Male Research Articles

Dibutyl benzotriazolium tetrafluoroborate doped PANI as an electrode material for energy storage

This work is on the reporting of the synthesis of 1,3-dibutyl-1,2,3-benzotriazolium tetrafluoroborate-doped polyaniline through interfacial polymerization and its material characterizations through FT-IR, XRD, EDS, FESEM, XPS, BET, and TGA and electrochemical property evaluation through CV, EIS, and GCD. The electrode was tested in an ionic liquid electrolyte solution with a 3-electrode setup, which gave an effective potential window from −1.5 to 1.0 V. PANI-DIBUTBTBF4 electrodes were tested on benzotriazolium tetrafluoroborate gel polymer electrolyte using poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) as host polymer for supercapacitor application through evaluating the electrochemical properties of the fabricated prototype with CV, EIS, and GCD. The SC prototype showed an efficient electrochemical window of 3.5 V. And at 0–3.5 V, it shows a high specific capacitance of 1417.88 F g−1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1, and from the galvanostatic charge discharge cycle at a current density of 0.32 A g−1, an energy density of 7.11 mW h g−1 and a power density of 555.06 mW g−1 were observed. The prototype retains a capacitance of 89 % even after 3000 cycles. A single swagelok cell charged at 2 V for 20 min was able to light a red (1.6 V, 20 mA) LED brightly for 5 min, which demonstrated its practical applicability.

Imbalance in Glucose Metabolism Regulates the Transition of Microglia from Homeostasis to Disease-Associated Microglia Stage 1.

Microglia undergo two-stage activation in neurodegenerative diseases, known as disease-associated microglia (DAM). TREM2 mediates the DAM2 stage transition, but what regulates the first DAM1 stage transition is unknown. We report that glucose dyshomeostasis inhibits DAM1 activation and PKM2 plays a role. As in tumors, PKM2 was aberrantly elevated in both male and female human AD brains, but unlike in tumors, it is expressed as active tetramers, as well as among TREM2+ microglia surrounding plaques in 5XFAD male and female mice. snRNAseq analyses of microglia without Pkm2 in 5XFAD mice revealed significant increases in DAM1 markers in a distinct metabolic cluster, which is enriched in genes for glucose metabolism, DAM1, and AD risk. 5XFAD mice incidentally exhibited a significant reduction in amyloid pathology without microglial Pkm2 Surprisingly, microglia in 5XFAD without Pkm2 exhibited increases in glycolysis and spare respiratory capacity, which correlated with restoration of mitochondrial cristae alterations. In addition, in situ spatial metabolomics of plaque-bearing microglia revealed an increase in respiratory activity. These results together suggest that it is not only glycolytic but also respiratory inputs that are critical to the development of DAM signatures in 5XFAD mice.

Abstract 5816: An effective delivery platform for nucleic acid therapeutics: Enhanced cancer cell internalization and endosomal escape

