Malignant Lesions Of Oral Cavity Research Articles

Evaluation of Immunohistochemical Marker Bcl-2 in Epithelial Dysplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is the most common malignancy noted globally.Pathogenesis of premalignant and malignant oral lesions is mainly attributed to the alteration in the molecular mechanisms that regulate apoptosis and cell proliferation. B-cell lymphoma gene 2 (Bcl-2) is the anti-apoptotic gene that prolongs cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis and is associated with the aggressive behaviour of malignant tumours. The aim of the study was to evaluate Bcl-2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma and dysplastic lesions of the oral cavity and to compare its expression with various grades of dysplasia and carcinoma. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was done on 80 clinically suspected cases of dysplastic and malignant oral cavity lesions received in the histopathology section of the Department of Pathology of Shri BM Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Vijaypura, Karnataka. Out of 80 cases, 40 were squamous cell carcinoma, and 40 were dysplastic lesions of the oral cavity. For each case, two sections measuring 4 μm thickness were prepared. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on one section, and Bcl-2 IHC staining was performed on another. Bcl-2 expression evaluation was done for each case of oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Out of 40 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 15 were well-differentiated, 22 were moderately differentiated, and three were poorly differentiated. In well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma, Bcl-2 positivity was grade 0 in 66.7% of cases and grade 1 in 33.3% of cases. In moderately differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma, Bcl-2 positivity was grade 1 in 63.6% of cases and grade 2 in 36.4% of cases. In poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma, Bcl-2 positivity was grade 1 in 33.3% and grade 2 in 66.7% of cases. Out of 40 cases of dysplastic lesions, 11 cases showed severe dysplasia, 11 cases showed moderate dysplasia and 18 cases showed mild dysplasia. grade 2 positivity was seen in 72.7% of cases of severe dysplasia and 63.6 % of cases of moderate dysplasia. In mild dysplasia, all of the cases showed grade 0 Bcl-2 expression. In poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma Bcl-2 positivity was high and low in well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma. Bcl-2 expression was higher in severe dysplasia compared to moderate dysplasia, which may indicate aggressive behaviour of tumour in poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma and severe dysplasia.

Advancements in diagnosing oral potentially malignant disorders: leveraging Vision transformers for multi-class detection

ObjectivesDiagnosing oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) is critical to prevent oral cancer. This study aims to automatically detect and classify the most common pre-malignant oral lesions, such as leukoplakia and oral lichen planus (OLP), and distinguish them from oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and healthy oral mucosa on clinical photographs using vision transformers.Methods4,161 photographs of healthy mucosa, leukoplakia, OLP, and OSCC were included. Findings were annotated pixel-wise and reviewed by three clinicians. The photographs were divided into 3,337 for training and validation and 824 for testing. The training and validation images were further divided into five folds with stratification. A Mask R-CNN with a Swin Transformer was trained five times with cross-validation, and the held-out test split was used to evaluate the model performance. The precision, F1-score, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) and the confusion matrix of the most effective model were presented.ResultsThe detection of OSCC with the employed model yielded an F1 of 0.852 and AUC of 0.974. The detection of OLP had an F1 of 0.825 and AUC of 0.948. For leukoplakia the F1 was 0.796 and the AUC was 0.938.ConclusionsOSCC were effectively detected with the employed model, whereas the detection of OLP and leukoplakia was moderately effective.Clinical relevanceOral cancer is often detected in advanced stages. The demonstrated technology may support the detection and observation of OPMD to lower the disease burden and identify malignant oral cavity lesions earlier.

