Male Participation Rates Research Articles

Exploring economic viability: A study on profitability and resource efficiency in Polycarp production within the fish super zone of Dhanusha district, Nepal

Dhanusha district of Nepal is recognized as a fish hub of the country still operative fish farming in a semi-commercial level. This study evaluated and analyzed the profitability and resources utilization efficiency in the Polycarp production within the fish super zone of Dhanusha district. Along with it, the study covers socio-demographic characteristic of respondent, determine the factor affecting fish production, rank such challenges based on farmer’s experience, and evaluate returns to scale fish production of this site. 64 farmers were randomly selected and surveyed through a semi-structured questionnaire. In order to collect primary data, pre-tested interview schedule, focus group discussion, key informant Interview, and field survey were conducted. Secondary data were collected by reviewing relevant publications. Analysis of socio-demographic data revealed a predominantly male participation rate (98.44%), with overall aged between 30 and 50 years, among whom the Yadav caste showed maximum engagement (27%). Regarding land ownership, the majority (68.76%) leased land for this activity. Carp polyculture exhibited an average water surface area of 1.55 hectares. The average yearly cost of producing carp fish was Rs.1069644.00, or Rs. 891370.00 per hectare of water surface, per year with fixed costs 15.55% and variable costs 84.45%. Notably, feed costs constituted the largest expense at 49.87%, followed by labor (15.52%) and fingerlings (9.40%). Silver carp emerged as the primary market contributor, comprising 22.96% of total production (6010 kg), followed by common carp, Grass carp, Rohu, Naini, Bighead carp, and Bhakur. Net returns per hectare was Rs. 2,24,348.87, with a resulting B:C ratio of 1.33, indicating economic viability. Challenges identified in the study area included the timely unavailability of fingerling, high feed cost and theft.

Relationship between physical activity and muscle mass loss among people aged 60 and above in 15 provinces of China in 2015

To analyze the relationship between physical activity and muscle mass loss among Chinese elderly aged 60 years and above in 15 provinces. Data was collected from 2015 China Nutritional Transition Cohort Study. Information on demographic characteristics and physical activity was investigated by questionnaire. Dietary intake was estimated from three consecutive 24-h recalls for each individual. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass(ASM) was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA). Skeletal muscle mass(SMI) loss was diagnosed according Asian working group of sarcopenia(AWGS) 2019 recommendation(male: SMI <7.0 kg/m~2, female: <5.7 kg/m~2). A total of 4565 participants aged 60 years and above from 15 provinces in China with complete information were included in the final analysis. Different domains(occupational, domestic, travel and leisure), light physical activity(<3.0 METs), moderate physical activity(3.0-5.9 METs) and vigorous physical activity(≥6.0 METs) of physical activity among elderly adults were evaluated. Logistic multilevel model was used to analyze the relationship between low muscle mass and different intensity of physical activity duration. Among all participants aged 60 years and above in 15 provinces of China in 2015, women's participation rate in domestic physical activity was 91.7%, which was higher than men's rate of 62.3%. However, men's participation rate in occupational, travel and leisure physical activity were higher than those of women. The participation rate, duration of light physical activity and moderate physical activity were higher in women than in men(light physical activity: female duration 11.0 h/week vs. male duration 3.5 h/week; female participation rate 89.9% vs. male participation rate 62.8%; moderate physical activity: female duration 7.0 h/week vs. male duration 4.7 h/week; female participation rate 90.6% vs. male participation rate 75.2%). The median vigorous physical activity was 0 h/week in both male and female group. The prevalence of muscle mass loss was 13.9% among subjects. The median weekly light physical activity and moderate physical activity in muscle mass loss group were 5.8 h and 4.7 h, which were lower than in non-muscle mass loss group(9.3 h and 6.0 h). The OR of muscle mass lass was 0.71(95%CI 0.42-0.98, P<0.05) for the male with 3.5-6.9 hours of moderate physical activity per week, compared to moderate physical activity less than 3.5 h/week. And OR of the female was 0.67(95%CI 0.47-0.95, P<0.05). The vast majority of physical activity in China among the elderly is domestic and light physical activity. Light physical activity and moderate physical activity duration increments in female and moderate physical activity duration increments in male were associated with decreased risk of muscle mass loss.