Abstract Nucleic acid therapeutics (NATs), such as siRNA and mRNA, show great potential as cancer medicines. However, translation of these compounds has been held back by their limited bioavailability in target tissues. The aim of this study was to test the use of a novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-based delivery platform to enhance uptake of NAT into cancer cells. This platform consists of a highly efficient CPP that combines the advantages of multimerization and cyclization of the archetypal CPP, TAT peptide1, plus a photochemical (PC) strategy to promote endosomal release of NAT into the cytoplasm2. Negatively charged NATs form complexes with cationic CPPs through charge:charge interaction. NATs (siRNA or mRNA) were incubated with CPP at different molar ratios and assessed in gel retardation assays. Efficiency of internalization of Cy3-NAT:CPP complexes was evaluated using live cell confocal imaging with quantification of intracellular fluorescence. The mechanism of cellular uptake of NAT:CPP was investigated using inhibitors of endocytosis (chlorpromazine, NaN3, amiloride and methyl-β-cyclodextrin). To trigger NAT release from intracellular vesicles, 420 nm/50 mA LED light irradiation was applied following pre-treatment of cells with a photosensitizer, fimaprofin. CPP-PC mediated internalization and endosomal release was used for delivery of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) siRNA. GAPDH enzymatic activity assays (Sigma, USA) were conducted to confirm inhibition of GAPDH in HeLa, HEK293T and MDA-MB-231 cells. Transfection efficiency of mRNA encoding enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) was evaluated by flow cytometry in HeLa cells. NAT:CPP complexes were found to be maximally efficient at a 10:1 molar ratio. Analysis of live cell confocal images indicated that GAPDH Cy3-siRNA:CPP complexes were more efficiently internalized compared to Cy3-siRNA + monomeric TAT or Cy3-siRNA + lipofectamine (****p<0.0001, one-way ANOVA). The combined CPP-PC platform delivers NAT via a clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. CPP-PC delivery of GAPDH siRNA caused marked GAPDH enzyme activity downregulation in HeLa (91%), MDA-MB-231 (51%) and HEK293T (44%) cells. These results were similar to the level of downregulation achieved with lipofectamine + GAPDH siRNA. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that 52.4% of HeLa cells expressed eGFP at 1 h following delivery of mRNA-eGFP by CPP-PC. Functional siRNA and mRNA were efficiently delivered into the cytoplasm of cancer cells through combined use of a multimeric/cyclized CPP plus photochemical-mediated endosomal release. This approach holds promise for clinical application, particularly in the treatment of intraluminal tumors. 1. Tietz, O. et al. Nat Chem. 14: 284-93, 2022. 2. Selbo, P. K. et al. J Control Release. 148, 2-12, 2010. Citation Format: Siqi Li, Ole Tietz, Afaf H. El-Sagheer, Tom Brown, Katherine A. Vallis. An effective delivery platform for nucleic acid therapeutics: Enhanced cancer cell internalization and endosomal escape [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5816.

WITHDRAWN: Psychoneuroimmunological characterization in schizophrenia requires health-related adjustments

Schizophrenia is severe and complex. It’s etiology, course, and severity are influe nced by biologica l (e.g., genetic) and psychosocial factors (e.g., urbanicity). Altera tions in cytokine s leve ls (im mune function bioma rkers) were reported in schizophrenia, which related to symptom severity, indicating a potentia l role of im mune activity in this dis order. Cytokine leve ls are influenced by life habits (e.g., smoking), personal characteristics (e.g., sex/ gender), and life conditions (e.g., care access).We used data from the Signature Biobank: 262 schizophrenic patients vis iting an emergency room in Montreal, Canada, and 145 healthy controls. We investigated pla sma concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α and CRP in relation to schizophrenia diagnosis and symptom severity and adjusted analyses with tobacco use, BMI, age and sex.Patients showed higher levels of IL-6 (t=2.67, p=0.008) than controls, along with females compared to ma le s (t=1.844, p=0.033), and smokers compared to non-smokers (t=2.304, p=0.029). Among non-smokers, IL-6 remained higher for patients (t=1.932, p(unila teral)=0.027), but not when controlling for age and BMI (F=2.849, p=0.093). Non-smoking female patients showed higher IL-6 levels, even when controlling for BMI and age (F=6.916, p=0.010). TNF-α correlated with depressive (r=0.162, p=0.010) and psychotic symptoms (r=0.213, p<0.001) among patients.Cytokine s in schizophrenia need contextua liza tion to refle ct life habits ’ influence. Each cytokine has a different role in im mune activity that relates differently with dia gnos is and symptom severity.Immunophenotyping among schizophre nic patients require s adjusting for individual characteristics. This characterizati

Maximizing performance in Cs₂CuBiCl₆ perovskite cells through machine learning-driven absorber layer parameter analysis

