Males Of Different Age Groups Research Articles

Utilization of Fauna for Therapeutic Purposes by the Newar Community in Bhanu Municipality, Tanahun, Nepal

The project has interviewed 70 people of Newar community including 37 females and 33 males of different age groups and occupations. Due to major profession of people with farming and animal husbandry, it has provided beneficial knowledge on ethnomedicinal practices to cure different ailment problems like gastritis, asthma, dysentery, cold, cough, back pain, crack heels, anxiety, menstrual cycle problem, burnings, eye cyst etc. 35 species of faunas are used for 9 different ailment categories. Out of 35 fauna species, 29 were vertebrates (15 Mammals, 11 Aves, 2 Pisces and 1 Reptile) and 6 were invertebrates (Order: Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Stylommatophora and Decapoda). Apis sp. (0.1) and Bos taurus (0.9) has the highest Use Value; Gallus gallus domesticus, Bubalus bubalis, Ovis aries, Columba sp. has 100% Fidelity Level. There was no significant correlation between the fidelity level in ailment categories and animal use value (p<0.05) indicating that the animals frequently used for a particular ailment category of local people are not necessarily those used commonly in the study area. Newar community considered animal and their products have tremendous zootherapeutic potential in curing heath related problems. This project aims to pass the therapeutic uses of faunas to the new generation that barely are aware about side effects and free practices followed by their ancestors.

Wearable sensor-based pattern mining for human activity recognition: deep learning approach

PurposeThis paper aims to deal with the human activity recognition using human gait pattern. The paper has considered the experiment results of seven different activities: normal walk, jogging, walking on toe, walking on heel, upstairs, downstairs and sit-ups.Design/methodology/approachIn this current research, the data is collected for different activities using tri-axial inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor enabled with three-axis accelerometer to capture the spatial data, three-axis gyroscopes to capture the orientation around axis and 3° magnetometer. It was wirelessly connected to the receiver. The IMU sensor is placed at the centre of mass position of each subject. The data is collected for 30 subjects including 11 females and 19 males of different age groups between 10 and 45 years. The captured data is pre-processed using different filters and cubic spline techniques. After processing, the data are labelled into seven activities. For data acquisition, a Python-based GUI has been designed to analyse and display the processed data. The data is further classified using four different deep learning model: deep neural network, bidirectional-long short-term memory (BLSTM), convolution neural network (CNN) and CNN-LSTM. The model classification accuracy of different classifiers is reported to be 58%, 84%, 86% and 90%.FindingsThe activities recognition using gait was obtained in an open environment. All data is collected using an IMU sensor enabled with gyroscope, accelerometer and magnetometer in both offline and real-time activity recognition using gait. Both sensors showed their usefulness in empirical capability to capture a precised data during all seven activities. The inverse kinematics algorithm is solved to calculate the joint angle from spatial data for all six joints hip, knee, ankle of left and right leg.Practical implicationsThis work helps to recognize the walking activity using gait pattern analysis. Further, it helps to understand the different joint angle patterns during different activities. A system is designed for real-time analysis of human walking activity using gait. A standalone real-time system has been designed and realized for analysis of these seven different activities.Originality/valueThe data is collected through IMU sensors for seven activities with equal timestamp without noise and data loss using wirelessly. The setup is useful for the data collection in an open environment outside the laboratory environment for activity recognition. The paper also presents the analysis of all seven different activity trajectories patterns.

Особенности реализации традиционных гендерных ролей современными мужчинами-удмуртами

The paper aims to reveal specificity of traditional gender role realization by the modern Udmurt males depending on their value orientations. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that relying on the survey results, the authors for the first time describe views of the Udmurt males of different age groups on the following issues: transformation of values and gender ideals, process of their self-realization in essential social roles, self-analysis and reflection on this subject. The conducted research allows concluding that traditional gender roles are still relevant for the males, they are considered as a model of masculinity, but the Udmurts of different age groups choose their own ways to implement them.