Youth Sport Participation Trends Across Europe: Implications for Policy and Practice

ABSTRACT Purpose: Despite the known health and wellbeing benefits of taking part in sport for children and adolescents, it is reported that sports participation declines during adolescence. The purpose of this study was to explore current organized youth sport participation rates across Europe for both males and females and update current understanding. Method: Sport participation registration data was collected for 18 sports from 27 countries. In total, participation data was collected from over 5 million young people from Under 8s (U8s) to Under 18s (U18s). Differences in the participation rates between age categories were investigated using a generalized linear mixed effects model. Results: Overall, males were four times more likely to participate in organised youth sport than females’ participants, with this trend apparent across all age categories and across most sports. There was a significant decrease across sports in participation rates for males during adolescence from U14-U16 and U16-U18. There was a significant decrease in participation rates for females from U14-U16 for most sports except but an increase in participation rates from U16-U18 for 12 out of 18 sports. Soccer (1262%), wrestling (391%) and boxing (209%) were the sports that had greater male sport participation rates. In contrast, dance sports (86%) and volleyball (63%) had more female participants than males. This research shows male sports participation is significantly greater than female in youth sport across Europe. Conclusion: Furthermore, findings showed that for both male and female participants, participation rates increased from U8-U14 for the majority of sports followed by reduced participation rates during adolescence. Findings of this research can be used by national governing bodies and sporting organizations to inform youth sport participation initiatives.

Detecting the socio-economic drivers of confidence in government with eXplainable Artificial Intelligence

The European Quality of Government Index (EQI) measures the perceived level of government quality by European Union citizens, combining surveys on corruption, impartiality and quality of provided services. It is, thus, an index based on individual subjective evaluations. Understanding the most relevant objective factors affecting the EQI outcomes is important for both evaluators and policy makers, especially in view of the fact that perception of government integrity contributes to determine the level of civic engagement. In our research, we employ methods of Artificial Intelligence and complex systems physics to measure the impact on the perceived government quality of multifaceted variables, describing territorial development and citizen well-being, from an economic, social and environmental viewpoint. Our study, focused on a set of regions in European Union at a subnational scale, leads to identifying the territorial and demographic drivers of citizens’ confidence in government institutions. In particular, we find that the 2021 EQI values are significantly related to two indicators: the first one is the difference between female and male labour participation rates, and the second one is a proxy of wealth and welfare such as the average number of rooms per inhabitant. This result corroborates the idea of a central role played by labour gender equity and housing policies in government confidence building. In particular, the relevance of the former indicator in EQI prediction results from a combination of positive conditions such as equal job opportunities, vital labour market, welfare and availability of income sources, while the role of the latter is possibly amplified by the lockdown policies related to the COVID-19 pandemics. The analysis is based on combining regression, to predict EQI from a set of publicly available indicators, with the eXplainable Artificial Intelligence approach, that quantifies the impact of each indicator on the prediction. Such a procedure does not require any ad-hoc hypotheses on the functional dependence of EQI on the indicators used to predict it. Finally, using network science methods concerning community detection, we investigate how the impact of relevant indicators on EQI prediction changes throughout European regions. Thus, the proposed approach enables to identify the objective factors at the basis of government quality perception by citizens in different territorial contexts, providing the methodological basis for the development of a quantitative tool for policy design.

Association between labor force participation rates and the total fertility rate in Iran: gender aspect

The influence of economic growth on the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has been widely discussed and demonstrated in many research papers. The labor force participation rate and the unemployment rate as economic indicators play an important role in the TFR dynamics. Different studies have shown that fluctuations in female and male labor force participation rates have either positive or negative impacts on the TFR. In this study, we aim to investigate if there is any positive or negative correlation between female and male labor participation rates and the TFR in Iran. We applied time-series analysis for the period 1991-2019. We used secondary data from official bodies such as Iran’s Ministry of Cooperatives Labor and Social Welfare, the World Bank data, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the Statistical Center of Iran, and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Dynamics to explain the trends in labor force participation rates, unemployment rates, and the TFR. We also applied Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis to measure the strength and direction of these relationships. The results of the study show that the female labor force participation rate has a negative correlation (r = -0.783, sig. = 0.000), and the male labor force participation rate has a positive correlation with the TFR (r = 0.827, sig. = 0.000). Men’s unemployment seems to have a negative correlation (r = -0.366, sig. = 0.050), and women’s unemployment seems to have no correlation with the TFR. Considering the economic problems in Iran, more women will enter the labor market in the nearest future, therefore they postpone their marriage and the TFR will continue to decline.

