Male Unemployment Rates Research Articles

A different outcome for unemployment and labour force participation: the discouraged female worker by male unemployment

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the link between labour force participation and unemployment over the long term in Belgium. Evaluating a long-term relationship is crucial because the unemployment rate is frequently used in both empirical study and policy. ARDL co-integration analyses are all performed for young age groups, aggregate, gender-specific series. The results show that there is no evidence to support an additional worker effect for any gender category. For the female labour force aged 15 to 24, the discouraging female worker effect by male unemployment is discovered. This situation could be caused by constraints like having to take care of children and household chores, getting paid less for doing the same work, and the prevalence of men in organizational hierarchies. Women may therefore think that it will be more difficult for them to find employment than for men, who typically have better opportunities. Therefore, women may believe that their own job search has become more challenging if the male unemployment rate rises. Politicians should consider this effect, which will cause the rate of unemployment among women to be underestimated during recessions and overestimated during expansions in the economy. In addition, it is important to encourage young women to join the labour force when the rate of unemployment for men increases.

Impact of Gender Empowerment on Gender-based Wage Inequality and Unemployment: A Theoretical Analysis

The article develops a three-sector competitive general equilibrium model with an agricultural sector, a manufacturing sector and a non-traded service sector and three factors: male unskilled labour, female unskilled labour and skilled labour. The article shows how sociocultural barriers impact female labour force participation and male–female wage disparity in the presence of male unemployment in the labour market in a developing economy. The analysis finds a rise in gender wage inequality and a decrease in male unskilled labour unemployment when the female labour force rises due to a fall in sociocultural barriers. Finally, we show that the Gini coefficient of income inequality of unskilled labour and gender-based wage inequality move in opposite directions due to the rise in female labour participation in the workforce and the fall in the male unemployment rate. JEL: D50, J31, J61

Hysteresis in Youth Unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Focus on Gender, Income, and Region

ABSTRACT: Despite innumerable government policies to reduce youth unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa, the problem persists. This study examines the extent to which the hysteresis effect exists in the youth unemployment rate in Sub-Saharan African countries during the period 1991 to 2021, disaggregated according to territorial delineation, income, and gender. First, we employ the univariate and panel unit root tests including the Augmented-Dickey-Fuller, Phillips-Perron, the Dickey-Fuller-Generalized Least Square by Elliott, Rothenberg, and Stock (1996), the ADFmax by Leybourne (1995), and the Kwiatkowski, et al. (1992) test, to enable comparison with previous studies. The Pesaran's (2007), test is then applied to account for cross-sectional dependence. Finally, the Zivot–Andrews single structural break by Zivot and Andrews (1992), Clemente–Montane–Reyes two structural breaks unit root tests by Clemente, Montañés, and Reyes (1998), as well as the Karavias-Tzavalis panel unit root test with structural breaks by Karavias and Tzavalis (2014) are employed. The univariate unit root tests generally support the hysteresis hypothesis (within a band of 60% to 97%) for almost all countries, and sub-regions in SSA. However, accounting for structural breaks, the hysteresis effect in total youth unemployment is only visible in 19 countries (40%), with evidence of gender disparities pointing to the hysteresis effect in females only in 16 countries (34%), and, in males only in 10 countries (21.3%). The lower-middle-income countries reject the natural rate hypothesis in total and both male and female youth unemployment rates. While only male youths suffer from the hysteresis in low-income countries, the total youth in upper-middle-income countries shares this effect. Accounting for cross-section dependence alters the finding of the hysteresis effect only in males in Southern Africa and upper-middle-income countries. A one-size-fits-all policy may not work. Instead, we recommend an integral approach aimed at the creation of employment opportunities for youth and females, including but not limited to diversification of economic activities in rural areas to reduce urbanization, skills training, political and economic stability, cultural transformation to remove unnecessary gender-related employment discrimination, as well as improved economic integration policies. For countries found to exhibit the natural rate hypothesis, it may not be necessary to engage in costly policies to return the youth unemployment rate to equilibrium since the shock is only temporary.

