Maleic Anhydride Grafted SEBS Research Articles

Interfacial shear strength of surface functionalized and functionalized CNT coated carbon fiber: A single fiber fragmentation study

The compatibility among nonpolar thermoplastics like polypropylene (PP) and carbon fibers (CF) having traditional sizing or coating is challenging. In this study, facile and effective surface functionalization of CF and its subsequent coating with functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were carried out to obtain improved interfacial shear strength (IFSS) which was validated by the single fiber fragmentation test (SFFT). Functional groups, -COOH, -OH, and -NH2, were separately grafted on the CF surface using different chemical routes. Additionally, ultrasonic assisted electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique was used to coat -COOH, -OH, and -NH2 functionalized CNTs on the sized and surface functionalized CFs. Attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images confirmed the successful surface functionalization and coating on CF. Neat PP and a blend of PP and maleic anhydride-grafted-styrene ethylene butylene styrene (MA-g-SEBS) were used as two different base polymer matrixes in preparing a total of 26 different SFFT samples. Silane functionalized CF coated with amine functionalized CNTs using ultrasonic assisted EPD process showed IFSS of ∼29 MPa which was an impressive ∼758% higher than pristine CF and highest among all the surface modified CFs. Interestingly, this translated into useful increase of ∼13% in single fiber tensile strength of functionalized and treated CF over and above that of as received CF.

Effects of Wood Flour Reinforcement on the Warpage and Compressive Strength of 3D Printed HDPEs

The study involves the use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a filament for 3D printing. Considering the warpage and adhesion problem of HDPE on the build plate during 3D printing, this was addressed through the incorporation of wood flour compatibilized with styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS-gMAH). The composite wood-HDPE (cHDPE) was studied to observe warpage changes. Using different SEBS, heat bed parameters and identification of the suitable print heat beds for HDPE was conducted. Results from the mechanical testing show that the compressive strength and elastic force of virgin HDPE (vHDPE) increases with infill percentage, while the same properties for cHDPE increases up to 50% infill density/percentage then decreases as it approaches 100% infill percentage. Digital microscopy imaging shows that poor layer adhesion initiated the poor compressive performance of cHDPE. Warp studies reveal that wood flour significantly decreases warping of HDPE by 42.88% at 50% infill density. While different SEBS brands show similar effectiveness as heat beds in reducing warping of HDPE during printing.

Manufacturing and Joining PP/NBR Blends in the Presence of Dual Compatibilizer and Halloysite Nanotubes.

Polypropylene (PP)/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composite plates reinforced with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were manufactured in the presence of dual compatibilizers: PP-grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) and styrene ethylene butylene styrene-grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA). The mechanical characteristics and microstructure of the PP/NBR/HNT nanocomposites were investigated as a function of NBR content (10, 20, and 30 wt.%) and HNTs content (3, 5, and 7 wt.%). The results demonstrated that the rubber particles were well dispersed over the PP matrix and that the HNTs were partly agglomerated at contents above 5%. Friction stir welding (FSW) was used to join the nanocomposite plates. A significant reduction in scattered NBR droplet size was seen in the FS-welded specimens containing 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/NBR composites in the presence of a dual compatibilizer. Considerable improvement in particle dispersion was observed in the case of PP/NBR blends filled 80/20 (wt/wt) with HNTs joined using FSW, leading to enhanced mechanical properties in the joints. This was due to the stirring action of the FSW tool. Suitable agreement between anticipated and confirmed values was observed in experiments.

Influence of dual compatibilizer and carbon black on mechanical and thermal properties of PP/ABS blends and their composites

ABSTRACT In this work, the systematic investigation of the influence of two compatibilizers added individually or together in 80/20 (wt/wt) polypropylene (PP)/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) blends in the presence of carbon black (CB) are investigated. The compatibilizers used are PP-grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) and styrene-ethylene, butylene-styrene–grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA). All the composition shows the formation of matrix-droplet morphology. The addition of both PP-g-MA and SEBS-g-MA in 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blends refines the morphology significantly as compared to 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blend in presence and absence of PP-g-MA and SEBS-g-MA individually. The average droplet diameter and interparticle distance of all the compositions were measured and correlated with crystallinity and mechanical properties of CB-filled and PP-g-MA/SEBS-g-MA-compatibilized 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blends. In addition, crystalline behaviour is correlated with the mechanical properties of CB-filled and PP-g-MA/SEBS-g-MA-compatibilized 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blends. The addition of CB up to 5 wt.% in both PP-g-MA and SEBS-g-MA in 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blends refines the morphology significantly as compared to 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blend in presence and absence of PP-g-MA and SEBS-g-MA individually. Solution experiments, interfacial tension and free wetting enthalpy calculations were done to understand the localization of CB in one phase of PP/ABS blends. Further, the addition of CB in 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blends in the presence of PP-g-MA and SEBS-g-MA added individually or together shows improved thermal stability as compared to neat blends.