An Exploratory Analysis of Related Macroeconomic Indicators as Determinants to Economic Growth

The relative movement of certain individual economic indicators to the movement of per capita income is a well-researched field. In addition to that space, this study aimed at regressing economic development in terms of per capita incomes to selected miscellaneous indicators. This by itself may not be a new approach to understanding the interrelationships that exist between other relevant economic parameters, but localized and exploratory research in this regard does prove to have some key insights regarding the interactions of economic indicators in the Philippines. Using the Classical Linear Regression Model (CLRM), The results show that increases in Net Domestic Credit, Foreign Direct Investment, and Ratio of Female to Male Labor Participation Rate increased per capita income significantly, while increases in Real Interest Rate and Carbon Dioxide Emissions decreased per capita income significantly. This meant that increasing credit and investment and incorporating more women into the labor force is a significant impetus for growth and development, while environmental degradation and the high cost of borrowing harms it.

Measuring the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Employment Using Time Series Generated Synthetic Controls

This paper measures the change in US unemployment and participation rates by gender due to the onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic. It uses a triple difference estimation, DiDiD, and time series generated synthetic controls to compare these rates. The results suggest, thought not strongly, that the effects of the pandemic on male and female unemployment and participation rates do not differ statistically. This paper encourages the use of time series methods to complement the traditional impact evaluation approaches, which to date have leaned mostly on cross-section and panel observations.

Female workforce participation and household expenditure for culture and recreation: macroeconomic evidence from the Italian regions

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the effects of labour force participation on the share of private expenditure for cultural and recreational goods and services. We consider a panel of macroeconomic data, coming from the 20 Italian regions observed over the period 1995–2015. We document that female participation rate positively and significantly affects the share of household consumption devoted to culture and entertainment. The effect of male labour participation rate appears to be less clear-cut. We propose some theoretical and empirical considerations, to investigate the bases and the policy implications of such gender asymmetry.

Determinants of regional inequality in female work participation in Lower Gangetic Plain Region of India

The present study is aimed at analysing the pattern of female work participation by disaggregating the information at regional level and further by inter-district variation. Moreover, this study tries to explore the factors which affect inter-regional variation in the percentage of female workers in rural areas and analyses the reasons of such. An attempt to reveal the differentiation in male and female work participation rate in different physiographic regions of West Bengal based on the secondary data collected from Census of India, 2011. Different statistical measures are employed to assess the level of inequality in work participation in different social strata of the society. Spatial pattern of work participation has been identified with the help of GIS techniques. The study reveled that the all-India pattern shows a great accentuation in regional differences in female work participation rate depending upon agro-ecological conditions prevailing within a physiographic region. The result has shown that female participation is generally lower (16.69%) compared to their male (41.63%) counterparts in 2011. The study found that socially deprived segments such as the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribe women display much higher level of participation compared to their more fortunate sisters belonging to the non-scheduled category. The study found that disparity is far less in geographically difficult areas and where agriculture is not well developed due to physiographic constraints such as in Hill and Terai region or in West Rarh Plateau Fringe.