A Clinicopathological Evaluation of Oral Cavity Lesions and the Role of Cytokeratin 8/18 as a Marker in Oral Premalignant and Malignant Lesions: A Hospital-based Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The oral cavity is affected by a wide range of pathologic lesions that may originate from squamous mucosa, salivary glands, mesenchymal structures and lymphoid tissue. Alterations in Cytokeratin (CK) patterns have been reported in oral potentially malignant and malignant lesions, and its expression is a hallmark of tumour progression. Aim: To evaluate different oral cavity lesions, with an emphasis on using Cytokeratin 8/18 (CK8/18) to differentiate between benign, premalignant and malignant lesions. Materials and Methods: The present hospital-based crosssectional observational study was conducted in the Departments of Pathology and Otorhinolaryngology, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital, Barpeta, Guwahati, Assam, India, from September 2020 to August 2021. A total of 93 biopsied or resected specimens clinically presenting in the Otorhinolaryngology Department with oral cavity lesions were submitted to the Department of Pathology, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital for histopathological examination followed by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with CK8/18 in all the tissue samples as per IHC protocol. Age, gender, clinical presentation and sites of lesions were also assessed, as well as, histopathological evaluation and IHC. All data were collected, compiled and subjected to suitable statistical analysis, such as one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Fisher’s exact tests using International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 28.0. Microsoft Office Word and Excel 2019 were used to generate graphs and tables. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 9-90 years and mean±Standard Deviation (SD) age was 52.69±15.81 years. Males, 59 (63.4%), were more commonly affected than females 34 (36.6%), with a male-to-female ratio of 1.73:1. Among the 93 various oral cavity lesions, 24 were located on the buccal mucosa, making it the most common site in our study. Of the 42 malignant oral cavity lesions, the most frequent was moderately differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) with a frequency of 21 cases (50%), followed by well-differentiated SCC with 18 cases, including one case of Verrucous carcinoma. Poorly differentiated SCC was the least frequent, with three cases (7.14%). CK8/18 was positive in 33 of the 42 malignant cases, four out of the 20 dysplasia cases, and all the benign cases were negative for IHC of CK8/18. The maximal intensity of CK8/18 was seen in 13/21 (62%) cases of moderately differentiated oral SCC. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study on oral cavity lesions in the lower Assam region highlighted the significance of clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations, particularly with CK8/18 staining. A predominance of lesions on the buccal mucosa was found, with moderately differentiated SCC being the most common malignant type. CK8/18 expression showed a notable association with malignant lesions, especially in moderately differentiated SCC, suggesting its potential as a diagnostic marker. These findings contribute to a better understanding of oral cavity pathologies and may aid in early detection and management strategies.

Repercussions of Smokeless Tobacco on Buccal Mucosa: A Community Based Observational Study at a Tertiary Care Centre in Western Rajasthan.

Tobacco is consumed mainly as smoking or smokeless tobacco [SLT]. "Smokeless tobacco" (SLT) term is used for the consumption of tobacco mixed with other constituents in form of chewing, spitting and dipping. Consumers of smokeless tobacco chew the products and spit out the juice that builds up in oral cavity which leads to various malignant and pre malignant lesions of oral cavity. Descriptive observational study was conducted in the city of Jodhpur through department of ENT, Head & Neck Surgery, Dr. SN medical college, Jodhpur. Male to female ratio of smokeless tobacco usage was almost same. Increasing age was associated with occurrence of oral lesions and 43% patients developed oral lesions in the group > 64 yrs of age. Duration was another associating factor and 66% developed symptoms within < 10 years of usage. Oral submucous fibrosis is the most common lesion. Malignant lesions were seen in 0.3% cases. Around 78% cases developed dependency. Diabetic patients were seen more prone to development of oral lesions. Development of lesions in the oral cavity by smokeless tobacco depends on various factors such as quantity of tobacco usage per day, place of putting tobacco and duration. Awareness regarding its fatal effects and timely diagnosis and management can save many lives.

DNA-ICM as an adjuvant method applied on oral cytological specimens

This study aimed to evaluate cytology diagnosis accuracy using adjuvant methods in clinical routine for oral cancer. This prospective study was conducted on 98 patients with clinically potentially malignant or malignant oral cavity lesions. One oral lesion smear was taken from each patient using a cytobrush before biopsy and stored at PreservCyt Thinprep. Samples were cytologically analyzed, and DNA ploidy measurement was performed on the same slide. The diagnostic methods' accuracy was then calculated. In clinical inspection, 61 patients had suspicious lesions for malignancy, whereas 37 had potentially malignant disorders. Cytology associated with DNA image cytometry presented a sensitivity of 81.2% and specificity of 90.9%. When analyzing lesions located in high-risk sites to oral malignancies individually, cytology associated with DNA image cytometry presented a sensitivity of 88.2%, specificity of 100.0%, accuracy of 90.0%, and Kappa value of 0.77 (CI 95%: 0.48-1.00). Association between cytology and DNA image cytometry is an objective and non-invasive diagnostic method that demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing malignant epithelial squamous cell transformation in the oral cavity.

CAN KI-67 PREDICT MALIGNANT AND PRE-MALIGNANT ORAL LESION? : AN EXPERIENCE IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN THE CENTRAL INDIA.