Hormonal Characteristics of Androgen Status in Males of Different Age Groups

Males (n = 374) aged 20–69 years were divided into five age groups and examined: first group was aged 20–29 years; the second, 30–39 years; the third, 40–49 years; the fourth, 50–59 years; and the fifth, 60–69 years. The average content of total testosterone in the blood serum in all males was 16.1 ± 7 nmol/L. Hormonal traits of androgen deficiency, the frequency of which increased with age, were detected in males of the second group as compared with those of the first group. The frequency of androgen deficiency (total testosterone level <12.1 nmol/L) in the first group was 26.9%; it did not differ in the second, third, and fourth groups (30.6–33.9%). The frequency of androgen deficiency in the fifth group was 44%. The frequency of hormonal traits of hypogonadism (total testosterone level <8 nmol/L) did not differ significantly in groups 1–4 (6.2–9.3%) and increased only in the fifth group (28%). The age-related androgen deficiency was associated in males with a decrease in the androgen function of not only gonads but also adrenal glands, an increase in the level of sex steroid-binding globulin in the blood, and an increase in the metabolism of testosterone to estradiol, and it was accompanied by a compensatory increase in the synthesis of luteinizing hormone in the pituitary gland.

Types of hairline recession in androgenetic alopecia and perceptions of aging in Asian males.

Cranial hair loss is one of the characteristics of age. Hairline recession has been confirmed adversely to affect the perceptions of age in Western males. However, comparatively little is known about the effect of frontal recession on the perceived facial age (PFA) of East Asian males. Moreover, specific roles of different types of hairline recession in PFA of different age groups still remain a mystery. To investigate and quantify the effect of different types of hairline recession on PFA in East Asian young males of different age groups. Thirty non-bald males were selected and divided equally into three groups (20s, 30s, and 40s). With the aid of modern software, the frontoparietal area of facial images from 30 experimenters was modified into three basic types of hair loss (M2 , C2 , and U2 ) according to the basic and specific classification of androgenic alopecia. In a web-based survey, approximately 900 naive participants were asked to estimate the PFA of males from their original and modified facial images. Perceived facial age increased to 1.58 ± 0.79, 4.19 ± 1.27, and 5.90 ± 1.00 years when the original facial images were modified to have hair loss types M2 , C2 , or U2 , respectively. In addition, the PFA of males with hair loss type C2 or U2 appeared significantly older than the original facial images in the 30s group. Different types of hairline recession can increase the PFA to different degrees in East Asian males of different age groups.

Three-Dimensional Morphological Characteristics of Lower Lumbar Intervertebral Foramen with Age.

Intervertebral foramen is the doorway of nerve root and it plays an important role of radiculopathy and surgical treatment of intervertebral foramen diseases. The purpose of the study is to obtain three-dimensional (3D) morphological characteristics of lumbar intervertebral foramen and their relationship with age. Pedicle-superior articular process (P-SAP), disc height between adjacent vertebra (DH), pedicle-inferior vertebrae (P-IV), inferior posterior vertebrae-superior articular process (IPV-SAP), and bony boundary area (BBA) were measured in entrance, middle slice, and exit of lumbar intervertebral foramen for 25 males of different age groups. Spinous process to intervertebral foramen entrance (SP-IFE) was measured for 25 males of different age groups. Overall, P-SAP and P-IV decreased and IPV-SAP increased from the entrance to the exit of intervertebral foramen for L3/4-L5S1. DH decreased at entrance slice, middle slice, and exit slice for L3/4-L5S1 with age. Significant difference with aging was found only at the middle slice of L3/4 and L4/5 for P-SAP. And the significant decrease of IPV-SAP was observed at middle slice of L3/4, entrance slice of L4/5 and L5S1, and exit slice of L5S1. SP-IFE is not consistent for all subjects. In addition, the decrease of BBA at L3/4 and L4/5 was observed earlier than at L5S1. The present study described detailed information of intervertebral foramen, which may be of benefit for better understanding of the pathology and surgical planning for intervertebral foramen diseases.

