Male Guardian Research Articles

Konsep wali nikah dalam perspektif ulama klasik dan modern

This paper explores the concept of marriage guardian in Islamic jurisprudence by examining its interpretation and application by scholars from classical schools such as Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali, and comparing it with the views of contemporary scholars. The role of the marriage guardian is very important in the Islamic marriage contract, especially as it usually involves a male guardian consenting to a girl's marriage. The study also examines the perspectives of modern scholars who consider the evolving context of society, gender equality and women's autonomy. By comparing classical and modern interpretations, this study highlights the dynamic nature of Islamic legal thought as well as the ongoing discourse regarding the balance between traditional values and modern principles of individual rights and freedoms. The analysis aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of marriage guardians, its historical roots and its relevance in today's socio-legal landscape.

Don’t leave your kid unattended? Sex differences in children’s competitiveness in presence of their guardian

In the growing literature connecting parents-child economic decision-making, it remains unclear whether children’s competitive performance is affected by their guardian’s presence. We conducted a field experiment in which over 150 children were assigned to one of three tasks (i.e., trivia, a speed stacking game, or jumping a rope) and then chose to compete. Simultaneously, we elicited the guardians’ beliefs about their child’s willingness to compete in the three tasks and their expected performance. We employed a randomized encouragement design, asking guardians to remain close and support their child during the task or to remain distant. We find a positive correlation between the guardians’ presence and better performance in the speed stacking game (but not in the other tasks). Mothers’ beliefs about competitive behavior and performance across tasks are more correlated than fathers’ beliefs. Mixed-sex pairs (i.e., girls with a male guardian and boys with a female guardian) are more likely to compete than same-sex pairs.

남성 보호자의 관여가 학업영재 고등학생의 학업성취에 미치는 영향

This study aimed to investigate how academically gifted high school students perceive the involvement of their male guardians and its impact on their academic achievements. It particularly examined the cognitive aspects of self-directed learning, referred to as cognitive regulation strategies, as a mediating factor in this relationship. The study analyzed data from 250 second-year students in science high schools and academies of science (and arts), obtained from the Korean Education and Employment Panel Survey II. The results suggested that the involvement of male guardians positively influenced students’ academic achievement, and this effect was fully mediated by cognitive regulation strategies. These findings offer insights into how gifted students in a performance-oriented educational system internalize and utilize exogenous resources provided by their male guardian to enhance their academic success.

Tobacco Usage and Its Association With Mental Health Status of School-Going Adolescents Near Patna, Bihar: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Eastern India.

Background Of all the adolescents in India, 7.3% are suffering from some form of mental disorder. They frequently use tobacco to cope with these problems, but get stuck in a vicious cycle of deteriorating mental health. Our study aimed to determine the effect of tobacco on the mental health status of adolescents studying in the 9th to 12th standards in 10 high schools in urban and rural areas near Patna, Bihar. Methodology An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 360 school-going adolescents recruited using stratified random sampling. Selected adolescents were given the Indian Adolescent Health Questionnaire. The mental health status was calculated from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) score. Information on sociodemographic characteristics and tobacco use was also obtained. Independent t-test, analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression analysis were used for predicting the significant factors. Significance was set at p-values <0.05. Results In this study, 40 (11.1%) adolescents had abnormal whereas 55 (15.3%) had borderline overall SDQ scores. The majority of those affected had peer problems (40%) and conduct problems (24.7%). All SDQ components of conduct (F = 2.94, p = 0.013), hyperactivity (F = 2.90, p = 0.014), emotional problems (F = 1.14, p = 0.001), and peer pressure (F = 3.06, p = 0.010), as well as the overall SDQ score (F = 5.74, p < 0.001), were significantly associated with increasing age. The adolescents attending rural schools (13.28 ± 5.22, p = 0.047) had significantly higher SDQ scores than those attending urban schools (12.08 ± 5.60). Hyperactivity scores were significantly higher in those studying in class 10 compared to other classes and in those attending rural rather than urban schools. Emotional problems score was significantly higher in 16-17-year-old students than in 14-15-year-old students, in females than in males, and in class 10 than in class 9 students. Only 24 (6.7%) adolescents had a history of tobacco consumption at least once which was significantly associated with the SDQ score (17.71 ± 5.69; t = 4.95, df = 358, p < 0.001). Around 79.4% of adolescents were exposed to passive smoking from close friends which deteriorated their overall mental health status (14.50 ± 5.99; F = 6.29, df = 2,357, p = 0.002). Those who had smoked for more than 10 days had significantly greater conduct problems and lesser pro-social behavior. Overall, 96.1% agreed that tobacco is harmful to health, and 76.1% had seen anti-smoking messages in the media. Female gender, increasing class and age, and history of smoking or chewing tobacco at least once also led to a significant increase in emotional problems. Age, area of the school, history of tobacco consumption, and exposure to cigarette smoke by either a close friend or male guardian had a significant impact on the conduct, hyperactivity, peer problems, and overall mental health status of school-going adolescents. Conclusions Predicting risk factors such as age, area of the school, and the history of tobacco consumption by self or by close friends is important for decision-making by school administration regarding counseling for mental health and preventing tobacco use.