Background: Oral cancer ranks the sixth commonest cancer worldwide and the third most common cancer in India. Ki67 index has been suggested to play an important role in early diagnosis and prognosis of potentially malignant disorders. This study aims to understand prognostic role of Ki 67 expression in different categories of oral mucosal neoplastic lesions in Central India, where tobacco chewing is endemic. This could help in early categorization and effective management of patients. Aims: To study the Ki67 expression in terms of Index of Positivity and Intensity score in oral mucosal neoplastic lesions. Setting and Design: Department of Pathology, Tertiary Care Hospital Observational &amp; Prospective study Methods &amp; Material: The expression of Ki-67was studied in parafn- embedded tissue sections of histopathology proven pre- malignant and malignant lesions of oral cavity in ninety four cases. Results: Association of Ki67 Expression Intensity score with the type of lesion was found to be signicant in premalignant and malignant lesions predominantly (p= &lt;0.001).Similarly, Ki67 Index of positivity score was highly statistically signicant (p= &lt;0.001) in association with the type of lesion. Conclusions: the expression of Ki-67 correlates well with the disease progression from dysplasia to carcinoma of the oral cavity. It is therefore a marker of malignant transformation and carcinogenesis in oral premalignant lesions and in future it may serve as a prognostic tool in the early detection of malignancy

A bird's-eye view of pathologist over diagnostic confusion of oral cavity lesions.

Oral cavity can be host to multitude of neoplastic, premalignant or non neoplastic pathological lesions. Diagnosis of lesions of oral cavity is always of interest to clinician and pathologist and rely on clinical appearance of lesions. There can be variation in diagnosis of clinical lesion with histopathology. Many oral carcinomas arise within the sites that previously had premalignant lesion. Incidence of oral cancers in population has increased among younger generations related to habits and lifestyle. These lesions during clinical presentation are misleading and create diagnostic dilemma owing to age, sex and distribution of lesions. Understanding distribution of oral mucosal lesions helps to diagnose lesions of oral cavity. Purpose of this study is to observe the variation in clinical diagnosis with histopathological diagnosis in patients with inflammatory, premalignant, benign and malignant lesions of oral cavity and oropharynx and also clinical distribution of lesions of oral cavity and oropharynx lesions by histopathology. Out of total 105 lesions, ulcer in oral cavity seen in 58 (55.23%) of patients, followed by swelling or feeling of lump in oral cavity in 36 (34.29%) of patients and foreign body sensation in 23 (21.90%) of patients with tongue as most frequent site for most of lesions of oral cavity accounting in 33 (31.43%) of cases, and less frequently lesions were seen in retro molar trigone area in 2 (1.90%) patients. Histopathological diagnosis of premalignant, non neoplastic and inflammatory lesions was made in 24 (22.85%) cases, benign tumours were diagnosed in 14 (13.33%) cases and rest of 67 (63.81%) lesions were malignant. Mucocoel were seen in five (4.76%) cases, radicular cyst was seen in one (0.95%) case of female patient and four cases of Leukoplakia with one case showing mild dysplasia. Among benign tumours 11 (10.47%) patients presented with gingivitis turned out to be squamous papillomas were seen in five (4.76%) cases, fibroma was diagnosed in four (3.80%) cases, pyogenic granuloma was diagnosed in four (3.80%) cases most commonly seen over gingiva and myoepithelioma of minor salivary gland was observed in one (0.95%) case over soft palate. Out of 67 cases of malignant lesions squamous cell carcinomas were seen in 59 (88.05%) cases followed by verrucous carcinoma in 3 (4.47%) cases, 2 (2.99%) cases were basaloid squamous cell carcinomas, mucoepidermoid carcinoma was seen in 2 (2.99%) cases and 1 (1.49%) case of adenoid cystic carcinoma was seen. Majority of squamous cell carcinomas cases in study were well differentiated in 49 (73.13%) cases followed by moderately differentiated in 16 (23.88%) cases and poorly differentiated in 2 (2.99%) cases. Malignant transformation of tonsil tissue post operatively was observed in 1 (0.95%) patients on histopathology. One (2.5%) case of myoepithelioma was seen in 60 years male over soft palate. Of all oral biopsies reported in study, increasing trend of malignancies in lower age groups of population making it an emerging threat to community and highlighting need to take effective measures to increase public awareness about risk factors and consequences of this condition. Screening programmes targeted to population over 25 years are recommended to overcome this.

Application of Metabolomics in Oral Cancer

As an extension and terminal of genomics and proteomics, metabolomics has recently become a research focus of disease prevention, pathogenesis and disease diagnosis. With the development of metabolomics, its research in oral cancer and potential malignant lesions of oral cavity can provide important reference materials for laboratory and clinical practice. This paper reviews the theoretical basis of metabolomics, detection methods and analysis methods in oral cancer and potential malignant lesions of oral cavity.