Conventional perovskite materials offer reasonable power conversion efficiency (PCE) but are plagued by stability issues. To address this, researchers have explored alternative materials, such as MA and FA-based lead or lead-free perovskites, known for their improved PCE and stability. In this study, we focused on a cesium (Cs)-based cell, Cs₂CuBiCl₆, which not only exhibits acceptable PCE but also demonstrates superior stability compared to traditional perovskite materials. To optimize the Cs₂CuBiCl₆-based cell, we conducted simulations varying parameters like thickness, bulk defect density (BDD), and doping. The optimized PCE for the Cs₂CuBiCl₆-based cell reached 10.30 %. We generated 1000 datasets through simulations, which serve as input for machine learning (ML) algorithms, including random forest (RF) and XGboost (XGB). The XGB model outperformed the RF model, achieving a higher R-squared value (R2: 99.97 %) and a lower mean squared error (MSE: 0.0014).

Symmetrical dialkyl-benzotriazolium as gel polymer electrolyte for energy storage and their alkyl chain trend on their electrochemical property

This work is on reporting development of symmetrically dialkylated series of benzotriazolium ionic liquids with tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate anion and their electrochemical properties. Also fabrication, and testing of ionic liquid as solid state gel polymer electrolyte using poly (vinylidenefluoride co hexa-fluoropropylene) as host polymer and testing their efficiency in electrical double layer capacitor. Structural characterizations done with 1H NMR, and 13C NMR and their property characterizations like electrochemical properties and the thermal properties of salts were done. All ionic liquids shows a potential window of ∼4.0 V. Cytotoxicity studies for understanding environmental friendliness of benzotriazolium ILs also studied using MTT assay which proved their alkyl chain effect on toxicity. The series of 1,3-dialkyl-1,2,3-benzotriazolium cationic and BF4ˉand PF6ˉ anionic ionic liquids shows are promising efficiency for energy storage application. Solid state gel polymer electrolyte using 1,3-dipropBTBF4 tested with symmetrical electrical double layer capacitor which shows 0–7.0 V excellent operating window. And at 0–3.5 V shows a good specific capacitance of 56.96 Fg−1 at scan rate of 2 mVs−1, and at a current density of 0.45 Ag−1 from galvanostatic charge discharge cycle a specific capacitance of 1.78 Fg−1 with energy density of 3.09 mWh and 509.45 mWg−1 power density. The prototype retains capacitance of 91.89 % even after 2000 cycles. Even after 2000 cycles the film stability is not much affected and resistance is not varied drastically. Single Swagelok cell charged at 2 V for 20 min was able to light red (1.7 V, 20 mA) LED brightly for 8 min, using two Swagelok cell charged individually up to 2 V for 20 min was enough to lit a blue LED of 2.7 V connected in series for 7 min brightly, which demonstrated its practical applicability. The unused IL remaining in the gel polymer electrolyte is easily and completely recovered out of the polymer host after studies which found to be advantages towards environmental friendliness in line with their disposal.

Acoustic Parameters in the Evaluation of Voice Quality of Choral Singers. Prototype of Mobile Application for Voice Quality Evaluation

Choral singers are among intensive voice users whose excessive vocal effort puts them at risk of developing voice disorders. The aim of the work was to assess voice quality for choral singers in the choir at the Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology. This evaluation was carried out using the acoustic parameters from the COVAREP (A Collaborative Voice Analysis Repository For Speech Technologies) repository. A prototype of a mobile application was also prepared to allow the calculation of these parameters. The study group comprised 6 male and 19 female choir singers. The control group consisted of healthy non-singing individuals, 50 men and 39 women. Auditory perceptual assessment (using the RBH scale) as well as acoustic analysis were used to test the voice quality of all the participants. The voice quality of the female choir singers proved to be normal in comparison with the control group. The male choir singers were found to have tense voice in comparison with the controls. The parameters which proved most effective for voice evaluation were Peak Slope and Normalized Amplitude Quotient.