Toughness improvement of novel biobased aromatic polyamide/SEBS/organoclay ternary hybrids

ABSTRACTBiobased aromatic polyamide/organoclay (Cloisite30B, C30B) nanocomposites were melt‐compounded with reactive and nonreactive styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) rubbers at different weight contents to form ternary and quaternary blends. The mechanical properties were investigated as a function of the blend composition. The elongation at break and the impact strength increase with increasing SEBS rubber content, whereas the Young's modulus logically decreases proportionally to SEBS amount. Extra addition of SEBS grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS‐g‐MA) induces a synergistic effect. The SEBS‐g‐MA makes it possible to limit the aforementioned rigidity loss and to greatly increase the impact strength. The critical strain energy release rate increases significantly when both reactive and nonreactive rubbers are combined. Three types of microstructures appear depending on the blend composition: (1) small and numerous well‐dispersed particles when reactive rubber is used, (2) about 10 times bigger and less numerous well‐dispersed particles in the case of nonreactive rubber, and (3) a flocculated dispersion of small particles when both reactive and nonreactive rubber are added. Finally, the polyamide performances were significantly increased when the flocculated morphology was noticed due to a better PAXD/SEBS interfacial adhesion given by the SEBS‐g‐MA compatibilization and to a thinner rubber distribution in the matrix. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48888.

The effect of polyester recycled tire fibers mixed with ground tire rubber on polyethylene composites. Part I

The effect of polyester recycled tire fibers (RTFs) mixed with ground tire rubber (GTR) in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) with and without styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene-grafted maleic anhydride was studied. In particular, different RTF contents (10, 25, and 50 wt%) and compounding screw speed (110, 180, and 250 r min−1), as well as temperature profiles (extrusion and injection molding) were used to optimize the processing conditions. In this first part, a complete physical and morphological analysis for the RTF fibers and GTR particles was performed. The results show that the compatibilized compounds have lower RTF length and GTR particle size but better distribution of rubber particles in the LLDPE matrix. Overall, lower processing temperatures used in both extrusion and injection molding showed better interfacial adhesion between the components due to higher shear and mechanical energy imparted on the different particles.

Fabrication of Super Tough Polycarbonate/Styrene-Etylene-Butylene-Styrene Grafted Maleic Anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) Blends: Morphological, Short Term Static Mechanical and Fracture Performance Interpretation

ABSTRACTImpact behaviours, tensile properties and fracture performance of polycarbonate (PC)/styrene ethylene-butylene-styrene-grafted-maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) copolymer blends at SEBS-g-MA volume fraction Φd = 0–0.39 are evaluated. In presence of rubber a significant augmentation in notched Izod impact strength was observed while tensile modulus and strength decreased. Morphological studies reveal good interaction between the PC and the rubber particles showing homogeneous dispersion of SEBS-g-MA in the polycarbonate matrix. Interparticle distance of the dispersed phase evaluated from the morphology studies by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the impact strength dependence on the concentration of the blending rubber were analysed. The essential work of fracture approach is applied to study fracture properties of the blends. With increasing SEBS-g-MA concentration nonessential or plastic work increased which explained the enhancement of impact strength of blends.

Rheological characterization of polyethylene/polyester recycled tire fibers/ground tire rubber composites

ABSTRACTThe rheological behavior of polyester recycled tire fibers (RTF) mixed with ground tire rubber and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) with and without styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS‐g‐MA) as a compatibilizer was investigated in the melt (small amplitude oscillatory shear) and solid (dynamic mechanical analysis) states. In particular, the effect of RTF content (10, 25, and 50 wt %), extrusion screw speed (110, 180, and 250 rpm), and temperature profiles (extrusion and injection molding) was studied. In general, it was found that the rheological properties in the melt state (modulus and viscosity) of the uncompatibilized samples increased with RTF content, but higher values were obtained when SEBS‐g‐MA was added due to better interfacial coupling. Although similar results were obtained in the solid state, it was shown that melt rheology can better explain the variations as the measurements are more sensitive to the interface quality since the matrix contribution is less important. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46563.