Reproductive activity of male edible dormice (&lt;i&gt;Glis glis&lt;/i&gt; L., 1766) in the peripheral population

The edible dormouse is a dendrobiont hibernating rodent breeding once a year. A peculiarity of the species biology is regular reproduction failure in non-mast years. In the center of the area it occurs due to the lack of male reproductive activity. In the studied population on the eastern periphery of the dormouse area previous studies proved the decisive role of mass resorption of embryos at females in the process. The dynamics of males reproductive activity and its impact on the reproduction were not considered previously in detail. In this work the periodicity and intensity of reproductive activity of males, depending on the age and phase of population cycle, was studied. Reproductive activity of the overwhelming majority of males was annually observed, the proportion of individuals not involved in reproduction did not exceed 6,7%. The age differences in the timing of beginning of the reproduction were revealed: yearlings came the first in the activity state and after them two-year and three-year and older individuals became active. The minimal duration of the mating period was observed in yearling males, the maximal in two-year, which were also characterized by the longest individual periods of reproductive activity. As a result of sharp fluctuations in the population age structure two-year males are the most important group in reproduction, but the three-year and older individuals in mast years are also able to ensure the reproduction of the population. The characteristic feature of reproduction was noted at yearling males: they began reproduction depending on body weight. Fluctuations in the male reproductive activity during the active period do not play a significant role in the regulation of reproduction. Shorter duration of reproductive activity of yearling animals in the years of reproduction failure is compensated by the later beginning of reproduction of three-year and older individuals. Nonsynchronous participation in breeding of males of different age groups provides the involvement in reproduction of maximal number of animals.

Bone turnover markers – harmonising measurement and reporting

Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are classified as either formation or resorption markers and are useful in the management of patients with bone disease. The concentrations of BTM in blood or urine may provide an estimate of the rate of bone remodelling. Serum procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide (s-PINP) and serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (s-βCTX) have been designated as reference standard markers of bone formation and resorption respectively in osteoporosis by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). These two BTMs show the most promise for use in osteoporosis management although more data are needed before they can be incorporated into absolute fracture risk calculators and in guidelines for monitoring treatment. Standardised patient preparation is required to minimise the effect of biological variation and appropriate handling and storage are important for sample stability. Inter-method differences for BTM assays are well recognised, and harmonisation of methods for the reference markers is being jointly undertaken by IFCC and IOF. This will facilitate the development of universally accepted decision limits and treatment goals. Australian consensus reference intervals for adults have been developed for some methods for s-total PINP and s-βCTX based on published data. Agreement has also been achieved for reporting units. The premenopausal adult female reference intervals are 15–70 μg/L for s-total PINP, and 150–800 ng/L for s-CTX (Roche Diagnostics). Separate reference intervals apply for postmenopausal females and for adult males of different age groups.

Effect of Age on Response to Experimental Pain in Normal Indian Males.

Response to experimental pain depends on the nature of the pain stimulus, as well as on gender, racial, cultural and socioeconomic factors. This study investigates the effect of age on pain sensitivity and cardiovascular reactivity produced by experimental pain. We have also compared the values of body mass index (BMI) and resting blood pressure of volunteers with the normal values. The study was conducted on 83 Indian males of different age groups. The volunteers were divided into 4 groups: Children, Young Adults, Middle-Aged Adults and Old Adults; and their basal parameters (BMI, resting pulse and blood pressure) were recorded. Selected volunteers were subjected to cold pressor task (CPT). Pain sensitivity (PS) (pain threshold, tolerance and pain rating on a visual analog scale) and cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) (increase in pulse and blood pressure) were recorded. Many volunteers had abnormal values of BMI and resting blood pressure and had to be excluded from the study. PS and CVR between different groups were compared by one-way ANOVA. Significant differences in PS were observed, with highest pain sensitivity in Children and lowest in Old Adults. No significant differences were observed in the CVR. The high numbers of volunteers with abnormal basal parameters (BMI and resting blood pressure) show an urgent need to educate the general public about the dangers and risk factors of obesity and hypertension. Less exposure of children to painful encounters may be responsible for their high pain sensitivity while higher values of resting blood pressure and decreased sensitivity of the sensory systems with advancing age may be responsible for the hypoalgesia observed in old adults.