Evaluation of salivary levels of beta amyloid in patients with Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundSalivary analysis of amyloid beta protein levels in Alzheimer’s disease patients and research participants without Alzheimer’s disease.MethodThis is a case‐control study carried out in patients with a diagnosis of probable AD and cognitively healthy patients without AD. There were 3 groups, totaling 76 people: group 1 with AD; Group 2 without AD (under 59 years old) and group 3 without AD (over 60 years old). Ethics committee opinion n° 3,130,636. Salivary analysis of Ab‐40 and Ab‐42 performed by the ELISA method.ResultOur investigations for salivary AB42 showed slightly higher levels in male and female AD patients compared to healthy ones. The general AB42 group for AD was superior to the general group of healthy ones, demonstrating the feasibility of using saliva as a diagnostic element for AD.ConclusionAmyloid beta protein in fractions 40 and 42 amino acids (Ab1‐40 and Ab1‐42) were expressed in higher concentrations in AD patients and reduced in healthy ones, strengthening the hypothesis of the use of this fluid as an adjuvant in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Clinicopathological Profile of Patients with Bronchogenic Carcinoma at a Tertiary Care Center in Western India

Background: Bronchogenic carcinoma is the most common malignancy all over the globe in terms of incidence and mortality, especially in males. Its increasing incidence in nonsmokers and females is also an important concern. Objectives: The objective of this study was to study various demographic, clinical, radiological, and histopathological features of patients with confirmed diagnosis of lung cancer. Patients and Methods: Patients with confirmed histopathological diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma attending a tertiary care center in western India were included in the study. Results: A total of 50 patients were studied. Of 50, 45 were male and 5 were female. Average age of the patient was 59.92 years. Forty-six (92%) patients were current or ex-smokers, whereas only 4 patients were never-smokers. Cough (90%) followed by chest pain (62%) was the presenting symptom. Soft-tissue density mass lesion was the most common radiographic finding. Adenocarcinoma (36%) followed closely by squamous cell carcinoma (32%) was the diagnosed histological subtype. Of 50, 9 (18%) patients had evidence of distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Conclusions: This study concludes that adenocarcinoma was the most common subtype even in smokers. A high index of suspicion and prompt investigations in a patient with respiratory symptoms should be employed to diagnose patients at an early stage.

Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia Mimicking a Mass Lesion: An Unusual Case

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is less common interstitial lung disease with varying clinical picture. It can be misdiagnosed as lung cancer as COP usually presents with malaise, fever, weight loss, and myalgia, which overlap with clinical features of lung cancer. Here, we present a rare case of a 68-year-old male smoker admitted with cough, hemoptysis, arthralgia, fever, and chest pain. On chest X-ray, unilateral homogenous opacity was seen. Blood culture and sputum for Ziehl–Neelsen stain were negative. High-resolution computed tomography chest revealed consolidation in middle and lower zone of the left lung with ground-glass opacity with centrilobular nodules. Bronchoalveolar lavage specimen was negative for bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and atypical cells. Transbronchial lung biopsy showed evidence of OP. The patient responded well to steroids.

Role of Oral Valganciclovir in Sick Preterm with Cytomegalovirus Virus Infection and Ventilation Dependence

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common congenital viral infection in neonates. Postnatal infection regarding infants rarely has significant clinical consequences. However, preterm may be at higher risk of developing symptomatic postnatal CMV disease. A multipara woman delivered vaginally a male preterm infant at 30 weeks' gestation who was suspected of early-onset sepsis in view of chronic leaking. The baby developed severe hypoxemia, and persistent pulmonary hypertension after delivery, with progressive deterioration and minimal effect of advanced ventilation, antibiotics, and pulmonary vasodilators. Sepsis screen and cultures for bacteria and fungi were negative. The baby was having enlarged liver and spleen which was noticed on day 15 of life. TORCH titer of the baby revealed CMV IgM and subsequently, CMV was isolated in the urine and in the blood plasma by polymerase chain reaction. Oral valganciclovir improved hematological parameters of the baby and respiratory support could be weaned. CMV being the most common intrauterine infection should be considered in differential diagnosis in unusual presentation of suspected sepsis and oral valganciclovir can be considered as good option for treatment.