Effects of functionalized halloysite on morphology and properties of polyamide-11/SEBS-g-MA blends

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were functionalized by grafting styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) copolymer chains after a two-step modification procedure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were used to determine the grafting rate. Then, raw and functionalized halloysites were incorporated into polyamide-11(PA11)/ styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) blends (85/15w/w). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs show a good dispersion of both halloysites particles and SEBS-g-MA nodules in the PA11 matrix. In the case of functionalized halloysite, the presence of HNTs bundles surrounded with fine SEBS-g-MA nodules is observed. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) also highlighted the different blends morphologies. Incorporation of functionalized halloysite leads to an improvement of the thermal properties without affecting the PA11 crystallization. Moreover, mechanical performance, especially toughness, was highly improved in the presence of functionalized halloysite due to a good stress transfer from the matrix to the modified halloysite agglomerates surrounded by SEBS-g-MA.

Toughening of polylactic acid using styrene ethylene butylene styrene: Mechanical, thermal, and morphological studies

Polylactic acid, PLA, derived from renewable resources has gained great attention nowadays owing to their sustainability, biodegradability, superior property, and transparency. However, intrinsic brittleness and low toughness severely limits its variety of applications. Blending of PLA with other polymers is more economical and more flexible technique for the property improvement of PLA. In this study, Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene (SEBS) and Maleic Anhydride grafted SEBS (MA-g-SEBS) are used as toughening agents to study their effect for its toughness, high strength and heat resistance on PLA. PLA/SEBS and PLA/Maleic Anhydride grafted SEBS blends were prepared under four different compositions by melt mixing technique using a corotating twin–screw extruder after optimizing the mixing conditions. The mechanical properties of the blends such as tensile, flexural, and impact strengths were investigated using specimens prepared by injection molding process. The percentage elongation and impact strength of PLA/MA-g-SEBS blends were found to be increased significantly by 540 and 135%, respectively in comparison with virgin PLA and PLA/SEBS blends. However, tensile strength and modulus of PLA/SEBS and PLA/MA-g-SEBS blends decreased compared with pristine PLA. SEM behaviour supported the higher impact property of PLA with the incorporation of modified SEBS via multiple crazing and cavitation mechanisms. DSC study also supported greater compatibility between maleated SEBS and PLA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) reinforced newspaper fiber composites

This study presents the mechanical and thermal properties of environment-friendly composites made from recycled newspaper fibers reinforced recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) resin with the addition of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) as compatibilizer. The effect of SEBS-g-MA addition (i.e., 10 phr) by using a twin-screw extruder to the rPET resin, followed by different fiber content (5, 10 and 15 wt.%) on the tensile, flexural and impact properties of the composites were determined. Stiffness of composites increased significantly compared to those of rPET/SEBS-g-MA blend. Fiber addition resulted in moderate increases in both tensile and flexural strength of the composites. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photomicrographs of the impact fracture surfaces demonstrate good adhesion at 5 and 10 % fiber content. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the presence of newspaper fibers enhanced the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics and crystallinity. Thermal stability of the composites was improved as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Potential utilization of recycled PET in comparison with liquid crystalline polymer as an additive for HDPE based composite fibers: Comparative investigation on mechanical performance of cross-ply laminates

Abstract Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) was used as an alternative reinforcing material for in situ microfibrillar-reinforced polyethylene (PE) based composite fibers and compared with liquid crystalline polymer (LCP). The neat PE and its composites reinforced with LCP and rPET microfibrils under the compatibilizing promotion of 5 wt% styrene-(ethylene butylene)-styrene-grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) compatibilizer, were prepared as fibers using a hot drawing process. Cross-ply laminates of the neat PE and the compatibilized composite fibers were then prepared using a film stacking method. The tensile, flexural and impact performances of each laminate system were examined and compared. Under tensile loading, no significant differences in the initial part of the stress-strain curves, and hence comparable tensile modulus (≈4 GPa) among all laminates, were observed. A difference was only seen in the final part of the curves. For flexural properties, the flexural moduli of the compatibilized LCP- and rPET-composite laminates were nearly the same (≈3 GPa). At high flexural strains (>1%), the different stress-strain behaviors of the laminates were clearly observed. Interestingly, the compatibilized rPET-composite laminate showed much better impact-resistance compared with PE- and compatibilized LCP-laminates. The results demonstrated a high potential for use of the rPET-composite fiber laminate in impact-resistant applications.

