientation in different malocclusion groups; however, the left sided rugae showed significant differences among the four malocclusion groups (p< 0.001). Conclusions: The current study showed subtle differences in the palatal rugae pattern among the Angle’s classes of malocclusion. Similarly, the length and orientation of some rugae were also found to be significantly different between malocclusion groups.

A comparative evaluation between cheiloscopic patterns and the permanent molar relationships to predict the future malocclusions.

BackgroundTo assess the correlation between different cheiloscopic patterns with the permanent molar relationships.Material and Methods300 children who are 14-16 years old with completely erupted 2nd permanent molars upto occlusal table were recruited and the pattern of molar terminal plane was recorded in the proforma. Lip prints of these subjects were recorded with lipstick-cellophane method and middle 10mm of lower lip was analysed for the lip print pattern as suggested by Sivapathasundharam et al. The pattern were classified based on Tsuchihashi and Suzuki classification.ResultsType II (branched) pattern was the most predominant cheiloscopic pattern. The predominant patterns which related to the Angle’s classification were; type I (complete vertical) pattern for class I, type IV (reticular) pattern for class II and presence of type IV (reticular) pattern and absence of type I’ (incomplete vertical) pattern for class III. In class III molar relationship, males showed an increased type II (branched) pattern and females showed an increased type IV (reticluar) pattern.ConclusionsLip prints can provide an alternative to dermatoglyphics to predict malocclusions in permanent dentition. Further studies with larger sample size are required to provide an insight into its significant correlations. Key words:Cheiloscopy, Angle’s classification, malocclusion.

Primary Canine and Molar Relationships in Centric Occlusion in 3- to 6-year-old Children: A Cross-sectional Survey.

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe occlusal relationship of primary dentition plays a vital role in predicting malocclusion in permanent dentition because primary dentition is the stepping stone for permanent dentition.AimThe aim of the study was to assess the occlusal relationships between the primary canine and the primary molar in the primary dentition in centric occlusion and also spacing in primary dentition among a group of 3- to 6-year-old children.Materials and methodsThe survey was based on examination of the primary dentition of 100 school children aged 3–6 years from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The examination was done using pen light and mouth mirror. The occlusal assessment was done only on children who are healthy and free from extensive caries. The primary molar relationship and the canine relationship were assessed using Foster and Hamilton criteria with the teeth in centric occlusion.ResultsThe study showed that, out of 100 school children, the molar relationship 56% had mesial step followed by 36% with flush terminal relationship and 8% with distal step relationship and out of 100 children, the canine relationship 61% of children had class III relationship followed by 27% class I relationship and 12% class II relationship. And around 54% had spacing out of which, maximum spacing was found only in the upper anteriors.ConclusionThe survey concluded showing that the mesial step primary relationship was more common among 5- to 6-year-old children followed by flush terminal relationship and distal step relationship. The class III primary canine relationship was more common followed by classes I and II. Spacing was found more common in upper anteriors.How to cite this articleKumar D, Gurunathan D. Primary Canine and Molar Relationships in Centric Occlusion in 3 to 6-year-old Children: A Cross-sectional Survey. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(3):201–204.

Oral Health and Occlusion in Tunisian Preschool Children

Many studies reported the importance of the deciduous dentition and its rich pathology. A close relationship was also noted between occlusion in deciduous and in permanent dentitions. The follow-up and the early management of slight malocclusion in children can prevent the appearance of malocclusion in permanent dentition. A literature review reported that the flush terminal plane relationship was accepted as the norm in the complete deciduous dentition, but some authors did not support this view. Aim: The purpose of this study conducted in Tunisian preschoolers was to assess the oral health and the occlusal patterns in primary dentition. Material and Methods: The study consisted in a cross sectional survey covering 392 preschool children; 197 females (50.3%) and 195 males (49.7%) aged from 3 to 5 years in kindergarten of Moknine (Tunisia). Oral examination was carried out in order to assess the oral health status and the occlusion characteristics. Results: Dental caries affected 140 children (35.7%). A mean dmft of 1.12 ± 1.97 was noted with 426 decayed teeth (mean 1.10 ± 1.0), five-missed (mean 0.01 ± 0.8) and 9 filled (mean 0.01 ± 0.05); the Significant Caries Index value (SiC) was about 5.57 ± 2.26 dmft. Among 326 children in deciduous dentition 68.7% presented spaced teeth. Dental eruption was earlier in girls. The prevalence of malocclusion was about 24.7% and flush plane was the most frequent type of terminal molar relationship in deciduous dentition, followed by the mesial step than the distal step with 81%, 15% and 4%, respectively. Conclusion: The present paper gave an outline onto oral health status and occlusal patterns in Tunisian preschool children. The spaced dentition seemed more frequent than closed dentition and flush plane was the most frequent type of terminal molar relationship in deciduous dentition. \In spite its limits, the present paper aimed to assess the oral health and the occlusal patterns in primary dentition among status and occlusal patterns in Tunisian preschool children. The spaced dentition seemed more frequent than closed dentition and flush plane was the most frequent type of terminal molar relationship in deciduous dentition. In deciduous and mixed dentition, early interceptive treatment of some slight malocclusions can reduces significantly the need for orthodontic treatment in the permanent dentition