Impulsive trait mediates the relationship between white matter integrity of prefrontal-striatal circuits and the severity of dependence in alcoholism.

BackgroundAlcohol dependence (AD) remains one of the major public health concerns. Impulsivity plays a central role in the transfer from recreational alcohol use to dependence and relapse. White matter dysfunction has been implicated in alcohol addiction behaviors and impulsivity. However, little is known about the role of systematic striatal structural connections underlying the mechanism of impulsive traits in AD.MethodsIn our study, we used seed-based classification by probabilistic tractography with five target masks of striatal circuits to explore the differences in white matter integrity (fractional anisotropy, FA) in AD male patients (N = 51) and healthy controls (N = 27). We mainly explored the correlation between FA of the striatal circuits and impulsive traits (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, BIS-11), and the mediation role of impulsivity in white matter integrity and the severity of alcohol dependence.ResultsCompared with healthy controls, AD showed much lower FA in the left and right striatum–supplementary motor area (SMA) and left striatum–amygdala. We also found the decreased FA of right striatum-vlPFC was correlated with higher impulsivity. Besides, the relationship between reduced FA of right striatum-vlPFC and severity of dependence could be mediated by impulsivity.ConclusionIn our study, we found disrupted white matter integrity in systematic striatal circuits in AD and the decreased FA of right striatum-vlPFC was correlated with higher impulsivity in AD. Our main findings provide evidence for reduced white matter integrity of systematic striatal circuits and the underlying mechanisms of impulsivity in male AD individuals.

Effects of Sex on the Relationship Between Apolipoprotein E Gene and Serum Lipid Profiles in Alzheimer's Disease.

BackgroundSex is an important factor in studying the relationship between the APOE gene, lipid profiles, and AD. However, few studies have focused on the effect of sex on lipids in AD and normal controls with different APOE genes.Materials and MethodsA total of 549 participants, including 298 AD patients and 251 body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls (HCs), were enrolled. Lipid profiles and APOE genes in both AD patients and HCs were determined.Results(1) TC and LDL were higher in AD patients than in HCs, only in APOEε4 carrying populations, but not in non-carrying populations. (2) TC and LDL were higher in APOEε4 allele carriers than in non-carriers, only in AD populations, but not in HCs. (3) The TC of APOEε2 carriers was lower than that of non-carriers in the male AD population, but not in the female AD population, female HCs, and male HCs. (4) The increased LDL level may increase the risk of AD in female people carrying APOEε4.ConclusionThe TC and LDL levels of APOEε4 carriers were higher than those of non-carriers, and the effect was more significant in the female AD population. The TC levels in APOEε2 carriers were lower than those in non-carriers, which was more significant in the male AD population.

Bioactive Steroid Marinobufagenin in a Mouse Model of Early‐Stage Alzheimer's Disease