The role of local labour market conditions and pupil attainment on post-compulsory schooling decisions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the role of local labour market conditions and pupil educational attainment as primary determinants of the post-compulsory schooling decision. Design/methodology/approach Through the specification of a nested logit model, the restrictive independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) assumption inherent in the multinomial logit (MNL) model is relaxed across multiple unordered outcomes. Findings The analysis shows that the factors influencing schooling decisions differ for males and females. For females, on average, the key drivers of the schooling decision are expected wage returns based on youth educational attainment, attitudes to school and parental aspirations, rather than local labour market conditions. For males, higher local unemployment rates encourage greater investment in education. Originality/value The contribution of this paper to the existing literature is threefold. First, a nested logit model is proposed as an alternative to a MNL. The former can formally incorporate the structured and sequential decision-making process that youths may engage with in relation to the post-compulsory schooling decision, as well as relaxing the restrictive IIA assumption inherent in the MNL across multiple unordered outcomes, an issue the authors discuss in more detail in the Methodology section below. Second, the analysis is based on extremely rich socio-economic data from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England, matched to local labour market data and administrative data from the National Pupil Database and Pupil Level Annual School Census, which provide a broad set of unusually high-quality measures of prior attainment. The authors argue that such high-quality data and an appropriate model specification allows identification of the determinants of the post-compulsory decision in a more detailed manner than many previous analyses. Third, the data have the scale necessary to consider whether the determinants of post-compulsory schooling decisions vary by gender, a particularly important issue given the differential education participation rates of males and females (e.g. in this cohort, females are about 10 percentage points more likely to go on to higher education in the UK than males), and the gendered choices of occupation (see, e.g. Bertrand, 2011). The work will, therefore, provide recent empirical evidence from England on gender differences in the determinants of education choices.

Two decades of the complementary leisure effect in Spain

Abstract This work attempts to gauge the impact of the so-called complementary leisure effect (or shared leisure effect) on the increase in the labour force participation rates of older males who live with a partner observed in Spain since the mid-1990s. The principal novelty of the work is that the whole the period throughout which said phenomenon has been occurring (1995–2016) is taken into consideration. Another important point of attention related to this effect is that the current analysis spans the years covering the recent global economic and financial crisis (GFC) and those which immediately followed. Results reveal that the complementary leisure effect has proved to be determinant explaining the behaviour of older male activity rates in Spain since the mid-90s. More concretely, the increases in wives’ labour force participation can explain 67% of the total change in husbands’ participation rates from 1995 to 2016. Moreover, during the years of the GFC (2008–2013) and without this effect, the participation rate of Spanish older men would have decreased below 57%, almost 8 percentage points less than the value actually reached. The findings that emerge from our study suggest that economic policy should consider opening up a further avenue of action, one which does not tend to be envisaged, and which, in the case of Spain, is absent from recent legal reform, namely, targeting not only the individual but also the whole family unit of older persons as a legal goal.

Deindustrialization, labour and violence in El Salvador

This study explores how deindustrialization is influencing the labour market in El Salvador. The variables under analysis are disaggregated by sex in order to permit an analysis of the differences in the ways that women and men react to deindustrialization. The results indicate that deindustrialization has led to a decline in quality employment and an upswing in self-employment, at the same time that the female labour force participation rate has risen and the male participation rate has fallen. This all occurred in parallel with the economic measures introduced in the 1990s and reflects the role that women have assumed in order to safeguard the well-being of their families. Deindustrialization has also been associated with increasing violence, since it paves the way for an increase in poor-quality jobs. This article concludes by underscoring the importance of reinstating tariff protections and supporting a reindustrialization process, together with regional integration, gender equality and education.

Do Local Institutions Affect Labour Market Participation? The Italian Case

AbstractItaly features very low labour market participation rates for both men and women, coupled with a sizeable participation gender gap. This work investigates empirically the relation between institutional quality and labour market participation at the local level. Using official records on the Italian provinces over the 2004–2012 timespan and the Institutional Quality Index, we use a Spatial Lag of X model to gauge the direct and indirect impact of local institutions on male and female participation rates, with particular regard to the participation gender gap. The results support the idea that institutional quality has a significant impact on local labour market participation, for both men and women, while it does not affect the participation gap. Moreover, institutions generate spatial spillovers, affecting participation in neighbouring provinces. Finally, the availability of public child care facilities is as a key determinant of female participation.

Kvantitativna analiza rekreativnih programa animacije u turizmu

The aim of the paper was to analyze tourist participation in animation programs during daily recreational activities within package tours which included apartment accommodation in Greece, i.e. whether there are differences between male and female participation rate in certain activities. Indirectly, based on the obtained results, it is necessary to establish whether animation programs should be conducted jointly and/or they should be planned and conducted separately for men and women. Another aim was to determine whether any differences occurred in animation programs during multiannual monitoring.