Gender features of age-related risk of mortality associated with nervous diseases

Aim. To explore the hypothesis of equal age-related risk of mortality associated with nervous diseases in females and males. Methods. Descriptive statistics, qualitative analysis were performed. 13 580 medical certificates of cause of death, all related to nervous diseases (all classes of ICD-10) were analyzed. Results. The mortality rate increased with age. Age-specific mortality rates had gender differences. In most ages (20-24, 30-34, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 65-69), mortality rate was higher in males, at the age of 5-9, 15-19, 60-64, 70 and over - in females. Death relative risk in males of different age groups (compared to the similar rates in females) varied between 0.39 (in the age group of 5-9 years) to 5.93 (in patients aged 20-24 years). Overall, the level of mortality associated with nervous diseases was 130.02±1.69 per 100 000 in males and 163.41±1.86 per 100 000 in females, so, overall mortality rate was 1.25 times higher in females. After adjustment for age differences was performed, no significant differences were found between the groups (146.74 and 144.16 per 100 000 respectively for males and females). Conclusion. Gender features of age-related risk of mortality associated with nervous diseases were characterized by multidirectional alterations of mortality rates and share of nervous diseases among all reasons of mortality. These features were mainly caused by situational factors (different age structure and overall mortality level for males and females), and vanished after adjustment.

A comparative study on the status of Zn and Cu in diabetic and non diabetic males in Punjab, Pakistan

Minerals play a considerable role in the prolongation of all biological and psychological processes in the body. The present study was aimed to determine and to compare the concentration of zinc and copper in the serum samples of diabetic and non diabetic males of different age groups, that is, between one to seventy five years. Fasting blood samples of diabetic males as well as of non diabetics of selected age groups were collected for the study. Blood serum was obtained after centrifugation of blood samples. Level of zinc and copper in blood serum samples were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The data obtained was processed statistically by using student’s t- test. A highly significant (p<0.01) lower levels of zinc and a highly significant (p<0.01) higher levels of copper were found in blood serum of diabetic males when they were compared with non-diabetic ones.The results reflect that the diabetic patients had a higher mean concentration of Zn (0.577 ppm), lower mean concentration of Zn (0.467 ppm), higher mean concentration of Cu (2.713 ppm) and lower mean concentration of Cu (2.207 ppm). It has also been represented by our results that the non diabetic males had higher mean concentration of Zn (1.94 ppm), lower mean concentration of Zn (0.937 ppm), higher mean concentration of Cu (1.31 ppm) and lower mean concentration of Cu (1.077 ppm). It has been concluded that the diabetic males of all age groups are deficient of zinc and they contain a higher level of copper in their blood serum. Key words: Diabetic patients, minerals, blood serum, atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Quantitative cytomorphometric analysis of exfoliated normal gingival cells

Background:The use of oral exfoliative cytology as a diagnostic aid accentuates the need for establishing an accurate baseline, thereby enabling the comparison of abnormal oral tissue with established baseline.Aims and Objective:To detect any changes in the nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA), and nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio (N:C ratio) values for clinically normal gingival smears in relation to age and sex of apparently healthy subjects.Materials and Methods:Gingival smears were collected from 80 (40 male, 40 female) apparently healthy subjects belonging to the age group of 0–20, 21–40, 41–60, and more than 60 years. Smear slides were fixed by using spray fixative. The smears were stained using Papanicolaou procedure. The cytoplasmic and NAs were measured using image analysis software. Statistical analysis of the data was done using one-way ANOVA with Tukey–HSD procedure and Student's t test.Results:The result showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.001) in NA, CA, and N:C in males of different age groups. There was a significant difference (P<0.001) in NA, CA, and N:C in females of different age groups. The difference in N:C between males and females was significant (P<0.001) in all the groups. The difference in NA, CA, and N:C with age irrespective of gender was significant (P<0.05). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between males and females with respect to NA, CA, and N:C irrespective of age.Conclusion:Age-and sex-related alterations were observed in gingival smears, which could be a baseline for these variables to compare identical measurements, made on pathologic smears of oral premalignant and malignant lesions.