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by brain amyloid beta plaque formation, neuroinflammation and neuronal degradation, which lead to cognitive impairment and decline in normal circadian rhythm (CR). Bioactive steroid marinobufagenin (MBG) modulates neuroinflammation. In 16‐mo old double transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9 AD mice with advanced AD, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and interleukin 6 (IL6) mRNAs were upregulated vs. wild type (WT) control, and treatment with MBG reduced mRNA expression. Here, we investigated whether treatment with MBG at early‐stage AD may impact AD development in this AD mouse model.MethodsFive months old male AD mice and WT mice were administered MBG (100 µg/day/kg) (AD‐MBG, n= 8; WT‐MBG, n= 14) or vehicle for control (AD‐C, n= 7; WT‐C, n= 14) via ALZET osmotic minipumps for 3 months. At 8‐mo of age, the mice underwent turn‐based discrimination learning in a water T‐maze (WTM) to assess procedural learning and home cage activity (HCA) analysis during three consecutive days of single housing. Higher number of trials required to achieve criterion indicates greater difficulty with learning the task in WTM. The inflammatory and AD gene profile (by qPCR) and MBG levels (by immunoassay) were measured in hippocampus and plasma. Data was analyzed by 2‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test and presented as mean ±SE.ResultsWT‐C and AD‐C mice had similar plasma MBG levels (243 ± 34 vs. 307 ± 65 pmol/L). MBG was higher in WT‐MBG (447 ± 59 pmol/L; p &lt; 0.05 vs. WT‐C) and AD‐MBG mice (554 ± 57 pmol/L; p &lt; 0.05 vs. AD‐C). In HCA, AD‐C showed greater disruption in nightly CR, represented by greater activation during the first 6 hours of the night (Fig. 1a, b). While MBG did not significantly affect behavioral performance in WT or AD mice, trends show that MBG may worsen CR in WT and improve CR in AD mice. In WTM, AD‐C required more trials than WT‐C to reach criterion (Fig. 1c). MBG treatment numerically decreased the number of trials in AD‐MBG vs. AD‐C. MBG shows potential protective effect against cognitive impairment in AD mice. WT‐MBG exhibited numerical increase in the number of trials, thus, MBG may reduce procedural learning ability in WT mice in WTM (Fig. 1c). Hippocampal inflammatory marker IL10 mRNA was 2‐fold lower (p&lt;0.01) and IL6 mRNA was the same in AD‐C vs. WT‐C. AD markers were higher in AD‐C vs. WT‐C: APP mRNA 1.7‐fold (P&lt;0.01) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA 1.6‐fold (p&lt;0.05). MBG treatment did not affect this gene expression.ConclusionsAD mice in comparison to WT mice exhibited early‐stage AD procedural learning impairment and CR disorder, which were accompanied by upregulated hippocampal AD markers without inflammatory marker activation. MBG treatment may have a protective effect against early‐stage AD‐related learning impairment and CR disruption. Future studies will examine the effects of MBG on the different cognitive domains in AD mice.

Obsessive Compulsive Tic Disorder: appropriate diagnosis and treatment as key elements to improve health and rationalize use of resources

Background: Obsessive Compulsive Tic Disorder (OCTD) has been described recently as an early onset and highly disabling endophenotype of Tic Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. OCTD has a relevant but largely unknown clinical, social and economic burden for patients and their families. Our paper aimed to explore relevant aspects of the burden of OCTD. Methods: we conducted a literature review and a pilot study using retrospective demographic, clinical and economic data of patients with OCTD accessing the Galeazzi Hospital in Milan. Results: the literature review shows the absence of information on OCTD. From the pilot study we analysed data of 30 patients (80.0% male, 36.7% aged from 7 to 13 years, 63.3% aged from 15 to 48 years), 83.0% declared that obsessions and/or compulsions were the most important factors determining their social impairment. Adult patients refractory to drug treatment underwent Deep Brain Stimulation plus drugs. The mean clinical scores at the time of diagnosis indicated a severe condition for both tics and obsessive compulsive components. The mean time elapsed from symptoms onset to diagnosis of OCTD was 5.6 years, reaching up to 11 years in one case. Before reaching the correct diagnosis, different specialists visited the patients several times, 93.3% underwent diagnostic examinations and 86.7% took 2 or 3 different drugs. Ten patients were hospitalised and 8 had received psychotherapy. Discussion: Albeit preliminary, these results show that attention is mandatory for establishing correct diagnosis and treatment guidelines to improve health and rationally spend resources for OCTD.

Оценка эффективности лечения воспалительных заболеваний мужских половых органов трихомонадно-бактериальной этиологии препаратом Грандазол

В статье представлены результаты исследований клинической и микробиологической эффективности препарата Грандазол в комплексной терапии воспалительных заболеваний мужских половых органов трихомонадно-бактериальной этиологии.

Early Spatial Memory Impairment in a Double Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease TgF-344 AD.