The Influence of Gender Disparities on the Unemployment Rate in the United States amid the Covid-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged in late 2019 and quickly spread globally in 2020, hit economic activity tough in most countries. In the United States, the socially enforced shutdown and economic stagnation caused by the pandemic led to a rapid rise in unemployment from the first quarter of 2020 onwards. Although the rise in unemployment rates in the US during the pandemic involves individuals of every gender, the COVID-19 pandemic's effects on the rise in unemployment rates were different for men and women, according to examination of statistics on unemployment for both genders from 2010 to 2023, with women experiencing a greater increase in their unemployment rate compared to men during the pandemic. Moreover, by constructing an ARIMA model based on the unemployment rates of different genders from 2010 to 2019, this paper predicts the unemployment rate of the United States from 2020 to 2023 under the assumption of no pandemic effects. It can be observed that the pace of decline in female unemployment rates during the pandemic was larger than that for male unemployment rates by comparing the gap between the prediction model and the actual data, and by January 2023, whether overall unemployment rates or unemployment rates across different genders were significantly higher than those predicted by the ARIMA model. The data compilation and analysis presented within this paper are useful in understanding the impact of public health events on employment status based on gender differences, and in providing a reference for post-COVID-19 mitigation policies.

Lockdowns and female labour force participation: the curious case of India

ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, employment opportunities dried up owing to lockdowns and the economic fallout was felt by men and women alike. In this paper, we explore the impact of the pandemic-induced lockdowns on the female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) in India overall and in rural and urban areas taken separately. We use a panel dataset of 15 Indian states over the period 1991–2021 and estimate a dynamic GMM model to study the pandemic effect. Our results show that FLFPR that had historically shown a declining trend increased during the pandemic years despite lockdowns and job cuts. We find that there was an increase of 2.5% in FLFPR during the pandemic years. Our results hold even after controlling for other determinants of FLFPR such as per capita income, school education, fertility rate and male unemployment rate. Our results are consistent across rural and urban settings taken together and considered separately. Our findings suggest that economic distress drove women to take up low-paying jobs, resulting in the feminization of poverty.

What reduces unemployment rates in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: growth, flexible labor markets, or social contract?

ABSTRACT In this research, we empirically examine the structural and macroeconomic determinants of unemployment rates in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, distinguished by age and gender. We examine several hypotheses regarding the influence of long-run economic growth, labour market flexibility, and the social contract on unemployment rates. Using panel data for the period 2000–2020 and country and time fixed effects estimation methodology, empirical evidence shows that long-run growth reduces unemployment rates regardless of age and gender (except for female youth unemployment rate). Wage flexibility reduces most unemployment rates. Urbanization reduces total and male unemployment rates, while population density reduces total and female unemployment rates. In contrast to these determinants, linking pay to productivity, increases female, total youth, and male youth unemployment rates. Openness ratio increases total, total youth, male and male youth unemployment rates but not female and female youth unemployment rates. The paper has important policy implications for reducing unemployment rates in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries.

Racial and ethnic disparities in unemployment and oil price uncertainty

This study investigates the effect of oil price uncertainty on unemployment rates by race and ethnicity. Oil price uncertainty is measured by using two alternative approaches: (1) implied oil price option volatility and (2) a structural vector autoregression with multivariate GARCH-in-Mean with the errors distributed multivariate-t. The findings indicate that increased oil price uncertainty strongly increases unemployment rates, with the magnitude of the effect much larger for Blacks and Hispanics than for Whites. The effect is economically significant, with an average drag of oil price uncertainty on the total unemployment rate of about 13 basis points, and about 35 basis during episodes of high uncertainty. The effect on Black and Hispanic unemployment rates is about twice as large. Among teenagers, the effects of uncertainty on unemployment rates is much more pronounced, led by Black teens, Hispanics teens and White teens. Robustness results using implied oil price option volatility after controlling for news-based measures of policy uncertainty further confirms our results. Additional analysis along gender lines reveals that the response of male unemployment rates to oil price uncertainty shocks tends to be larger in magnitude than the response for female unemployment rates of the same race or ethnicity. Overall, the results suggest that uncertainty not only suppresses employment, but that uncertainty also worsens racial disparities in employment.