Screening for Blood Lead Levels in Basrah, Southern Iraq

A prospective study over six months (from 1 July to 31 December 2002) measured the level of blood lead in individuals attending Primary Health Centers in the center District of Basrah Governorate. Six hundred and two individuals were selected randomly from those attending seventeen Primary Health Centers in the center of Basrah. Their ages ranged from 9-79 years. Of 602, Twenty six, 15 years of age or younger had mean blood lead levels (BLL) of 12.62+3.85 ug/ dl, those older than 15 years had levels of 11.20+3.4 ug /dl (p &lt; 0.05). Males of different age groups showed a statistically significantly higher BLL compared to females (13.25+3.25 and 10.10+2.96 ug/ dl respectively), p &lt; 0.0001. The center of Basrah was divided into 11 main areas; there was a statistically significant difference in BLL among individuals living in different areas, ranging from 7.26+2.81 |jg/ dl to 12.76+3.63 ug/dl. Individuals with higher education and smokers showed higher BLL (12.10+3.54 ug/dl, 13.81+3.57 ug/dl respectively) compared to those of lower education and non-smokers (11.11+3.23 ug/ dl, 10.93+3.26 ug/dl respectively), the differences were statistically significant. The sources of drinking water and frequency and amount of milk consumed/ week did not show a significant correlation with BLL. History of lead exposure (occupational) was statistically significantly associated with BLL (15.3+4.85 ug/ dl) for those exposed to higher concentration of lead compared to others (11.1 2+3.3 ug/dl), p &lt; 0.0001. Amongst females using kohl (25.6%), the mean BLL was significantly higher (13.91+4.42 ug/dl), compared to non-users (9.88+2.68 ug/dl), p &lt; 0.0001. No significant difference was observed among those exposed to paints. As adequate data on BLL in our country do not exist, especially for children, and as the number of children in this study was small, further studies are warranted to recognize the extent and risk factors for lead poisoning in children.

Determination of androgen bioactivity in human serum samples using a recombinant cell based in vitro bioassay

The present study describes the development and optimization of a cell-based reporter assay for the determination of androgen bioactivity levels in human serum samples. Towards this end, human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were cotransfected with two plasmids, one encoding the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-driven luciferase reporter gene and the other the SV40 promoter-driven human androgen receptor (AR), and a stable cell line, expressing human AR and androgen-responsive luciferase was established by antibiotic selection. RT-PCR confirmed proper transcription and stable integration of AR in the cell line. On stimulation of the cells with testosterone (T) for 24 h, luciferase activity was increased in dose-dependent fashion up to 15-fold, with the minimum effective concentration of T being 0.03 nmol/l. T-induced reporter gene expression of the cells was inhibited by the anti-androgens cyproterone acetate and hydroxyflutamide. Upon stimulation with non-androgenic steroids like estradiol, progesterone, dexamethasone and cortisol, the cells showed only marginal activity except for a weak glucocorticoid effect at high concentration. The cells also responded well to various chemicals (mostly pesticides, their metabolites and common industrial chemicals) with known androgenic activity. The cell line was further optimized by measuring the levels of androgens from male and female serum samples. Our data indicated that the cells can be used to estimate androgen bioactivity in serum of females suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and males of different age groups. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the bioassay based on this cell line provides a reliable method to determine serum levels of androgen bioactivity from biological samples even at the low concentrations present in female circulation. The 96-well plate format makes the assay suitable for high throughput measurements.

Effects of loading on spinal shrinkage in males of different age groups

A reduction in stature (shrinkage) has been used as a measure of the load on the spine. Musculoskeletal effects of ageing may influence individual responses to compressive loading on the spine and the resultant loss in stature. The aim was to apply the technique of precision stadiometry for assessment of spinal shrinkage in a comparison of responses of two different age groups performing a regimen of circuit weight training. In all, 20 subjects (10 aged 18–25 and 10 aged 47–60 years) participated in the study. Each performed two sets of a 12-station circuit of exercises, the loading being established relative to individual capabilities. Recovery procedures using a semi-supine posture intervened between the two sets and again post-exercise; altogether seven measures of change in stature were obtained using precision stadiometry. The two groups showed a similar pattern of spinal shrinkage, losses in stature being greater for the first set compared to the later set of exercises. Subjects gained height whilst in the formal recovery posture, but responses were inconsistent during warm-up, cool-down and active recovery. Irrespective of age, the spine was less responsive to loading as the duration of activity was increased. It was concluded that provided loading is related to individual capability, healthy older operators are not necessarily compromised by their age in activities that include handling and lifting weights.