Combination of Binary System with Ki67 Immunohistochemical Staining: a Reliable Grading Method for Oral Epithelial Dysplasia.

Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a common potentially malignant lesion of oral cavity that should be managed to prevent likely malignant transformation. Here, we present a combination of binary grading system with complementary immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for Ki67 biomarker to provide a reproducible OED grading system. In this cross-sectional study, seventy out of one hundred OED specimens, which were accompanied by IHC stained microscopic slides for Ki67 antigen were evaluated by four independent oral pathologists. Both three-tier and binary grading systems based on WHO microscopic criteria were employed , blindly in a four-step method with at least two-week interval between each observation. Intra- and inter-observational reliability was assessed using Kappa statistical analysis. OED diagnosis based on binary system showed significant intra-observer reliability comparing to three-tier system without biomarker. Moreover, OED diagnosis based on binary system using Ki67 biomarker showed significant inter-observer reliability comparing to diagnosis in three tier system and based on binary system without Ki67 biomarker showed significant inter-observer reliability comparing to diagnosis based on three-tier system without Ki67. Here, we found that application of IHC staining for Ki67 biomarker in binary system might provide a more reliable grading method for oral pathologist form different educational background.

MO26-3 miR-155-5p and miR-1246 as promising biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinomas

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 91% of malignant lesions of oral cavity and prognosis may be influenced by tumor progression. microRNA-155-5p and miRNA 1246 are known to play an important role in many cancers. Their expression and function in OSCC has not been not fully understood and the literature is scarce, particularly, in Indian subcontinent.

Histopathological spectrum of oral cavity lesions – A tertiary care experience

Oral cancer is one of a major health problem in some parts of the world especially in the developing countries. Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world whereas in India it is one of the most prevalent cancer. Oral cavity lesions are usually asymptomatic. Accurate diagnosis of the lesion is the first step for the proper management of patients and histopathology is considered as the gold standard. The objective is to study the different patterns of oral cavity lesions seen in a tertiary care hospital of Jammu: One year retrospective study. Post graduate department of pathology.: It was a retrospective study carried out in a tertiary care centre for a period of one year from March 2020 to Feb 2021. 148 cases of oral cavity lesions were included in this study. The parameters that were included in the study were sociodemographic data, site of the lesion, clinical features and histological diagnosis. Data collected was analysed.148 cases of oral lesions were identified during the period of study. The age of patients varied from 5 to 78years and Male to Female ratio was 2.2:1. Buccal mucosa (30%) was the most common site involved which was followed by tonsil (19%). Out of 148 cases 70 cases were malignant, 10 cases pre malignant and 21 cases were benign. Squamous cell carcinoma (33.7%) was the most common lesion present in our study. Oral cavity lesions have a vast spectrum of diseases which range from tumour like lesions to benign and malignant tumours. Our study concluded that squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion of oral cavity. Histological typing of the lesion is important for confirmation of malignancy and it is essential for the proper management of the patient.

Accuracy of autofluorescence and chemiluminescence in the diagnosis of oral Dysplasia and Carcinoma: A systematic review and Meta-analysis

ObjectivesTo define the accuracy of autofluorescence-based (AF) and chemiluminescence-based (CL) systems in the diagnosis of oral dysplastic and malignant lesions in addition to the Conventional Oral Examination (COE). Materials and MethodsThe study was performed according to the PRISMA-DTA guidelines. ResultsA total of 2631 oral cavity lesions (AF, n = 2076; CL, n = 555) from 26 studies (AF = 17; CL = 9) was used for calculation of diagnostic accuracy parameters.The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity of the AF were 81.3% (95% CI: 74.3% − 87.5%) and 52.1% (95% CI: 36.9% − 67.1%), respectively. Cumulative diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 5.44 (95% CI: 2.29 – 10.56) with a significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 80.7%, 95% CI: 70.0% − 86.7%; p < .05).The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity for the CL were 84.9% (95% CI: 66.7% − 96.7%) and 51.8% (95% CI: 37.3% − 65.9%), respectively. The overall pooled DOR was 8.59 (95% CI: 2.11 – 22.38) with a significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 65.4%, 95% CI: 29.6% − 83.0%; p < .05). ConclusionsAF and CL present a high sensitivity in the diagnosis of dysplastic and malignant oral cavity lesions, demonstrating that diagnostic biopsies may be avoided in case of a negative test result. Both tests have a low specificity, and the reduction of the false positive rate compared to the COE alone remains poor.

