Male Freestyle Wrestlers Research Articles

The Significance of U23 Competitions in Wrestling Career

Background. Designing the training of athletes should be based on specific goals and objectives at each stage of the long-term development. Each age stage in the development of an elite athlete has its own significance. The U23 competitions are organized to facilitate a smoother and more effective transition of wrestlers from junior to senior levels. The aim of the study is to determine the significance of performances in the U23 competitions for the subsequent development process of wrestlers. Materials and Methods. The following research methods have been used in the paper: the analysis of the scientific and methodological literature, the analysis of the official results, and methods of mathematical statistics. We have studied the sports careers of participants in the 2017, 2018, and 2019 World Championships in freestyle, Greco-Roman, and women's wrestling. A total of 1277 wrestlers’ sporting biographies have been analyzed. Results. The majority of participants (73.7 %) in the U23 age category competitions previously competed at the junior level. Moreover, more than half of the athletes (58.4 %) had prior experience of participating in cadet competitions. It is worth noting that 63.7 % of all wrestlers participated in senior-level competitions, and 31.5 % of them achieved podium finishes. Among women, a higher percentage of athletes continue their careers (46.3 %) and achieve success (20.1 %) on the international stage after the U23 competitions. For male freestyle wrestlers, the figures are lower, with only 38.2 % continuing their careers. Conclusion. The analysis demonstrated that the U23 competitions, which serve as a continuation of the cadet and junior age groups, are part of the overall sequence of competitions in the development of wrestlers at the international level. However, the importance of the U23 competitions varies depending on the level of athletes, and they serve both as preparatory and main competitions within the athletes' training system.

Influence of slow and rapid weight loss periods on physiological performance, mood state and sleep quality in male freestyle wrestlers: a study from Sichuan Province, China.

This study aims to investigate the changes in physiological performance, mental state and sleep quality during the weight reduction phase prior to competition in male freestyle wrestlers. This study included 16 male freestyle wrestlers from Sichuan Province, China. Participants were evaluated at three time points: the first day of slow weight reduction (T1, March 26), the first day of rapid weight reduction (T2, April 26) and the day before the competition (T3, May 3), and measurements were taken for physiological performance, mood state and sleep quality. The most relevant findings indicated the following: Morning heart rate, creatine kinase and fatigue scores increased by 12.6, 64.6, and 19.0%, respectively, from T1 to T2 (p < 0.05), and decreased by 14.1, 36.6, and 16.8%, respectively, from T2 to T3 (p < 0.05). Hemoglobin and testosterone levels decreased by 3.0 and 16.8%, respectively, from T1 to T3 (p < 0.05), and by 2.9 and 18.2%, respectively, from T2 to T3 (p < 0.05); The secondary findings revealed the following: The total mood disturbance scores decreased by 3.8% from T2 to T3 (p = 0.072), positive mood scores decreased by 9.0% from T1 to T2 (p = 0.090), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index total scores increased by 14.4% from T1 to T2 (p = 0.323) and total work output and average power output decreased by 7.3 and 7.8%, respectively, from T1 to T3 (p = 0.067, p = 0.052); Regression analyses predicted negative mood (Y 1 = 62.306-0.018 × maximum power output) and sleep quality (Y 2 = 2.527 + 0.278 × Immunoglobulin G) during the weight reduction period. The combined slow and rapid weight reduction approach effectively minimized body fat in athletes with limited effect on their physiological performance and sleep quality. However, the effects were adverse on certain health variables and anaerobic power in Chinese male freestyle wrestlers. The identified correlations between negative mood and maximum power, and between sleep quality and immunoglobulin G, shed new light on factors influencing athletes' well-being during weight reduction, and underscored the need for careful monitoring of physiological variables in future weight management strategies.

