Malnutrition In Toddlers Research Articles

Evaluation of Nutrition Supplementation and Nutrition Education Program in Preventing Malnutrition in Toddlers

Malnutrition in children under five is a serious global health problem, especially in developing countries. In Indonesia, the prevalence of stunting in 2020 reached 31.8%, which is second in Southeast Asia after Timor Leste. However, this figure has decreased to 21.6% in 2022, according to data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition supplementation and nutrition education programs in preventing malnutrition in children under five. This research design is an evaluative design with a cross-sectional approach to obtain an overview at one time of the nutritional status of children under five years of age, program implementation, and results achieved. The input of the number of nutrition workers is lacking, the Puskesmas needs 1 community health worker, the equipment owned is still lacking in the laboratory section and must request procurement from the City or Provincial Health Office and funds for MT distribution are not yet available, the output is not yet on target and the program coverage has not yet reached the set achievement indicators. Suggestions for the Padang City government, especially the Padang City Health to procure facilities and infrastructure that are lacking in puskesmas, while for the Padang Health Center must conduct counseling on the importance of PMT-P so that the MT provided right on target.

Relationship between macro- and micronutrient intakes with undernutrition among toddlers aged 12-23 months in Aceh, Indonesia

Introduction: Foods consumed contain macro- and micronutrients necessary for the growth and development of children. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between macronutrient and micronutrient intakes with undernutrition in toddlers aged 12-23 months. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 18 Integrated Healthcare Centres (Posyandu) in Simpang Tiga, Aceh Besar Regency. A total of 138 toddlers were selected using simple random sampling technique. Data collected included family demographics, characteristics, nutritional status of children, and food consumption for macro- and micronutrient intake analyses. Results: Prevalence of malnutrition in toddlers was relatively high – severe underweight and underweight totaled 23.2%, severe wasting and wasting 18.1%, and severe stunting and stunting 27.5%. Significant associations (p<0.05) were found between underweight and intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, thiamin, and niacin. Wasting was significantly associated (p<0.05) with intakes of energy, protein, and vitamin A. Stunting was significantly associated (p<0.05) with intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, calcium, zinc, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C. Conclusion: Certain macro- and micronutrient intakes were correlated with undernutrition in toddlers. The results of this study can be used as a reference for planning the development of supplementary feeding programmes for children aged 12-23 months, considering that the critical period of child growth and development is in the first 1000 days of life.

Effect of micronutrient deficiency on protozoal infection in stunting toddler

<p class="pf0"><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Stunting is a developmental disorder caused by chronic inadequate nutritional intake in toddlers, leading to deficiencies in various nutrients, including iron and zinc. This can weaken toddlers' immunity, making them more vulnerable to infectious diseases, such as intestinal protozoa. An infected digestive tract can interfere with absorbing nutrients and reduce appetite, causing the infection to persist and become chronic. Chronic infection triggers the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that affect bone growth, hindering growth and causing stunting.</em><em></em></p><p class="pf0"><strong><em>Objectives: </em></strong><em>This study confidently investigates the correlation between iron and zinc micronutrient intake and intestinal protozoan infection in stunting toddlers in Jember District.</em><em></em></p><p class="pf0"><strong><em>Methods: </em></strong><em>The research is observational and cross-sectional, with 568 stunting toddlers aged 0-59 months in Jember District, East Java as study subjects. Iron and zinc intake were collected through 2x24-hour food-recall questionnaire interview and processed using the Nutrisurvey software. Protozoan infection status in toddler feces samples was identified using direct smear and modified Ziehl-Neelsen methods. The data analysis method chosen was the Spearman correlation test.</em></p><p class="pf0"><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The study found that stunted toddlers in Jember District had mostly deficient micronutrient intake. The average iron intake is 2.56±3.06 mg and the average zinc intake is 1.8±1.47 mg. Protozoan infection was found in this study has a prevalence of 15.7%, with identified species including Entamoeba histolytica (3.3%), Giardia lamblia (2.6%), Cryptosporidium parvum (3.2%), Blastocystis hominis (5.3%), and mixed infections (1.2%). The statistical analysis confirms that there is no significant correlation between the intake of micronutrients iron (p=0.91;r=0.005) and zinc (p=0.76;r=0.013) and intestinal protozoan infection in stunting toddlers in Jember District.</em></p><p class="pf0"><strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong><em>Based on the data, protozoan infection may be caused by multiple factors, such as parenting practices and family socioeconomics. However, improving nutrition by education and giving additional supplementation are crucial to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition in toddlers.</em><em></em></p>