Role of Vimentin and E-cadherin Expression in Premalignant and Malignant Lesions of Oral Cavity.

To determine the role of Vimentin and E-cadherin expression in oral premalignant and malignant lesions. 68 histopathologically confirmed cases of premalignant and malignant oral cavity lesions enrolled. Biopsy specimens were taken from lesion of all cases and subjected to immunohistochemical evaluation of expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin. We examined the relationships between the expression of these markers and specific clinicopathological features were analyzed. Out of 68 cases 28 showed high vimentin expression (3 + and 4 + grade) and 40 showed low vimentin expression (1 + and 2 + grade). 20 cases out of 68 presented with high E-cadherin expression (3 + and 4 +) and rest 48 with low expression (1 + and 2 +) of the same. Smoking and tobacco chewing reflected non-significant association with their expression. In this study all 28 patients (100%) with high vimentin expression had malignant lesions and 17 (60.7%) presented with metastatic lymph nodes Out of 20 patients with high E-cadherin expression 8(40.0%) had malignant lesions and 12 (60.0%) had pre malignant lesions and 4 (20%) showed nodal metastasis. As tumor stage (TNM) progresses, it showed increased vimentin and decreased E-cadherin expression and vice versa. We concluded that increased vimentin and decreased E-cadherin expression in oral cancers are associated with metastasis and disease progression in terms of upstaging of disease. We can use cellular expression of vimentin and E-cadherin for early diagnosis of disease.

Spectrum of lesions of head and neck in a medical college of North India

Head and neck lesions especially oral cancers and pre-cancerous lesions have a high prevalence in India, especially in states like Uttar Pradesh pertaining to use of Pan masala, smokeless tobacco and zarda in the population. The lesions are common in patients of all age groups.This histopathology based study was conducted for the assessment of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of head and neck in the region around North Indian city of Lucknow.This is a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology, T S Misra Medical college and Hospital, Amausi, Lucknow. The head and neck cases for time period of two years and eight months were retrieved from the histopathologic section of department. Thorough analysis of these specimens was done and data was compiled based on histomorphological diagnosis and other parameters like site of lesion, sex and age group.Study was done for 189 biopsies from head and neck region. Peak incidence of case was seen in 21-50 years age group, in the overall age range 3 to 86 years of our study. Male outnumbered female by ratio of 1.77:1. 63 cases of the study were inflammatory, 40 cystic, 46 benign, 14 dysplastic and rest 26 cases were malignant. Commonest malignant lesion was Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.It was noteworthy that precancerous and malignant lesions of oral cavity constitute a high percentage of head and neck lesions for the present cohort of referral patients.

Expression OF p16INK4a Gene in Premalignant and Malignant Lesions of Oral Cavity

Squamous cell carcinoma is the summits malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. Tobacco and alcohol is identified as risk factors, but squamous cell carcinoma can occur in patients with no known risk factors. Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignancy and is one of the major causes of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cancer is caused due to a series of alteration in genetic and epigenetic factors that occur in multiple steps and is influenced by the genetic predisposition of the individual and by exogenous environmental factors. These factors result in a series of molecular alteration, including inactivation of tumor suppressor genes expression of p16 has been proposed as a marker for malignant transformation. The p16 staining was correlated between the control and study groups and p 16 was shown to be increasing expressed in premalignant and less expressed in malignant category and was found to be statistically significant by Fischer’s exact test. This study concluded that p16 was increasingly expressed in premalignant lesions and less expressed in malignant lesion. In the present study 9 of the control cases were p16 negative and one case showed sporadic staining. The study group I showed 1 case of sporadic staining, 6 cases of focal staining and 8 cases of diffuse staining. The study II showed 14 cases of sporadic staining, 6 cases of focal staining and 5 cases of diffuse staining. Hence variations cannot be accurately assessed, but it plays a crucial role in assessing pre-malignant lesions progressing to malignancy. To confirm this, a larger sample study is required. As advances in research have leads to greater understanding of potentially malignant lesions in the oral cavity.