Son preference and Chinese women's biological health risk in middle and older age: A life course study

Son preference is a severe form of gender discrimination and can impair women's health. Drawing on retrospective data from a nationally representative sample, this life course study examines how experience of guardians’ son preference in childhood is associated with Chinese women's health in middle and older age. Using imbalanced sex ratio at birth at the prefecture level as a proxy, this study also examines the health implications of adulthood exposure to regional son preference. Our regression estimates show that childhood experience of the male guardian's son preference is associated with higher biological risks of developing systemic inflammation at the 2015 follow-up among middle-aged and older women who were disease-free at the 2011 baseline. In contrast, childhood experience of the female guardian's son preference is associated with lower risk of developing systemic inflammation or hypertension at the follow-up, conditional on being disease-free at the baseline. Adulthood exposure to stronger regional son preference is associated with higher risk of hypertension at the follow-up, independent of childhood experience of guardians’ son preference.

Knowledge of Patient&amp;apos;s Health Rights among Medical Students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia : A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Medical students must recognize globally recognized rights in their studies and careers. Only a few studies have measured medical students&amp;apos; knowledge about public health rights in Saudi Arabia. The present study aims to assess the current knowledge of medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, concerning health empowerment issues and health rights. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, among the medical students of Ibn Sina National College, Batterjee Medical College, King Abdul-Aziz University, and King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University Jeddah branch, between July and August 2020. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Science version 25. Results: Of the 393 participants, 58.3% were females, and 41.7% were males. Regarding consent, 72.3% and 65.1% of the participants responded that a male guardian was not required to consent for hospital admission and discharge, respectively. Only 46.1% knew a female patient could consent to a cesarean section. Only 51.7% of the students knew about Saudi Arabian health rights, including disabled individuals, while 44.0% did not. About half (53.2%) knew that special needs patients have health rights, and 25.2% believed that abortion is never allowed in Islam. Approximately half (49.6%) knew that cancer patients have the right to free medical treatment, and 52.9% knew that cancer patients have the right to free surgical treatment. Conclusion: Medical students&amp;apos; knowledge regarding the health rights of specific patient populations was not satisfactory in Saudi Arabia, which highlights the importance of health rights education in medical school.

Wharton’s Revision of Guardian-Ward Romance Fiction in Summer

Abstract This article analyzes the way that Wharton’s Summer both engages with and revises a relatively common trope of popular nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American fiction centered on romance, the romance between a male guardian and his female ward. To do so, it also analyzes the trope in a range of those other novels, including William J. Locke’s 1905 The Morals of Marcus Ordeyne (so popular that it became a play and then a motion picture), Jean Webster’s 1912 Daddy Long-Legs, and Ethel M. Kelley’s 1917 Turn About Eleanor. Each of these other novels generally obscures or indeed celebrates the uneven power dynamics and age relationships of such couplings, sometimes to quite remarkable degrees, and in ways that foreground the “romantic” elements of the romance fiction genre. In Summer, Wharton, by partially but not entirely revising them, instead recasts the conventions of a guardian-ward romance to force the logical and emotional contradictions of the hierarchies of power coercively inherent in the limited female autonomy of such wards to the surface.