Factors Influencing Unemployment in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence unemployment in Indonesia. This study uses secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the Investment and Coordinating Board (BKPM). The data used is panel data from time series data for 2015 – 2021 and cross sections covering 34 provinces in Indonesia. The results of the descriptive analysis show that the male unemployment rate tends to be higher each year than that of the female. In addition, the unemployment rate in urban areas tends to be almost two times higher than the unemployment rate in rural areas. The results of the panel data regression analysis show that the variables of economic growth, inflation, wage rates, and the dummy economic crisis during the Covid-19 pandemic have a significant effect on unemployment in Indonesia.

Investigation of femicide in Turkey: modeling time series of counts.

This study aims to reveal the relationship between the number of femicide in Turkey, the female unemployment rate, the male unemployment rate, and inflation. The contribution of the study to the literature is that it estimates the relationship between femicides and macroeconomic variables with a method that incorporates the count data. The dataset was analyzed by using the INGARCH model, one of the most popular approaches for count time series data. This model is particularly attractive for dealing with serial dependence and over-dispersion. The findings revealed that an increase in the female unemployment rate and a decrease in the male unemployment rate increases the number of femicide. In addition, it was observed that the number of femicide in the previous month had a negative effect on the current month's number. Increasing the employment rate of women, and women's economic freedom generally, are essential factors in reducing femicide. To prevent femicides, policymakers should aim to increase women's employment.

Active labor market as an instrument to reduce unemployment

In order to have an impact on the labor market, welfare states must implement active labor market policies (ALMPs). The effectiveness of ALMPs has only been the subject of a few numbers of studies, the majority of which only take into account the short-term effects of ALMPs and use aggregate data. We examine the impact of public spending on female and male unemployment rates by disaggregating data on unemployment for nine OECD countries and focusing on long-term effects of ALMPs, primarily to determine whether there is evidence of causation between the variables. Based on the bootstrap panel Granger causality test, the estimates account for cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, and structural breaks. Although the causality direction varies by country, our study demonstrates that ALMPs are helpful at lowering unemployment. It's interesting to notice that these policies appear to have the most positive effects for women. Policymakers must provide appropriate support for ALMPs in order to effectively lower unemployment.

The Changing Roles of young single women in Jordan before the Great Recession

Before the Great Recession, young single women in Jordan, like those in other Middle Eastern and North African countries with a strong Islamic cultural tradition, experienced important changes in social roles. In this paper, we claim that economic theory may help to understand some of these changing patterns. It is argued that liberalization in the Jordanian economy resulted in important changes in the Jordanian social contract regarding gender roles, school enrollment, labor participation, marriage, and fertility. In particular, three apparently disconnected contemporaneous developments may be interrelated: the increase in women's marriage age, the growth of young single women's participation in the labor market, and the increase in the young male unemployment rate. This process stopped in the late 2000s, both due to exogenous (the Great Recession after 2008 and the Syrian civil war in 2011) and endogenous (existing attitudes towards working women) reasons. We argue that economic conditions may play a role as the driving forces for social transformation, and opens a window for women's opportunities and empowerness.

The Coalition of Average Constants In The Analysis of Unemployment Rates

In this paper, we determine the composite meaning of the unemployment rates. In economic contexts, the unemployment rates are generally defined as the total unemployment rate (T), the male unemployment rate (M), and the female unemployment rate (W). The methodology of the coalition of average constants yields a result that can be defined as the index of the coalition of average constants: impartiality, positivity, and negativity, by transforming these three ratios into two constants and just one average, around the ideal unemployment rate data proven within the scope of this research. The index value is the meaning of unemployment for a country that is subject to selection. The method's finding is as follows: for country Xi 〈i,…,n〉: if ideal unemployment rate is approached over rates in the year, then the index will have impartial rates, affirmative rates, or negative rates. To test this research, we have chosen eleven countries that have wide variation of unemployment rates by considering the collocation of unemployment rates by region in the world. In finalization point, we first constitute the economic problems triangle of these points: M (macroeconomic issues), Y (structural issues), and S (period of normality). We reach just one data of the triangle for the country with the index of the coalition of average constants (CACI) and human capital index (HCI) to determine related issues.