Histopathological spectrum of benign and malignant lesions of oral cavity in a patient attending Coastal tertiary care hospital – A Retrospective study

Histopathological spectrum of benign and malignant lesions of oral cavity in a patient attending Coastal tertiary care hospital – A Retrospective study

Histopathological study of Pre-malignant and malignant Lesions of oral cavity: A prospective study from SAMS medical college

Background: In developing countries like India oral hygiene and oral health facilities are still out of reach of a sizable population. Along with this consumption of Paan, Gutkha and other tobacco products aggravated the oral health. Oral cavities are the most common site of lesions. These pre-malignant lesions became malignant over time and causes irreversible oral cancers. Aims and Objective : To study the histopathology (changes in tissues) of lesions of oral cavities. Materials and Methods : This study enrolled 140 patients of oral cavity lesions and followed up for a period of 12 months. For histopathology lesions tissue sample was taken and biopsy was done post fixation in 10% buffered formalin, tissue were routinely processed and embedded in paraffin wax. Multiple sections were stained with Hematoxylin and eosin and studied them to find the correlation with gender, age, site of lesion and histopathological diagnosis. Result: Out of 124 oral biopsies, 52(42%) were malignant lesion, 46(37%) were pre-malignant lesion and 26(21%) were benign lesions. There is male preponderance in gender distribution of patients. Buccal mucosa was most common site of lesion. In malignant lesion group 50 patient of had squamous cell carcinoma (moderate in 67.31% and clear in 28.58%). In pre-malignant group keratosis with mild dysplasia was highest (28.26%) followed by the Oral submucous fibrosis (21.47%). Conclusion: Awareness about oral health and hygiene is necessary to prevent the oral health complications. Early detection of pre-malignant lesion id helpful in prevention of malignant cancer and complications. Along with clinical examination histopathological investigation should be done for lesions of oral cavity. Keywords: Histopathology, Cavity, Biopsy, Malignant.

STUDY OF HISTOPATHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF ORAL LESIONS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, CIMS (5 YEARS RETROSPECTIVE)

Background: Oral cavity is a common site for non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, most are asymptomatic, but lesion like squamous cell carcinoma leads to cosmetic disgurement and mental trauma to the patient. Early diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesion improves the accuracy of diagnosis and early management. Aim: To study Histopathological Spectrum of Oral cavity Lesions on the basis of type, age, sex and site distribution. Material and methods: A retrospective study was carried out in a pathology department of Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences (CIMS), Bilaspur, (C.G.) for oral lesion during the time period of Jan 2016 to Dec 2020. Study includes total 275 cases, 650 blocks and 720 stained histopathology slides ( H and E stained). Data like age, sex, site of lesion was collected from histopathological register. Result: Total 275 cases of oral cavity lesions were studied in which were 188 (68.36%) male and 87 (31.64%) were female. Included age group from 6 years to 85 years, out of 275 cases 162 (58.91%) Malignant lesions, 64 (23.27%) non-neoplastic lesions, 31 (11.27%) Benign lesions, 18 (06.55%) premalignant lesions. Buccal mucosa was most common site for oral lesion followed by tongue and lips. Most common lesion was squamous cell carcinoma followed by pyogenic granuloma and inammatory lesions. Conclusion: In our study squamous cell carcinoma is most common malignant lesion of oral cavity . Clinical diagnosis is not enough for determination of the nature of lesion. Histopathological evaluation is important tool for diagnosis of the lesion in premalignant and early stages so we can prevent mental and psychological trauma to the patient

Biomarkers in Saliva as Diagnostic Tool in Early Diagnosis of Oral Submucous Fibrosis

The potentially malignant lesions of oral cavity pose a sensitive challenge to the public health status. The risk is considerably high of malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) into oral cancer. The more rapidly they get diagnosed early, the better it is for public oral health. The need of the hour is to put into general practice the minimally invasive and noninvasive procedures of diagnostics for these lesions. Salivary biomarkers are recently advanced diagnostic tools fit for the requirement. With more researches and developments in technology, they are becoming a fast and with ease both patient and clinician-friendly choice and also medically appropriate. High expectations are that salivary biomarkers become sole noninvasive and exact method of diagnosing premalignant disorders such as OSMF.

Association between Smokeless Tobacco and risk of malignant and premalignant conditions of oral cavity: A systematic review of Indian literature.

Causative linkages of tobacco use with oral potentially malignant disorders and cancers of oral cavity have been studied. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in India. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) monograph found a significant association between smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and oral cancer. However, only a few limited studies have been represented on the IARC monograph. Published meta-analyses have provided pooled risk estimates for oral cancers caused by tobacco, both on global and regional levels. This systematic review was aimed at summarizing all the available studies exclusively in India by collecting data from PubMed and Medline. Emphasis was laid on cohort and case–control studies, and a few cross-sectional studies for premalignant lesions were also discussed. A significant association was noticed on SLT and premalignant and malignant oral cavity lesions.