Eco-physiological properties of Pontogammarus maeoticus (Amphipoda) in a salinity gradient

Quantitative indices of feeding, food assimilation, energy metabolism and growth in Pontogammarus maeoticus (Sow.) from the Azov Sea (12‰S) were studied from the salinity levels. Juveniles and males of different age groups were sampled for experiments. The relationships between feeding rate (C) and energy metabolism (R) on an energy equivalent of w, body weight were approximated by the power equations \(C = C_1 w^{b_c }\) and R=R1wb. To express weight growth, the Bertalanffy equation and its solution were used: $$\frac{{dw}}{{dt}} = Nw^q - kw; w(t) = W_\infty (1 - e^{ - mkt} )^{1/m}$$ Under control salinity (12‰S) the following parameters were obtained: C1=0.73J(1-b)d-1; bc=0.62; R1=0.53J(1-b)d-1; b=0.67. The application of a new method suggested by the author for determining the growth parameters, N, k, m=1-q, revealed their dependence on age. For juveniles N=0.0965, k=0.0046, while for adults the respective values were 0.1540 and 0.0181. The value m=0.39 was the same for both age classes. The individuals were gradually transferred to conditions of changed salinity (∼0; 4 and 18‰S). The observations lasted up to two months. Through the entire range of salinity (∼0–18‰S), food assimilation alone was constant. In relation to dry matter, food assimilation was 65 and 80% in terms of caloric value. The other indices under study remain at the control level only under desalinization to 4‰S. When P. maeoticus was maintained in fresh water, the juveniles showed enhanced levels of nutrition, energy metabolism and increment, while in mature individuals the respective parameters decreased compared with the control. As a result, the parameters C1 and R1 in the functions C(w) and R(w) were ∼2 times higher and bc and b∼2 times lower than in 12‰S. An increase in salinity to 18‰S resulted in a decline of all the processes concerned: C1=0.61, R1=0.36, bc and b remained at the control level, while growth rate became 20% lower. A full compensation type acclimation for P. maeoticus is possible with the salinity range (12–4‰S) where the individual can maintain ionic balance.

えん下におけるこう頭運動のＸ線学的解析 特に年令変化について

Laryngeal movement during deglutition was analyzed by means of cineradiography on fortyeight males of different age groups who had no pathology. The film was analysed using a film motion analyzer and the laryngeal movement was measured in two directions, horizontal and vertical.As a result, the vertical movement associated with swallowing was divided into 5 phases: 1) the slowly ascending phase, 2) the rapidly ascending phase, 3) the pause at the position of maximum rise, 4) the rapidly descending phase, and 5) the slowly descending phase. The slowly ascending phase was observed during the period of voluntary stage (the first stage) of deglutition, whereas the rapidly ascending phase was observed during the period of reflexive stage (the second stage). The average duration at the maximum position of rise was 0. 24 seconds. The descending phase appeared during the third stage of deglutition. Throughout these phases, the greatest time difference as related to aging, was noted in the slowly ascending phase. There were no notable time differences among the different age groups in the rapidly ascending phase and in the pause at the maximum position of rise. There were some differences among the different age groups in the extent of vertical laryngeal movement and in the time required for it. However, there were no notable differences in the extent of horizontal movement and in the time for the second stage among the different age groups.

Observations on pericercarial reactions of sera in schistosomiasis in Tanganyika

1. 1) Reasons are given for considering that the precipitate of Papirmeister and Bang (1948) and the membrane formation of Vogel and Minning (1949a) represent different degrees of the same reaction—a reaction termed the pericercarial reaction. 2. 2) Results of testing sera from males of different age-groups found to be excreting ova of S. mansoni or S. haematobium indicate a high incidence of positive reactions, 86 per cent. in the 5–7 year age-group, but that the incidence falls to 43 per cent. in the higher age-groups (40–49 years). 3. 3) Sera of males and females of different age-groups exposed to only one of the schistosome infections were tested with cercariae of S. mansoni and S. haematobium. Males were generally more reactive than females and again the older groups were less reactive than the younger groups. Of the two species of cercariae used, those of S. mansoni were more reactive. 4. 4) Cord blood of babies born to mothers in an area where the dominant infection is S. mansoni was tested and 12 of 80 sera were positive. 5. 5) In an area where S. haematobium is the dominant infection, sera were obtained from babies and infants up to the age of 5 years. No positive reactions were obtained in the first year of life, but there was a low incidence of positive reactions from one-year-olds (4 per cent.) which steadily increased to 72 per cent. in the 5-year-old group. 6. 6) It was found that the test became less reliable when the sera is stored in the frozen state, but that in six tested after 9 months the addition of complement revived the reaction. After this period complement may not be effective. 7. 7) Attempts to use sera extracted from filter paper preparations of blood were not successful.