From Vulnerability to Security: A Journey of Survival from Childhood Sexual Abuse

This study delves into the experiences of adult survivors from childhood sexual abuse in the province of Southern Leyte. It aims to look into the negative experiences of the adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse as well as the coping mechanisms they use to overcome traumatic experiences. Through a qualitative research using Collaizi’s descriptive phenomenological data analysis, six emergent themes were identified. The identified themes cover the following: 1) Vulnerability comes when non- abusive guardians are away; 2) helplessness is learned; 3) late disclosure of the abusive acts, 4) security from the abusers’ comeback; 5) therapy with a sexually abused child and; 6) resiliency in adversity. The findings indicated that both the non-abusive guardian who trusted their female child to a male guardian and those who have knowledge about child sexual abuse but failed to report to the police have participation in the occurrence of sexual abuse. Hence, our study recommended for criminalizing their act as a proactive response. The study also suggests that the police officers who responded to child abuse cases should consider more weight on providing security than to give justice to the victim. A further research on the intervention received by the victims of childhood sexual abuse from the police officers and social workers might contribute to the value added by this study.

Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Older Adult Poverty: Mediating Role of Depression.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) refer to traumatic events experienced by children in early life, including abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction, which are common worldwide. ACEs are harmful to mental health, and psychological problems can influence personal economic poverty in adulthood. We focused on family dysfunction and discussed the effect of different types of ACEs on poverty and the corresponding mediating effect of depression.Materials and Methods: A total of 9,910 individuals who were 60 years or older from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2014 and 2015 were analysed. The chi-square test was used to compare poverty incidence among subgroups of independent or control variables. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to test the effect of different types of ACEs on depression, and four logistic regression models were established to observe the association between ACEs on older adult poverty and the mediating effect of depression. The path diagram of the direct effect and indirect effect was drawn to test the mediating effect of depression.Results: Early death of father, the male guardian getting upset and witnessing violence of father to mother are the risk factors for older adult poverty, whereas female guardian getting upset, relationship with female guardians and parental quarrel are protective factors for older adult poverty. Furthermore, depression has a partial mediating effect on some factors including early death of father, male guardian getting upset, relationship with female guardian, parental quarrel, and witnessing violence of father to mother.Conclusions: Paternal ACE factors can directly make children more likely to fall into poverty as older adults and can indirectly influence older adult poverty through the partial mediating effect of depression. Assisting poor families, providing psychological counselling, formulating family visit plans, nurturing orphan children under state supervision, and other policies that focus on groups that have experienced paternal ACE events are essential to eliminating the risk factors that influence older adult poverty.

Men explain Things to her: Misuse and Abuse in Lou Andreas‐Salomé's Novel Ruth (1895)

Despite much scholarship on Lou Andreas‐Salomé—her person, her friendships, her philosophical and psychological theories, and her fiction—, her second novel Ruth (1895) has received little critical attention even though it is of foundational importance for her later fiction. This article examines the charismatic character of Ruth, an orphan, in relation to her male tutor and guardian. This predatory pedagogue and self‐styled advocate of women's emancipation seeks to dominate and seduce her as she in turn seeks to overcome her fears of abuse and abandonment. Her needs and fears link back to her early childhood, parallel to Sigmund Freud's Studies on Hysteria (1895) and lecture on the “Aetiology of Hysteria” (1896) on childhood sexual trauma, introducing his so‐called “seduction theory.” These texts may have influenced Andreas‐Salomé's writing of Ruth around the same time, long before she became herself a psychoanalyst and friend of Freud. The character of Ruth develops in relation to male Gewalt (physical, sexual or rhetorical) in a patriarchal society.