Compatibilizing Effect of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene (MAH-g-SEBS) on the Polypropylene and Wood Fiber Composites

Polypropylene (PP) and wood fiber (WF) composites (PP/WF) were compatibilized by maleic anhydride grafted Styrene—Ethylene—Butylene—Styrene (MAH-g-SEBS). The blending was performed on a twin-screw extrusion, followed by an injection molding. The torque rheology, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermal analysis (DSC), mechanical properties, as well as the morphology of the composites, were investigated and discussed. Rheology and DMA results showed that MAH-g-SEBS is an effective compatibilizer for PP/WF composites. Increased torque implied that the composites probably have a great frictional shear force, resulting from strong adhesion at the interface between the matrix and the dispersion phase. The mechanical test indicated that the tensile strength, tensile elongation and the flexural strength of the composites were improved with the increase of the content of MAH-g-SEBS; property enhancement is attributed to improved wetting and interactions between the PP matrix and WF, which is supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.

Rheological and electrical properties of polypropylene composites containing functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and compatibilizers

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were chemically functionalized through acid, amine, and heat treatments. These were used in the manufacture of composites using polypropylene (PP) as matrix and two types of compatibilizers, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MA-g-PP) and maleic anhydride grafted styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene (MA-g-SEBS). PP/MWCNT composites filled with modified MWCNTs and compatibilizers were prepared by melt compounding with a twin-screw extruder and were evaluated to understand the effect of dispersion and interfacial interaction on the morphological, rheological, and electrical properties of the composite. When heat treated MWCNTs and compatibilizers were added to the composite, three dimensional network structures were generated through nanotube–nanotube and nanotube–matrix interactions resulting in percolation. Electrical conductivity was dramatically increased when the heat treated MWCNTs were added to the composite and was increased further with the addition of MA-g-SEBS compatibilizer.

Composite of aramid fibre (poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide)-thermoplastic elastomers (SEBS): enhancement of tensile properties by maleated-SEBS compatibiliser

Aramid fibre, poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide (Teijin-Conex), was used to reinforce thermoplastic elastomer, styrene (ethylene butylene) styrene (SEBS). It was found that the moduli at 100 and 300% elongation of the composite increased linearly with increasing fibre loading. On the other hand, tensile strength of the composites decreased as the fibre content was increased. Improvement of interfacial adhesion was carried out by, first, slightly hydrolysing the fibre with sodium hydroxide solution to increase the number of reactive amino end groups and then mixing with the matrix and compatibiliser, maleic anhydride grafted SEBS (MA-g-SEBS), at various concentrations. Tensile strength of the compatibilised composite was found to increase and then level-off at 5 wt% compatibiliser. Fractured surface of composite containing compatibiliser showed more fibre breakage than the uncompatibilised one. Examination of the extracted fibre revealed that some fraction of rubber was chemically bonded to the fibre surface. These results suggest good compatibilising performance of MA-g-SEBS for the system studied.

Effect of compatibilizers on mechanical properties and morphology of in‐situ composite film of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer/polypropylene

AbstractAn in‐situ composite film of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LC3000)/polypropylene (TLCP/PP) was produced using the extrusion cast film technique. The compatibilizing effect of thermoplastic elastomers, styrene‐ethylene butylene‐styrene (SEBS), maleic anhydride grafted SEBS (MA‐SEBS), and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MA‐PP) on the mechanical properties and morphology of the TLCP/PP composite films was investigated. It was found that SEBS provided a higher value of tensile modulus than MA‐SEBS, which in turn was higher than MA‐PP, despite the expected stronger interaction between the MA chain and TLCP. The observation of the morphology under optical and scanning electron microscopes suggested that all three compatibilizers helped improve the dispersion of the TLCP fibers and increased the fiber aspect ratio to a different extent. The fractured surface of the specimens showed more fiber breakage than pull‐out when a compatibilizer was added, which suggested the improvement of interfacial adhesion. The surface roughness of fibers with an added elastomeric compatibilizermay also provide mechanical interlocking at the interface. It is suggested that the increase in the viscosity ratio of TLCP/PP due to the added elastomeric compatibilizer, SEBS and MA‐SEBS, compared with the thermoplastic compatibilizer, MA‐PP, is more effective in improving the composite mechanical properties.