PEMODELAN GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED NEGATIVE BINOMIAL REGRESSION (GWNBR) PADA KEJADIAN STUNTING DIiKABUPATEN BARITO KUALA TAHUN 2022

Stunting is a condition of malnutrition in toddlers that causes their height to be lower than other children their age. In 2022, South Kalimantan Province has a stunting prevalence of 24.6% and ranks fifteenth in Indonesia. Barito Kuala Regency, one of the regions in South Kalimantan Province, has the highest stunting rate at 33.6% which is included in the Chronic- Acute category (≥ 20%). This study uses the GWNBR model to characterize the factors that cause stunting in Barito Kuala Regency. The GWNBR model will make it easier for researchers to find out the factors that affect stunting in each sub-district. The weight matrix used is a fixed kernel function and an adaptive kernel function. The predictor variables used were the percentage of infant history of complete basic immunization, history of exclusive breastfeeding in infants <6 months, history of low birth weight babies, new visits to pregnant women (K1), sixth antenatal care (ANC) visit (K6), history of pregnant women who received blood supplement tablets, history of infants 6-11 months who received vitamin A, active posyandu and households with access to appropate sanitary facilities.(healthy latrines). The best model results obtained with adaptive gaussian weighting with an AIC value of 167.25. Keywords: Stunting Cases, GWNBR model.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Dan Pendidikan Ibu Dengan Status Gizi Balita Di Puskesmas Padang Garugur Kabupaten Padang Lawas Tahun 2024

The factors that influence the nutritional status of children under five are very substantial to be studied. This aims to find out what factors are related so that power action and efforts to improve nutrition can be taken in the community. Because health is a form of human right which is explicitly mandated by the 1945 Constitution. Education and time for mothers and the health of parents, especially mothers, are one of the causes of malnutrition in toddlers. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal characteristics and the nutritional status of children under five at the Padang Garugur Public Health Center, Padang Lawas Regency. The research procedure was by measuring body weight, mothers of children under five were given a nutritional status questionnaire. Data analysis using the Chi-square test showed that from 45 samples. The majority of children's nutritional status is good (77.8%). There is a relationship between mother's knowledge and nutritional status of children under five at the Padang Garugur Public Health Center, Padang Lawas Regency (p = 0.001). There is a relationship between maternal education and the nutritional status of children under five at the Padang Garugur Health Center, Padang Lawas Regency (p = 0.005). From the results of the study, it can be concluded that knowledge, , education of mothers are related to the nutritional status of children under five. It is recommended that all mothers continue to seek information about children's health, especially the procedure for providing nutritious food to toddlers."

PENGARUH EDUKASI 1000 HPK MELALUI MEDIA AUDIO-VISUAL TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN IBU HAMIL

The ongoing nutritional issue and challenge for Indonesia today is stunting. Stunting refers to the condition of malnutrition in toddlers which results in inhibited growth, thereby preventing the child from reaching optimal growth and development, as well as experiencing a decrease in cognitive abilities. Generally, stunting is caused by prolonged insufficient nutrient intake, as well as inadequate caregiving from pregnancy to the first 1000 days after birth. Despite the government implementing policies to reduce the stunting rate, the decrease in stunting rates in Indonesia is still far from the set target. In 2012, the Indonesian government participated in the First 1000 Days of Life Movement aimed at improving the quality of life for Indonesian children in the future by focusing on the first 1000 days of a child's life. This research aims to determine the Influence of HPK 1000 Education Through Audio-Visual Media on the Knowledge of Pregnant Women in Cikakak Village, Wangon II Health Center. This study used pre-experimental research, with a one-group pretest-posttest design evaluation through pretest-posttest. The research sample consisted of 23 pregnant women who were given treatment in the form of 1000 HPK socialization using audio-visual media. The Wilcoxon test results obtained a p-value (0.000) no more than 0.05 indicating that there is a difference in knowledge about 1000 HPK in pregnant women before and after being given educational intervention using audio-visual media. A recommendation that can be given is that in health promotion programs, especially 1000 HPK, there needs to be the use of audio-visual media.