A Sin Is Borne: Clearing up the Law of Women’s Vows (Numbers 30)

Abstract The priestly law of women’s vows (Num 30:2–17), which is well understood overall, contains a three-verse section that poses a multitude of structural and substantive problems (vv. 14–16). The section culminates in the phrase וְנָשָׂא אֶת עֲוֹנָהּ (v. 16b), translated as “he will bear her sin” and understood as presenting the possibility of the woman’s male guardian incurring her guilt. I propose to solve all the problems by assuming that וְנָשָׂא אֶת עֲוֹנָהּ expresses an indefinite subject, a common but underappreciated grammatical phenomenon in Biblical Hebrew, and should be read “her sin will be lifted.” It thus becomes clear that the section is a summary of the pericope and that the phrase in question simply restates what has already been said three times with the words וַה׳ יִסְלַח לָהּ, “and Yhwh will forgive her” (vv. 6, 9, 13): that a woman whose vow was nullified is not culpable for her non-fulfillment of the vow.

Saudi Women Participation in Sports: Critical Analysis of Presupposition Strategies in Arabic Online News Discourse

Saudi women face many restrictions compared to other Arab or Muslim women as they have been barred (legally and or culturally) from doing many things by themselves or can only do some activities with the presence of a male guardian. Over the last two decades, there are many struggles recorded by the mass media, particularly the newspapers and the satellite channels. The media has been reported on the debates between groups demanding more rights for Saudi women and the conservative groups preserving the fundamental of Saudi's culture heavily based on the Islamic teaching and values. Hence, this paper examines the way modern standard Arabic online news of Al-Jazirah (AJ) of Saudi Arabia and BBC Arabic (BBCA) of United Kingdom portrayed the challenges faced by Saudi women in their involvement in international sporting events. This paper aims to analyse the ways that language is exploited in BBCA and AJ to report on struggles around the participation of Saudi women in sports, particularly in the used of presupposition strategies as one of discourse construction strategy utilised by the selected news outlets. Therefore, the paper critically examines news articles published by BBCA and AJ between 2010 and 2014 using a qualitative approach based on the textual-oriented Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of Fairclough, media discourse of Ruth Wodak and Discourse and ideology of Van Dijk. The preliminary result shows that the two news outlets have a different way of portraying the restriction of Saudi women' participation in international sporting events according to their ideologies. Thus, at the end of the study, the researchers reveal the outlets' stand on this issue. Hence, highlight the hidden ideologies at the back of the struggles in the construction of Arabic online news discourses around Saudi women in general.

Deceit, Deservingness, and Destitution: Able-Bodied Widows and the New Poor Law

Abstract The death of a husband had adverse economic effects for the majority of Victorian women, but for working-class mothers the threat of destitution was an almost inevitable feature of widowhood. Widows, with some restrictions, were entitled to outdoor relief under the Poor Law Amendment Act (1834), and they comprised the largest group of adult paupers outside of the workhouse well into the early twentieth century, outnumbered only and always by their children. Able-bodied widows therefore presented crucial opportunities for poor-law officials in the quest to minimize outdoor relief and make significant reductions in welfare spending. Focusing particularly on the 1830s, 1840s, and 1870s (the first decade of the so-called ‘crusade’ against out-relief), this article examines the competing discourses of deservingness and deception that dominated the representations and treatment of able-bodied widows in poor law legislation, orders, reports, and parliamentary debates. An uneasy combination of sympathy and suspicion shaped officials’ treatment of these women, rendering them ambiguous figures in the dominant dichotomy of the deserving and undeserving poor, potential drains on the economic prosperity of the state, threats to the nuclear family, and, by extension, a danger to the nation’s moral core. These discourses, I suggest, reflect a wider ideological unease with, and attempts to mitigate and police, the widow’s exceptional social status in Victorian Britain as a woman with sexual experience, potential economic independence, and yet no male guardian.