Elit Güreşçilerde Spor Yaralanma Öyküsü ve Spor Yaralanma Kaygı Düzeylerinin Araştırılması: Betimsel Araştırma

Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the sports injury history that occurred during the competition and the training, and anxiety of sports injury in elite wrestlers. Material and Methods: This study was conducted a total of 172 who young wrestlers including 72 females (age: 19±0.85 years; height: 167.83±4.18 cm; body mass: 67±9.58 kg) and 100 males (age: 19±0.83 years; height: 176.92±7.91 cm; body mass: 73±13.32 kg). Ethics committee approval was obtained before the study. In this study, as a data collection tool was used the Sports Injury Anxiety Scale and athlete information form including training experience, wrestling style, the environment in which the injury occurred, rapid weight loss, injured region, etc. As statistical analysis one-way ANOVA test was used for independent groups and Pearson correlation. Results: The study results demonstrated that female wrestlers had higher injury rates including shoulder and elbow and forearm compared to male wrestlers and male freestyle wrestlers had higher anxiety levels for experiencing pain and re-injury anxiety levels compared to female wrestlers (p<0.05). It was found that the rapid weight loss was performed at the rate of 98.6% and 85% in female and male wrestlers respectively. There was a weak negative correlation was seen between the number of weight loss and the experiencing pain (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results confirmed that freestyle wrestlers experienced the anxiety level more than female and Greco-Roman wrestlers.

A Study On The Optimal Load Of Wingate Test For Elite Men's Freestyle Wrestlers

The 30s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) is a common evaluation method used by elite athletes to evaluate the training effect of anaerobic exercise capacity. However, the commonly used 7.5% body weight is used as the WAnT load in wrestling, judo and other confrontation events. It often fails to faithfully reflect the improvement of training ability, which leads to the phenomenon of "false negative" in the judgment of training effect. PURPOSE: To explore the optimal load of WAnT test for evaluating the anaerobic exercise capacity of outstanding male freestyle wrestlers. METHODS: 10 active national male freestyle wrestlers (22.8±1.9 yrs) were tested before and after training with 10%, 7.5%, and 5% of the body mass (BM) representing three kinds of load: large, medium, and small. Peak Power (PP), Mean Power (MP), and Fatigue Index (FI) are used as indicators to evaluate the anaerobic capacity of outstanding male freestyle wrestlers. Two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the differences before and after training and between different loads. RESULTS: Under a large load of 10% BM, PP (9.85+1.59 vs. 10.99+1.38, p <0.05) and MP (7.27+1.27 vs. 8.36+0.94, p <0.05) after training increased significantly compared with before training, and there was no significant change under medium and small loads of BM7.5% and BM5%. After training, PP and MP (8.36+0.94 vs. 7.83+0.43 vs. 6.25+0.24, p <0.05) under the heavy load of BM10% were significantly different from the medium and small loads of BM7.5%, BM5% and BM5%. There was no significant change in FI before and after training and between different loads. CONCLUSIONS: The weight load selection of WAnT is an important factor that affects its test accuracy; for national male freestyle wrestlers with excellent strength levels, heavy load is a better load to evaluate their anaerobic capacity and training effect.

Season jump performance and wellness variables in Turkish national youth wrestlers

Purpose.The aim of this study was 2-fold: (1) to analyse the variations of countermovement jump (CMJ) performance over the different periods of the season (early-, mid-, and end-season) and (2) to analyse the correlations between CMJ performance and wellness variables over season periods.Methods.Overall, 10 elite young male freestyle wrestlers (aged 16.0 ± 0.7 years) participated in this study during the 32 weeks of the season. Neuromuscular performance was analysed via a CMJ protocol and well-being variables were monitored by using the Hooper index questionnaire. Repeated measures analysis of variance with eventual Bonferroni post-hoc test was applied to investigate the differences between season periods within weeks.Results.There were no significant changes of neuromuscular performance throughout the season, which suggests the absence of neuromuscular fatigue. No relationships were found between CMJ performance and any single well-being variable. In turn, a small association was observed between weekly Hooper index and neuromuscular status early in the season (correlation coefficient: 0.20, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.044).Conclusions.Using the sum of all well-being variables instead of the single variables may be better to track possible neuromuscular status variations in wrestling athletes, particularly early in the season.

Comparison the Effect of Eight Weeks Pyramid Resistance Training With two Patterns on Bio-motor Ability and Anthropometrical in Wrestlers