The Environmental Philips Curve from a gender perspective: empirical evidence from India.

The trade-off between environmental degradation and unemployment has been recently termed as Environmental Philips Curve (EPC). This research attempts to investigate the presence of EPC in the Indian context utilizing time series data for the period 1990–2019. Besides contributing to the meagre empirical literature on this issue, the present study makes a novel contribution by introducing a gender dimension to this investigation. In particular, this study investigates whether the nexus between environmental degradation and unemployment is different for men and women. We examine the presence of the EPC by estimating a model that considers growth in CO2 emission as a function of economic growth, trade openness, and gender segregated unemployment rates. Our findings based on autoregressive distributed lag, fully modified ordinary least squares, and dynamic ordinary least squares estimators generate robust evidence for a negative impact of male unemployment rate on growth in CO2 emission that validates the existence of the Environmental Philips Curve for the male unemployment rate. However, there is no trade-off between environmental quality and women’s employment. In fact, the results point to a favourable effect of reduction in female unemployment on environmental quality. The results of the Block Exogeneity test indicate a unidirectional causality from male unemployment rate to environmental degradation. However, a bidirectional causal relationship exists between female unemployment and environmental degradation. The existence of a trade-off between environmental quality and male employment suggests that India is yet to find viable technologies that can curtail pollution without compromising its livelihood. An optimistic conclusion emanating from our findings is the existence of a virtuous cycle between female employment and environmental quality. An integrated approach to improve environmental quality and increase women’s economic activity may facilitate a speedy realization of sustainable development goals for India as both the goals complement and reinforce each other.

Impact of the Inflation Rate, Gross Domestic Product, and the Unemployment Rate on the Fertility Rate of the Philippines

The research aims to provide a closer look at the relationship between economic factors and the fertility rate in the Philippines. The economic factors will be based on the models of fertility written by Davis and Blake in 1956. The researchers used the variables of Gross Domestic Product, Female Unemployment Rate, Male Unemployment Rate, and Inflation Rate as independent variables and saw the relationship of these variables with the Fertility Rate. The results of the regression analysis show a significant relationship between the variables, with having a positive relationship between.

Unemployment and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Korea

BackgroundRisk factors for child maltreatment have been exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially due to economic downfalls leading to parental job losses and poor mental health. ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the association between child maltreatment and unemployment rate in the Republic of Korea. Participants and settingNationally representative data at the province level were used. MethodsThe monthly excess number of hotline calls related to child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic was estimated for each province. Fixed effects regressions was used to examine the relationship between the excess number of hotline calls and unemployment rate. ResultsThe average excess number of hotline calls was significantly negative in the early stage of the pandemic, but became significantly positive afterwards except for some months with averages not statistically different from zero. The regression results showed that an increase of male unemployment rate by 1% was significantly associated with an increase in the excess number of hotline calls by 0.15—0.17 per 10,000 children for most dependent variables for the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The statistical significance of female unemployment rate was mixed with the opposite sign of the coefficient to that of male unemployment. Overall unemployment rate was not significant. ConclusionsThis study suggests that disruptions in child welfare services should be avoided to prevent underreporting of or delayed responses to suspected cases. Also, policies need to be designed considering potential pathways from economic downfalls, especially male unemployment, to child maltreatment.

Jointly Modeling Male and Female Labor Participation and Unemployment

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the most abrupt changes in U.S. labor force participation and unemployment since the Second World War, with different consequences for men and women. This paper models the U.S. labor market to help to interpret the pandemic’s effects. After replicating and extending Emerson’s (2011) model of the labor market, we formulate a joint model of male and female unemployment and labor force participation rates for 1980–2019 and use it to forecast into the pandemic to understand the pandemic’s labor market consequences. Gender-specific differences were particularly large at the pandemic’s outset; lower labor force participation persists.