Comparative Study of Personal Law in India

A woman was considered less than a full human, an object to be transferred by her male guardian. Though the turn in rights and behavior hasn’t quite corrected itself, women, possibly in a better place today than ever before -women are uniformly discriminated in India concerning all religions. Poly gamy forms a key basis for discrimination among Muslim women. In Christians, a wife can claim separation only on the adultery of the husband and his change of profession of Christianity to some other religion and marrying other women -There are different inheritance rules among the male and female Hindus. All this discrimination among the Indian women have to without any distinction be they Christian, Hindu, Muslim, Parsi, Sikh or Buddhist take what is best in all laws and frame a Uniform Civil Code - This article critically examines the uniform discrimination of women in India among Hindu, Muslim and Christian female marriage, Divorce and succession.

Walayah (Guardianship) and Kafa’a (Equality) in Muslim Marriage Verses the Woman’s Consent

This article explores the adult woman's consent as a paramount element in contracting a Muslim marriage. It considers whether permission of the wali (male guardian) is a condition, per se, for a valid marriage in the eyes of the law and of Sharia. In order to address the issue in hand, it provides a brief overview of contemporary writers' opinions, in which the appropriate place of a woman's consent in Muslim marriage is highlighted. Key to the idea of a young Muslim woman's marriage, the doctrine of kafā’a (equality or suitability), the match between the man and woman, and its grounding in patriarchal and social norms is also discussed. The main conclusion of this paper is that both concepts are used in a bid to keep the upper hand in the marriage. Also, on the one hand, the marriage guardianship is a desire of controlling position of the man and on the other, kafā’a limits the woman's choice in choosing a life partner.

Translating Nüshu: Drawing Nüshu, Dancing Nüshu

There is evidence of women artists producing art works throughout history, but often their work was attributed to their male guardian. However, in a remote rural area of south China women developed their own script, nüshu (literally women’s writing) in which they wrote songs, ballads, laments, autobiographies, and correspondence with other women. Nüshu works were produced by women and for women and as such were left unacknowledged. This article argues that in order to acknowledge nüshu as an art practice it needs to be “translated,” referenced, and acknowledged by other artists. The paper explores the way in which two Hong Kong artists—working in drawing and dance respectively—translate, commemorate, and construct an artistic heritage and a genealogy of women artists in China through references to nüshu works.

Women students from Saudi Arabia in a study abroad programme

Abstract Most students taking part in Study Abroad (SA) programmes aim to immerse themselves as fully as possible in the target language (TL) country and so improve their TL proficiency, as well as their own personal development towards independent adulthood. From a research perspective, the quality of social networks involving TL speakers, and hence the social interactions the SA students engage in, are seen as of paramount importance in determining the ultimate success in TL attainment. This paper addresses a cohort of learners who have not received a lot of attention in the SA literature, namely Saudi Arabian female students, whose individual immersion into the TL context is limited by cultural restrictions, importantly the need to be accompanied by a male guardian (mahram). Based on a data set of a cohort of nine students gathered over the period of one year, this study aims to establish the extent to which these students engage in social interactions in the TL setting and how these affect their overall language proficiency development. Data was gathered pre-, during, and post-SA, using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative instruments. These tested language proficiencies and surveyed the social interactions and engagement with the TL of the students, using both questionnaires (Language Engagement Questionnaire, Social Networking Questionnaire) and semi-structured interviews. Findings suggest, firstly, that despite the limitations on social interactions, these students clearly benefit from SA. Findings show a complex set of relationships between language development and interactions, with diverse strategies employed to access social networks and thus engage in interactions. Overall, these results point to SA settings as highly conducive learning environments, even for students who face cultural restrictions in their interactions.

"It's just a fever": Gender based barriers to care-seeking for visceral leishmaniasis in highly endemic districts of India: A qualitative study.