Interproximal wear versus incisors extraction to solve anterior lower crowding: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine by means of a systematic review the best treatment, whether interproximal wear or incisor extraction, to correct anterior lower crowding in Class I patients in permanent dentition. METHODS: A literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science to retrieve studies published between January 1950 and October 2013. In selecting the sample, the following inclusion criteria were applied: studies involving interproximal wear and/or extraction of mandibular incisors, as well as Class I cases with anterior lower crowding in permanent dentition. RESULTS: Out of a total of 943 articles found after excluding duplicates, 925 were excluded after abstract analysis. After full articles were read, 13 were excluded by the eligibility criteria and one due to methodological quality; therefore, only fours articles remained: two retrospective and two randomized prospective studies. Data were collected, analyzed and organized in tables. CONCLUSION: Both interproximal wear and mandibular incisor extraction are effective in treating Class I malocclusion in permanent dentition with moderate anterior lower crowding and pleasant facial profile. There is scant evidence to determine the best treatment option for each case. Clinical decision should be made on an individual basis by taking into account dental characteristics, crowding, dental and oral health, patient's expectations and the use of set-up models.

Occlusal Characteristics and Spacing in Primary Dentition: A Gender Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.

Context. Occlusion in primary teeth varies among children of different populations and races. Aim. To assess and compare the occlusal characteristics and spacing in primary dentition among 3–6-year-old Dravidian children. Materials and Methods. The study included 2281 school going children. The primary molar relation, canine relation, overjet, and overbite were assessed using Foster and Hamilton criteria. Spacing conditions were registered according to Kisling and Krebs criteria. Results. The flush terminal plane molar relation (80.3%) was the most common primary molar relation. The distal step molar relation was more frequently found in female children (12.8%) than in males (8.6%). Class 1 canine relation was the most prevalent canine relation (81.3%) among males and females. Ideal overjet (84.3%) and overbite (72.7%) were observed among the majority of the children. Spaced type of arches occurred more frequently than closed arches in this sample. The incidence of primate spaces was more in males than in females. Conclusion. The study population has fewer deviations from normal occlusion which indicates decreased tendency for malocclusion in permanent dentition. However, further longitudinal studies are necessary to identify the potential limitations of a clinical approach relying on early orthodontic diagnosis and intervention.

Non-surgical, non-extractive treatment of a severe class III malocclusion in permanent dentition: Follow-up of a case 24years posttreatment

This case shows a patient who had presented a severe Class III malocclusion, both maxillary and mandibular crowding and an impacted canine: she is now 24 years posttreatment. She was treated, in permanent dentition, by proclination of both maxillary and mandibular incisors, expansion of the maxillary arch and of the mandibular intercanine width and disinclusion of the impacted canine. At debonding, she presented well-aligned arch forms, a centered midline and a pleasant smile. Twenty-four years after treatment, her records show that the occlusion has remained stable. The use of wires of almost full thickness helped effectively control incisor torque, thus keeping the teeth inside the cortical bone and limiting the expected periodontal problems.

Occlusal guidance for unilateral scissors bite in primary dentition: A case report

A scissors bite is one of the more unusual malocclusions in primary dentition. The purpose of this report is to describe the unilateral scissors bite in primary dentition and the treatment outcome following the use of constriction appliances. A 5-year, 5-month-old boy developed a scissors bite in the left molar region due to the extended width of the maxillary dental arch. Two types of appliances were used to reduce the width of the maxillary dental arch; one was a removable type modified from a conventional expansion plate, and the other was a fixed type modified from a quad-helix appliance. The left maxillary primary molars were able to bite normally after the treatment using both appliances. As a result, the left first molars also could be guided to a normal occlusion and prevented from becoming a scissors bite. We suggest that improvement of the scissors bite in the primary dentition stage can prevent subsequent malocclusions in permanent dentition.