Implementation of Home Visit Program in an Effort to Improve the Nutritional Status of Toddlers in Developing Countries: Scoping Review

Malnutrition in toddlers is still a severe problem in developing countries. This study aims to determine how the home visit program is implemented in an effort to improve the nutritional status of toddlers in developing countries. This study used the scoping review framework from Arksey and O'Malley (2005). The articles chosen are published from 2010 to 2019 in developing countries. The article was obtained from the PubMed, Wiley, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Article selection process using the Mendeley and Covidence applications. Five of the 159 articles selected showed that a combined home visiting program could rehabilitate underweight 5x faster (OR equal 4.74, 95percent CI equal 2.47-9.09), significantly reduce moderate malnutrition (-3.3 vs. -1.5; p less than 0, 0001) and severe malnutrition (-3.8 vs. -1.8; p less than 0.001) and 55percent of children achieved recovery z-score more than equal -1 which took an average of 14 weeks. Additionally, wasting was reduced by 27 percent (aOR: 0.73, 95 percent CI: 0.55–0.97), underweight by 40 percent (aOR: 0.60, 95 percent CI: 0.47–0.75), and stunting by 27 percent (aOR: 0.73, 95 percent CI: 0.57–0.93). This study concludes that the home visit program is an effective and significant strategy to reduce the incidence of underweight, moderate and severe malnutrition, stunting, and wasting in toddlers only when combined with other programs. Several research gaps were also identified, which could be confirmed through further research.

VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION COVERAGE AND PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION STATUS AMONG TODDLERS IN SIDOARJO, INDONESIA

Background: A toddler's nutrition status is an essential indicator of public welfare, and the occurrence of malnutrition leads to severe problems that impact child growth development. Purpose: This research aims to understand the coverage correlation of giving vitamin A with the occurrence of malnutrition among toddlers in Sidoarjo regency. Methods: The researchers used ecological study methods followed by the usage of secondary data retrieved from Sidoarjo's Regency Health Profile in 2020-2022 with a sub-district analysis unit. Vitamin A coverage and the nutrition status amount by sub-district were visualized on the map using QGIS. Pearson's correlation test was used to find out the correlation between coverage of giving vitamin A and nutrition status. Results: The findings show that there are none of the significant correlations found between giving vitamin A and the occurrence of malnutrition in toddlers, which tends to increase annually. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no significant correlation between the coverage of vitamin A and the occurrence of malnutrition among toddlers, which indicates there are a few factors and risks that play an essential role in participating in the impact of malnutrition status among toddlers in Sidoarjo regency.

Nutritional status of toddlers, education level, and habitual hygiene behaviour among mothers in West Java, Indonesia

Background: Malnutrition in toddlers can cause impaired growth and become one of the risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Mothers with a good level of education will affect their ability to select and serve foods with balanced nutrition for toddlers. Meanwhile, maternal hygiene behavior related to the cleanliness of food, drinks, body, and the environment is an important factor in preventing various diseases that can influence the nutritional status of children under the age of five. Purpose: To identify the correlation between maternal education level and hygiene behavior with the nutritional status of toddlers in Hamlet III Sukamulya Village. Method: Cross-sectional. The data used is primary data collected through a questionnaire. Data include maternal demographics, toddler characteristics, and maternal hygiene behaviors. The population of this study consisted only of mothers with toddlers from Hamlet III Sukamulya village using a total sampling technique with a total of 145 respondents. Data were analyzed with univariate analysis and bivariate analysis using Spearman rho test. Results: Showed that the majority of mothers had a basic education level (79.3%), and had good hygiene behavior (90.3%), and most toddlers had normal nutritional status (63.4%). This study found a p-value of 0.772 on the mother's education level variable and a p-value of 0.085 on the hygiene behavior variable. Conclusion: there is no correlation between maternal education level and nutritional status of toddlers and there is no correlation between hygiene behavior and nutritional status of toddlers.

Factors Associated With Undernutrition In Children in Tanjung Raya Village, Teluk Dalam District Simeulue District

Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018, 49% of the 10.4 million deaths of children under five in developing countries were related to malnutrition. It is recorded that around 50% of children under five in Asia suffer from malnutrition (UNICEf, 2018). Nationally, the prevalence of malnutrition and malnutrition is still fluctuating. Objective: To determine the factors associated with poor nutrition in toddlers in Tanjung Raya Village, Teluk Dalam District, Simeulue Regency in 2023. Method: The research design used an analytical survey with a cross sectional approach. The population used was all mothers who had toddlers in Tanjung Raya Village, Teluk Dalam District, Simeulue Regency. The sampling technique used total sampling, namely 43 respondents. The data instrument used was a questionnaire that was distributed and filled in directly by respondents. Data analysis used the chi-square test with significance ?=0.05. Results: The chi-square test shows that there is a relationship between maternal knowledge and malnutrition with p-value = 0.002, there is a relationship between maternal attitudes and malnutrition with p-value = 0.009, there is a parenting pattern with undernutrition with p-value = 0.005. Conclusion: There is a relationship between maternal knowledge, attitudes and parenting patterns and malnutrition among toddlers in Tanjung Raya Village, Teluk Dalam District, Simeulue Regency in 2023. The results of this research are expected to be a reference for improving knowledge, attitudes and parenting patterns of mothers with malnutrition in toddlers

MENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN DAN KESIAPAN IBU HAMIL DALAM MEMBERIKAN ASI EKSKLUSIF DI KLINIK NUSANTARA KESEHATAN

The World Health Organization states that only two percent of babies experience Early Breastfeeding Initiation (EBI) and only around 40% of babies are given exclusive breast milk. Babies who are not given exclusive breast milk will tend to get sick easily. If the baby is sick, nutritional support will be disrupted because it is likely that the child will have difficulty eating, and this will result in malnutrition in toddlers. This community service activity aims to increase information and knowledge of pregnant women in the Medan Helvetia area about exclusive breastfeeding. This activity was carried out at the Nusantara Health Clinic, Medan Helvetia with the target participants being pregnant women. The instruments used in this activity were posters on how to care for breasts, practicing correct breastfeeding techniques and flyers about exclusive breastfeeding. The method used is counseling. As a result of the activity, there were 11 pregnant women who took part in the activity with the majority of mothers being aged 21-30 years and the majority with the highest education being high school. It is hoped that this activity can have a positive impact on pregnant women to be able to provide exclusive breast milk properly without providing any additional food until the baby is 6 months old. Keywords: Exclusive Breastfeeding, Pregnant Women, Promotion, Stunting

Prevention Of Lack of Nutrition And Stunting through Class of Pregnant Women And Toddlers 0 – 5 Years

Nutritional status is an indicator of success in health development in Indonesia. One of the nutritional problems that is still a serious challenge for health workers is malnutrition in toddlers and toddlers. Even though toddlers are the seeds of the nation's future generation. Toddlers themselves are very vulnerable to experiencing health problems as a result of poor nutritional status. Given that toddler age is the beginning of child growth and development. The impact of malnutrition on toddlers is quite diverse, including increasing the risk of infectious diseases, inhibiting the growth and development of children, causing health problems during adolescence and adulthood, and even increasing the risk of child death. This community service activity aims to increase knowledge and develop the skills of pregnant women and toddlers in meeting nutritional needs during pregnancy and toddler nutrition as well as managing healthy eating for toddlers. The methods used in the activity is counseling/education, demonstrations, and competitions for healthy infants and toddlers. The results of this activity helped almost all participants to understand infant nutrition and pregnant women's nutrition and participants were also able to manage food accordingly

Factors Associated With Undernutrition In Children in Tanjung Raya Village, Teluk Dalam District Simeulue District

Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018, 49% of the 10.4 million deaths of children under five in developing countries were related to malnutrition. It is recorded that around 50% of children under five in Asia suffer from malnutrition (UNICEf, 2018). Nationally, the prevalence of malnutrition and malnutrition is still fluctuating. Objective: To determine the factors associated with poor nutrition in toddlers in Tanjung Raya Village, Teluk Dalam District, Simeulue Regency in 2023. Method: The research design used an analytical survey with a cross sectional approach. The population used was all mothers who had toddlers in Tanjung Raya Village, Teluk Dalam District, Simeulue Regency. The sampling technique used total sampling, namely 43 respondents. The data instrument used was a questionnaire that was distributed and filled in directly by respondents. Data analysis used the chi-square test with significance ?=0.05. Results: The chi-square test shows that there is a relationship between maternal knowledge and malnutrition with p-value = 0.002, there is a relationship between maternal attitudes and malnutrition with p-value = 0.009, there is a parenting pattern with undernutrition with p-value = 0.005. Conclusion: There is a relationship between maternal knowledge, attitudes and parenting patterns and malnutrition among toddlers in Tanjung Raya Village, Teluk Dalam District, Simeulue Regency in 2023. The results of this research are expected to be a reference for improving knowledge, attitudes and parenting patterns of mothers with malnutrition in toddlers