Before the course of Alzheimer’s disease fully manifests itself and largely impairs a patient’s cognitive abilities, its progression has already lasted for a considerable time without being noticed. In this project, we mapped the development of spatial orientation impairment in an active place avoidance task—a highly sensitive test for mild hippocampal damage. We tested vision, anxiety and spatial orientation performance at four age levels of 4, 6, 9, and 12 months across male and female TgF-344 AD rats carrying human genes for presenilin-1 and amyloid precursor protein. We found a progressive deterioration of spatial navigation in transgenic animals, beginning already at the age of 4 months, that fully developed at 6 months of age across both male and female groups, compared to their age-matched controls. In addition, we described the gradual vision impairment that was accentuated in females at the age of 12 months. These results indicate a rather early onset of cognitive impairment in the TgF-344 AD Alzheimer’s disease model, starting earlier than shown to date, and preceding the reported development of amyloid plaques.

Патогенез COVID-19

В статье на основании литературных источников представлены современные данные об основных патогенетических особенностях коронавирусной инфекции, связанной с вирусом SARS-CoV-2, вызвавшим в 2019 году, по определению Всемирной организации здравоохранения, пандемию. В литературном обзоре подробно освещены процессы связывания вируса SARS-CoV-2 с рецептором клеток человека, которые экспрессируют ангиотензинпревращающий фермент 2 (АСЕ2), а также интернализация, репликация вируса и высвобождение новых вирионов из инфицированной клетки, которые поражают таргетные органы (легкие, пищеварительный тракт, сердце, центральную нервную систему и почки) и индуцируют развитие местного и системного воспалительного ответа. Описаны существующие способы медикаментозного воздействия, препятствующие инфицированию человека вирусом SARS-CoV-2. Выделены основные эпидемиологические моменты инфицирования вирусом SARS-CoV-2, указывающие на преимущественное поражение пожилых людей и чаще лиц мужского пола в связи с более высоким уровнем экспрессии АСЕ2, в большей степени в альвеолоцитах, чем у лиц женского пола. Продемонстрированы механизмы развития ответной реакции врожденной и адаптивной иммунной системы макроорганизма на инфицирование вирусом SARS-CoV-2. Представлены терапевтические стратегии, связанные с влиянием на различные этапы жизнедеятельности вируса SARS-CoV-2: интернализацию — использование солютабных доменов S-белка, антител против S-белка, одноцепочечного вариабельного фрагмента антител к АСЕ2 или ингибирования гликозилирования клеточных рецепторов, блокирования взаимодействия S-протеина вируса SARS-CoV-2 с протеином ACE2 и подавления интернализации вируса за счет назначения препаратов хлорохин и гидроксихлорохин; репликацию — ингибирование вирусной РНК-зависимой РНК-полимеразой и применение фавипиравира, ненуклеозидного противовирусного препарата триазавирина, антиретровирусных препаратов (лопинавира в сочетании с ритонавиром), нелфинавира, рибавирина, галидесивира, умифеновира, ингибиторов химотрипсиноподобной протеазы (цинансерина, флавоноидов) и папаиноподобной протеазы. Вышеперечисленные терапевтические методы в ближайшем будущем будут направлены на предупреждение развития и лечение как острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома, так и состояний, обусловленных поражением других таргетных органов при COVID-19.

Чоловічий гіпогонадизм (частина 2)

У другій частині лекції наведені сучасні дані щодо методів діагностики різних форм гіпогонадизму, описано лікування найбільш поширених форм цієї патології.

Чоловічий чинник безпліддя: алгоритм лабораторної діагностики причин

Своєчасна діагностика причин безпліддя є запорукою ефективності лікування. З огляду на те, що в структурі причин даного стану половина припадає на чоловічий фактор, важливо провести комплексне обстеження для виявлення етіології та проведення відповідного лікування, включно з вибором методу допоміжних репродуктивних технологій. У статті наведені алгоритми лабораторних методів діагностики. Особливий акцент зроблений на правилах направлення чоловіків на дане обстеження з урахуванням факторів, що можуть вплинути на результати, оптимальних комплексах лабораторних тестів і алгоритмах інтерпретації результатів. Рекомендації сформовані на основі опублікованого в 2018 році керівниц­тва «Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society. Clinical Practice Guideline».