Unemployment as fertile ground for electoral support of the radical left: evidence from the european regions in the first two decades of the 21st century

ABSTACT This paper aims to discover whether the rate of unemployment in the first two decades of the 21st century influenced electoral support for the radical left parties (RLPs). The election results for 37 RLPs were analysed at the level of the NUTS 2 regions. The impact of unemployment was examined using four indicators – general, youth, long-term and male unemployment rates. The aim was achieved through a multilevel regression analysis conducted for parliamentary elections between 2002 and 2019. The results suggest that RLPs are more successful in regions with a higher unemployment rate (general, long-term, male) across the years under review. A 1% rise in the long-term unemployment rate led to an increase in support for RLPs of 0.2% to 1.9% in most NUTS 2 regions (179 out of 198). This effect is most pronounced in the regions where the centre-periphery cleavage associated with historically strong leftist tendencies can be observed, particularly in the case of German, Greek, Portuguese and Spanish regions. The main thrust of the paper is in the analysis of electoral support in parliamentary elections at the regional level, which is less represented in the thematic literature compared with the individual or national level.

The effects of a trade shock on gender-specific labor market outcomes in Brazil

As countries around the world increasingly engage in international trade, labor markets respond, creating both winners and losers. In this paper, I analyze the impact of a trade shock on gender-specific local labor market outcomes in Brazil. I use an instrumental variable approach and population census data for Brazil to estimate the effect of both increased imports from China and increased exports to China on male and female local labor market outcomes from 2000 to 2010. Regions more exposed to imports from China experience slower wage growth in the traded and formal sectors, but the declines are significantly larger for men, particularly in sectors with low shares of female employment. Exports have a positive association with wage growth, but no relationship with employment growth. Import-induced wage declines are coupled with significant employment growth in the formal sector. The gains for women are nearly double those for men, increasing the share of female employment in the formal sector. Regions more exposed to Chinese imports also experience an increase in the female employment to population ratio and a decrease in male and female unemployment rates. Thus, trade with China induces new workers into the labor market, reduces unemployment, and reallocates labor to the formal sector. These employment gains are strongest for women, signaling reduced employment barriers for females. Further, as employment reallocates to the formal sector, occupation segregation declines, highlighting an additional avenue through which trade can have gendered labor market effects.

Measuring the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Employment Using Time Series Generated Synthetic Controls

This paper measures the change in US unemployment and participation rates by gender due to the onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic. It uses a triple difference estimation, DiDiD, and time series generated synthetic controls to compare these rates. The results suggest, thought not strongly, that the effects of the pandemic on male and female unemployment and participation rates do not differ statistically. This paper encourages the use of time series methods to complement the traditional impact evaluation approaches, which to date have leaned mostly on cross-section and panel observations.

The Effect of Gender Unemployment on Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis

Objective – Prior to the East ASEAN Growth Area (EAGA) in ASEAN, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines (BIMP) took in an inflow of immigrants to support growth. The more they depended on foreign labour, the issue of gender inequality in the job sector became an issue that is hindering prosperity. Methodology/Technique – The research was aimed to identify the relation between unemployment rate from the gender perspective and economic growth of BIMP-EAGA by using two methods, namely Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS). Annual time series data for the period of 1990 to 2018 was employed. Findings & Novelty – The result was contrary to Okun's law which says that there is a negative relation between the male unemployment rate and GDP. This study found that the female unemployment rate did not affect GDP and was insignificant. Policies that benefit and increase the participation of female workers in the job sector should be enhanced to prepare a conducive environment for the economy. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: E24, J16. Keywords: Labour Force, Gender, Economic Growth, BIMP Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Taasim, S; Daud, A. 2020. The Effect of Gender Unemployment on Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis, J. Bus. Econ. Review, 5(3) 94–103 https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2020.5.3(3)