The Effect of Education Using the Health Belief Model Approach on Mother’s Behavior in Preventing Malnutrition for Toddlers Aged 1-3 Years

Toddlers are the age group most often and prone to suffering from malnutrition or malnutrition. One of the causes of high malnutrition is the lack of public awareness in health care, especially mothers for their toddlers and monotonous counseling methods. One way to improve toddler health care can be done by providing education to mothers with various models, one of which is using the Health Belief Model approach. Education with the Health Belief Model approach provides a strong relevance between health education and behavior change. To find out the Effect of Education Using the Health Belief Model Approach on Mother's Behavior in Preventing Malnutrition in Toddlers Aged 1-3 Years at Posyandu Mawar, Kalipare Village, Malang Regency. This study used a pre-experimental design with a one group pretest and posttest design approach. The population of this study were mothers who had toddlers aged 1-3 years with malnutrition and at risk of 75 respondents who were then taken using a purposive sampling technique which obtained 42 respondents. The results of statistical tests using the Wilcoxon signed rank test obtained the value of Sig. (2-tailed) p-value = 0.00 (p <0.05) which means that there is an effect of education using the Health Belief Model approach on maternal behavior in preventing malnutrition in toddlers aged 1-3 years at Posyandu Mawar, Kalipare Village, Malang Regency . It is hoped that this research can be used to improve maternal behavior in preventing malnutrition in toddlers aged 1-3 years.

Relationship of Characteristics of Mothers and Nutritional Status of Tolls in Puskesmas Suka Mulia Nagan Raya District

The factors that influence the nutritional status of children under five are very substantial to be studied. This aims to find out what factors are related so that power action and efforts to improve nutrition can be taken in the community. Because health is a form of human right which is explicitly mandated by the 1945 Constitution. Education and time for mothers and the health of parents, especially mothers, are one of the causes of malnutrition in toddlers. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal characteristics and the nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Public Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency. The research procedure was by measuring body weight, mothers of children under five were given a nutritional status questionnaire. Data analysis using the Chi-square test showed that from 45 samples. The majority of children's nutritional status is good (77.8%). There was no relationship between maternal age and nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Public Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency (p=0.519). There is a relationship between mother's knowledge and nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Public Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency (p = 0.001). There is a relationship between maternal education and the nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency (p = 0.005). There is no relationship between mother's work and the nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Public Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency (p=0.070). There is a relationship between maternal parity and the nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Public Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency (p=0.003). From the results of the study, it can be concluded that knowledge, occupation, education and parity of mothers are related to the nutritional status of children under five. It is recommended that all mothers continue to seek information about children's health, especially the procedure for providing nutritious food to toddlers. "

The Relationship Between Food Availability, Household Food Security, and the History of Infectious Diseases with the Incidence of Malnutrition in Toddlers

The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the relationship between food availability, household food security, and history of infectious diseases with the occurrence of malnutrition in toddlers. The method used in this research is an analytical survey with a cross-sectional study design. The population in this study is toddlers aged 12-59 months in the disaster-prone area of Pantoloan, with a sample of toddlers aged 12-59 months. The results of the study show a significant relationship between food availability and the occurrence of malnutrition in toddlers (p = 0.000). This means that toddlers who do not have guaranteed food availability in the last 12 months have a greater risk of experiencing malnutrition. However, no significant relationship was found between a history of infectious diseases and the occurrence of malnutrition (p = 0.566), possibly due to the mild and non-persistent nature of malnutrition, which does not affect the toddlers' immune system. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between household food security and the occurrence of malnutrition (p = 0.006). Many families still need to prioritize adequate nutrition for their family, thus improving access to food to meet nutritional needs is still necessary. The study implies a deeper understanding of the factors influencing malnutrition in toddlers in disaster-prone areas and provides a basis for the development of appropriate interventions to improve the nutritional status of toddlers. Efforts to improve food availability and household food security are expected to reduce the risk of malnutrition in toddlers in the area.