Female Work Participation in Nadia District, West Bengal: Spatio-Temporal Analysis

The work participation of female is a significant indicator for advancement of society and their economic liberty. But in our country and state, the female workforce participation rate is still low and Nadia district is no exception. In this paper an attempted has been made to assessing the concentration and distribution of female worker, male female work participation disparity, category wise male female main and marginal worker and relationship between literacy rate and female work participation rate. Concentration of female worker is analyzed with the help of location quotient and work participation disparity is assessed by using the shoper's index method modified by Kundu and Rao. Relationship between literacy rate and female work participation rate is examined with the application of regression analysis. From the result analysis it is revelled that, female work participation rate is highly concentrated in southern part of the district while the rate is quite low in the northern part. A wide gap is found between male female work participation rates. Male work participation rate is too high than female work participation rate in every C.D. block. Disparity between MWPR and FWPR is relatively high in northern C.D. blocks than southern block and female work participation rate is strongly negatively co-related with female literacy rate. So, strengthening of women economic power and development of society women participation in workforce is very important.

How Social Security’s Earning Test, Age and Education Affect Female Labor Supply

This paper investigates the impact of a major Social Security policy change on the labor force participation rates of elderly females, both married and single, and of various races and ethnicities. Historically, social security benefits were reduced if labor income exceeded a certain level. The employment tax ranged from a $1 reduction for each $1 earned to a $1 reduction for each $3 earned. Prior to 2000, the age at which this reduction was no longer applied, varied between 70 and 75. However, in 2000 the age was lowered to what the Social Security Administration calls the normal retirement age which ranges between 65 and 67 depending on the date the person was born. Such a major change provided fertile ground for economic research. Studies have proliferated on the impact of the regime change on the labor force participation rates of elderly males. However, little work has been conducted regarding the impact of this policy change on female labor force participation rates. This study shows that after the employment tax was eliminated for those reaching their normal retirement age, the labor-force participation rates of single, divorced, separated and widowed women in the targeted age range usually increased. The estimates indicate the labor-force participation rates of married women in the affected age range fell with the elimination of the employment tax.

Gender Gap and Trade Liberalization: An Analysis of some selected SAARC countries

Trade liberalization plays a significant role in the development of an economy as all countries have insufficient resources and depend on trade to grow and prosper. The key objective of this study is to explore the relationship of trade liberalization on women empowerment. It also aims to find out whether it is beneficial for gender gap or not. This study utilizes the sample of five SAARC countries for the time period of 15 years, that is, from 2000 to 2014. It emphasizes on tariffs and regulatory trade barriers, which are considered significant indicators of trade liberalization, along with the freedom of trade, that is a composite index. The gender gap is measured through the female to male participation rate, whereas, gender development index(GDI) is used as a relative measure of women empowerment after adjusting HDI for gender disparity in three dimensions. The other control variable incorporated in this study includes: gross domestic product growth, education of female, female unemployment rate and the hiring regulations & minimum wage standards. The econometric technique applied is the pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) method along with various diagnostic tests. When trade liberalization goes up, it increases the GDI, meaning lower gender disparity, which in turn refers to greater women empowerment. The research concludes that whenever the trade liberalization increases, it does not reduce the gender gap, which means the female to male participation rate goes down. It encourages women to actively participate in the labor market, but it does not play a role in reducing gender gap. Education of female is essential because it creates awareness among girls and enhances their skills, which leads to empowering women, making them self-sufficient and active participants in the economic activity, which can improve their standard of living.

The Influence of Older Parents' Care-giving Activities on Labor Supply of Adult Children:A Study Based on CFPS