IntroductionDiagnosis and treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered to be delayed amongst poor, rural women in highly endemic districts of Bihar and Jharkhand. The objective of this study was to assess and understand barriers to VL diagnosis and treatment for women in endemic districts with a high burden of VL.MethodsThe study used a stratified and purposive sample of 33 female patients with VL, 11 health staff, 11 local (unqualified) health providers and 12 groups of community elders drawn from ten districts in Bihar and four in Jharkhand with high burdens of VL. The study was conducted within an exploratory and inductive framework, using semi-structured in-depth interviews and discussions.ResultsWomen accessing treatment more quickly tended to move faster from treating their symptoms on their own to seeking care from local providers. Perception among female patients of the illness being not serious (owing to initially non-specific and mild symptoms), lack of money, prioritisation of household chores over their need to seek care and the absence of a male guardian to accompany them in seeking care at facilities worked together to drive these choices. Most patients and their families did not suspect VL as the cause for their non-specific symptoms, but when VL was suspected, treatment shopping ended. Lack of prioritization of women’s health issues appears to be a pervasive underlying factor. Public health facilities were not an early treatment choice for the majority, but where it was, the diagnosis of VL was often not considered when presenting with under 2 weeks of symptoms, nor were appropriate follow-up plans instituted.ConclusionThe insidious presentation of VL and the low prioritisation of women’s health need to be jointly addressed through messages that emphasise the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of disease, which is low-cost in time and money when managed in public health facilities. Clear messages that project prioritising women’s care-seeking over household work as a smart choice and the need for rallying male support are needed. Additionally, efforts to reduce missed opportunities through early case suspicion and engaging private providers to better counsel women with suspected VL could close critical gaps in the continuum of care.

The Driving Restriction on Saudi Women: Critical Analysis of Modality in Arabic Online News Discourse

In a society mostly dominated by man, Saudi women faced many restrictions compared to man as they have legally been barred from doing many things by themselves or at least without a male guardian. One of these restrictions is car driving, which was supported by the Islamic pronunciation (fatwa) made by the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia. Over the last twenty years, there are a lot of struggles recorded by the mass media between the group demanding more rights for Saudi women and the conservative preserving the fundamental of Saudi's culture based on strict Islamic teaching. Hence, this paper examines the way modern standard Arabic online news of Al-Jazirah (AJ) of Saudi Arabia and BBC Arabic (BBCA) of United Kingdom portrayed the restriction of car driving on Saudi women. This paper aims to analyse the ways that language is exploited in BBCA and AJ to report on struggles around the driving restriction on Saudi women, particularly in the used of modality as one of discourse construction strategy utilised by the news outlets. Therefore, the paper will examine the corpus data consists of online news articles published by BBCA and AJ between 2010 and 2014 using corpus data mining software ‘AntConc 3.1’. The quantitative result of corpus data then will be analysed using a qualitative approach based on the textual-oriented Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of Fairclough and media discourse of Ruth Wodak. The result shows that the two news outlets have a different way of portraying the restriction of driving on Saudi women according to their political agendas and ideologies. Hence reveal the hidden agenda and ideologies of Arabic online news discourses around the issue of driving restriction and the Saudi women in general.

Women's right to health in Iran: Domestic implementation of international human rights law.

In Iran, discrimination based on gender in enjoyment of the right to health is prohibited. Making health services physically and financially accessible to the entire population and removing social and cultural barriers of women's access to health services are main considerations of the health laws and policies of Iran. The health of Iranian women has improved considerably in recent years. But there are disparities in health status and access of women to health services around the country. Some groups of women, including the poor, the elderly, the disabled, the illegal immigrant, and those without an appropriate male guardian, and rural women have limited access to health services in Iran. To realize women's right to health, this country should immediately remove the disparities and use all the necessary means including legislative, administrative, budgetary, promotional, and judicial measures. National plans on women's empowerment and support should be interpreted in provincial programs and action plans. Moreover, a monitoring system and certain benchmarks for tracing the progress of the plans should be established. Realizing other economic, social, and cultural rights including the rights to food, shelter, education, work, social security, and participation in society will improve the Iranian women's enjoyment of their right.