Special Case Report of Geographic Tongue on the Dorsum of the Tongue of a 2.5-Year-Old Boy

Background: Geographic tongue is a condition that involves the dorsal surface of the tongue. This condition is usually painless, but in some cases, it may be accompanied by pain. The cause is unknown, but it is thought to be related to heredity, hormonal imbalance, and nutritional deficiencies. Case: A 2.5-year-old boy and his parents reported to the Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Oral Hospital, Jember University with the chief complaints of red islands appearing on his tongue, and worse when he eats and drinks. The patient's mother admitted that her child's complaint had appeared 1 week ago and he had a fever when this condition appeared. The patient's mother also admitted that a similar condition often appeared, almost once a month, but the location was different. The patient's mother never took any action regarding her complaint. Management: Supportive therapy, which was 60 ml of Caviplex syrup 3 times a day and 1 teaspoon after eating. Discussion: Malnutrition in toddlers can lead to disruption of physical growth and health. Indirectly, malnutrition can cause children under the age of 5 years to experience nutritional deficiencies which affect children's health, children's growth, infectious diseases, and children's intelligence, as well as attacks by certain diseases. Nutrient deficiencies inhibit epithelial cell growth. As a result, the differentiation process into stratum corneum epithelium does not occur and the oral mucosa becomes thinner due to loss of normal keratinization. Apart from causing papillary atrophy, substance deficiency can also cause inflammation, pain, and a burning sensation on the geographic tongue. Conclusion: Nutritional deficiencies can trigger geographic tongue due to decreased body resistance. Multivitamins are given as supportive therapy to increase endurance and increase appetite. Keywords: geographic tongue, nutritional deficiencies

Comparative Study of Perceptions of Pregnant Women with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) on the Fulfilment of Nutrition in the Prevention of Stunting in Semarang City

The development of human resources (HR) is strongly influenced by nutritional factors. The impact of malnutrition on pregnant women leads to low birth weight babies (LBW), malnutrition in toddlers and even stunting. This study aims to determine whether there are differences in the perceptions of pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency on nutritional fulfilment in stunting prevention based on stunting cases in Semarang City. This type of research is quantitative research with analytical observational research using a comparative study approach. The data collection method in this study was interview using a questionnaire that has been prepared by the researcher based on the Health Belief Model theory. The sample in this study were pregnant women with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) who were in the health centre with the highest stunting cases and the health centre with the lowest stunting cases, a sample of 50 respondents was taken for each health centre with stunting cases using total sampling. Data were collected by meeting pregnant women with Chronic Energy Deficiency through pregnant women's classes and door to door accompanied by health workers. Based on the results of the analysis, the data were not normally distributed so the data analysis used the Mann-Whitney u test and the significance level (p = 0.05) The results showed that there were differences in the perceived barrier to action of pregnant women with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) on the fulfilment of nutrition in preventing stunting based on differences in stunting cases namely (p value 0.033), then other variables did not show differences.

Metode Certainty Factor Untuk Mengidentifikasi Gizi Buruk Pada Balita

Malnutrition is a condition of malnutrition caused by low consumption of energy and protein in daily food intake. Malnutrition disease has claimed so many lives and what is even more ironic is that most of these victims are babies under five years old (toddlers). The Expert System Application for Identification of Malnutrition in Toddlers using the Certainty Factor method is a knowledge management system that is easy to use and dynamic. This means that experts can add, change, and remove new knowledge or rules without having to start from scratch. System design was carried out using the Waterfall model and modeling language using UML. Meanwhile, the programming language used is PHP using a MySQL database. This expert system was built to identify malnutrition in toddlers. This expert system uses the Forward Chaining inference method and the Certainty Factor method. The results of consultation tests with this system show that the system is able to determine the type of disease along with initial countermeasures and solutions that must be implemented, based on the symptoms previously selected by the user.

Expert System for Diagnosing Malnutrition Using the Certainty Factor Method

Malnutrition in toddlers causes a negative impact on motor nerve development, inhibits behavioral and cognitive development causing a decrease in academic performance and social skills . In addition, malnutrition during infancy can cause long-term risks that focus on later in life, increasing the risk of disease or disability or even death. With advances in information technology today, it is very helpful in predicting or identifying an event, one of which is an expert system that can help an expert in identifying a disease in the world of medicine. Therefore, an expert system is needed that can help doctors and the public find out the type of malnutrition they are suffering from based on the symptoms they are experiencing. The expert system uses the Certainty Factor method in reasoning to obtain diagnostic results from the symptoms shown. This method uses the value of an expert's belief in the symptoms of a disease. The aim of this research is to apply the certainty factor method in identifying malnutrition and providing definitions and suggestions for the disease suffered. The expert system was built using PHP and MySQL database. The results of applying the Certainty Factor method based on the tested data showed that the disease suffered by the patient was Kwarshiorkor with a Certainty Factor level of 0.958528 or 95%. The results of this test show that the certainty factor method expert system is able to identify a disease based on the symptoms experienced