With the increasingly rise in the elderly population ratio and the gradually severe aging crisis in other countries, our society perceive unprecedented fear of the arrival of aging society. Although the elderly would increase family and society burdens in some respects, the above view may overlook the close social and economic linkage among family members between generations. Therefore, it may neglect or underestimate the social value of the Chinese elderly in providing family care activities and their impacts on the younger generation.According to the existing researches and data availability in CFPS database, we divide the older parents' care-giving activities into taking care of grandchildren and helping children with their housework. Also we divide the adult children's labor supply variable into labor participation and working hours. Then we try to analyze the impact of elderly parents' care-giving activities on their adult children's labor supply. What's more, we also take the differences between male and female, rural and urban residents into account, and get some interesting findings.Our results indicate that the elderly's taking care of their grandchildren can significantly improve their adult children's labor supply. For example, male labor participation rate increases by 6.3%, while women increase by 14.3%. Thus, its impact on women is much greater than men. Otherwise, the influence on rural and urban residents is also quite different; precisely the impact on rural residents' labor participation rate is greater than the urban ones, and the impact on the city residents' labor supply mainly reflects in the work time. Inequality in public services and the differences in employment ability between urban and rural residents are important reasons for the heterogeneity problem.The policy implication of this paper is that, in the context of rapid globalization and urbanization, the government should support and guide the construction of modern families that proceed from national conditions on the basis of maintaining the traditional excellent family ethics and culture. We should take advantage of fiscal and taxation policies to alleviate the economic pressure of childcare and elderly caring on adult children, gradually solve the increasingly serious gender discrimination in the employment market, and progressively eliminate the public service benefits inequality caused by the household registration system.In short, this paper mainly expands the existing research in the following three aspects. First, combining with the particularity of Chinese family culture, we try to explain the contradiction between the increase in the proportion of elderly population ratio and the high level of labor supply of adult children from the perspective of the elderly's role in taking care of grandchildren and helping children with their housework. Second, after fully considering the differences between families in the level of income, property, age, residence and family structure, we empirically analyzes the influence of older parents' care-giving activities on the labor supply of their adult children. Third, we try to solve the endogeneity by using instrumental variables, which would avoid the estimation errors effectively and thus make the estimation results more reliable because it effectively avoids the estimation errors.

Trade Openness and Labor Force Participation in Africa: The Role of Political Institutions*

Trade liberalization is usually expected to lead to greater economic activity including higher labor force participation rates. Using data from forty‐eight Sub‐Saharan African countries over the period 1985–2012, we explore the impact of trade openness on labor force participation rates (LFPR), and examine how political institutions such as democracy, political rights, and civil liberties can play a role in driving this relationship in the above group of low‐income countries. The estimated marginal impact of openness on LFPR shows that LFPR is increasing with the level of institutional quality. In particular, political institutions are critical in enhancing the benefit from openness. Our conclusions are similar for male and female participation rates although the magnitudes of the former are higher, thus confirming that improving institutions can generate greater labor market benefits from trade in poor countries.

An analytical study of rural women entrepreneurship to enhance income in Punjab

In India, women constitute around 48 per cent of the population but their participation in the economic activities is only 34 per cent. In rural India, the male work participation rate (WPR) is 53 per cent while that for female is only 30 per cent indicating that female workforce remains unutilized. In rural Punjab the female WPR was only 18.7 per cent in 2001which further declined to 13.9 per cent during 2011 (the lowest in the country). An economy can move on to higher levels of growth through planned development by developing human resources to their brimming utilization. Women entrepreneurship has been recognized during the last decade as an important untapped source of economic growth. A total of one hundred and five respondents were selected for the study who had got trainings from KVK, Moga. The sample consisted of rural farm women/girls. Both primary as well as secondary data was used. There was a significant increase in the income of the respondents after entering the enterprise. Decrease in the value of Gini ratio from 0.63 to 0.36 shows that the income inequality between the entrepreneurs has increased after entering the enterprise. It was observed lack of finance to carry on business was mentioned as the major problem by the respondents (73.06 per cent) followed by other factors of marketing (67.11 per cent), social barriers (56.91 per cent), hesitation due to lack of risk bearing ability, un ability to make decisions independently, illiteracy (31.69 per cent) and forgetfulness (30.31 per cent). It is very true that rural entrepreneurship cannot be developed without proper training. Therefore, it is necessary to provide more training to rural women to enhance their entrepreneurial skill giving a path of success to rural women through Government institutes like KVKs. They need capacity building and training in functional areas such as finance, literacy skills, marketing, production and managerial skills. Entrepreneur network must be encouraged. Therefore government subsidies and credit facilities can help them for ball rolling of the new enterprises. Special credit cum debt account for the rural women can be started in local banks so that women can get better benefit of the various subsidies. There is a need for early dissemination of entrepreneurship education in the schools for timely exploration of entrepreneurial capabilities. Encouragement and assistance should be provided to rural entrepreneurs for setting up marketing co-operatives, and Self Help Groups to adopt collective approach.