Objective: Wrestling is a fast-paced activity in which resistance training is essential to improve athlete performance. We evaluated the effect of comparison of the effect of eight weeks resistance training with two patterns of pyramidal and inverse pyramidal on bio-motor ability, Anthropometrical and skill profile of freestyle wrestlers. Methods: In this semi experimental study, 24 male freestyle wrestlers were randomly assigned into two groups [pyramidal (n=12) and inverse pyramidal endurance (n=12)]. The pyramidal and inverse pyramidal resistance training included (8 weeks, 3 times per a week, 60 minutes per session). Bio-motor ability, Anthropometrical and skill profile were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Paired and independent sample t-test were used to compare within and between-group means and the results were tested at the significant level P&lt;0.05. Results: Training lead to changes on weight, body mass index, body fat percent, maximum power into pyramidal and inverse pyramidal groups (P&lt;0.05). Anaerobic power, explosive power, muscular endurance increased significantly in both pyramidal and inverse pyramidal patterns. There were significant differences in the between-group mean changes in the variables of weight, body mass index and muscular endurance between the two experimental groups (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Resistance exercises with pyramidal and inverse pyramidal patterns led to significant weight loss, body mass index, body fat percentage, and improvement of skill profile and biometric indicators. Therefore, using both types of training may have a positive effect on wrestlerschr('39') performance indicators.

Whole-Body Mechanics of Double-Leg Attack in Elite and Non-elite Male Freestyle Wrestlers.

This study examined the movement characteristics of the double-leg attack in elite and non-elite wrestlers. Twenty light-weight male wrestlers were divided by skill level: Elite group (n = 11) who participated in international-level competitions and Non-Elite group (n = 9) consisting of college-level wrestlers. Each wrestler performed the double-leg attacks against a defender. Three-dimensional coordinates of anatomical landmarks and the ground reaction force (GRF) of the trailing limb were analyzed. The forward velocity and displacement of the whole-body center of mass (COM) and the 7th cervical spine (C7), which represents the upper body, were calculated. Additionally, joint torques were calculated by a standard inverse dynamics method. No significant differences were observed between groups for movement duration and the C7 forward displacement, which relates to the interpersonal distance. Still, they were significantly correlated in the non-elite wrestlers, as well as in all wrestlers (r = 0.78, p < 0.05 and r = 0.65, p < 0.01, respectively). While there were no group differences in joint angles at both limbs and torques at the trailing limb, the time-to-peak resultant GRF was shorter, and peak resultant GRF was greater at the trailing limb in the elite wrestlers compared to that in the non-elite wrestlers (p < 0.05). There were no group differences in peak forward velocity of the COM and the C7. However, the C7 forward velocity at 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 s and the C7 forward displacement at 0.35 s after the start of the attack was significantly greater in the elite wrestlers compared to that in the non-elite wrestlers (p < 0.05). This disparity in the C7 forward velocity made a positive contribution in forward displacement by 0.08 m at 0.35 s. Thus, during a double-leg attack, elite wrestlers quickly move their upper body forward while rapidly pushing-off the trailing foot reaching the defender's legs in advance of defensive actions, irrespective of the interpersonal distance. These characteristics may improve the success rate of the double-leg attack.

The relationship between some physical fitness characteristics and body composition of elite wrestlers

The aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between elite wrestlers' body composition and static strength, anaerobic power and static balance characteristics. Eleven elite male freestyle wrestlers (age = 18.8 ± 1.1 years, height = 170.9 ± 5.3 cm, weight = 75.2 ± 9.6 kg, BMI = 25.7 ± 2.4 kg/m2) who struggle in Turkish Wrestling Super League from Bursa Metropolitan Municipality Sports Club, voluntary participated. Subjects’ height, weight, body composition, balance (Peri Length 443.1 ± 140.6 cm, Aria Gap P 20.6 ± 12.9 cm), anaerobic power (106.3 ± 16.8 kg/m/sec), back strength (140.2 ± 30.7 kg) and grip strength (47.6 ± 6.4 kg) test were measured. Pearson correlation coefficient were performed to determine the relationship between variables. In conclusion, anaerobic power, strength and balance are related to body composition components such as height, body weight, BMI, arm and leg fat %, muscle mass and body weight.

Effects of different dosages of caffeine administration on wrestling performance during a simulated tournament

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different forms of caffeine administration on physical performance during a simulated wrestling tournament. In a double-blind and randomized experiment, twelve male freestyle wrestlers competed in a simulated wrestling tournament (5 wrestling matches consisting of 2 × 3-min wrestling rounds) following the ingestion of: a placebo, a high-dose of caffeine (10 mg/kg), a moderate-dose caffeine (4 mg/kg), a repeated-dose caffeine (2 mg/kg before each match to a total of 10 mg/kg) or a selective caffeine administration based on performance decrement previously measured (6.16 ± 1.58 mg/kg). The Pittsburgh Wrestling Performance Test (PWPT) was measured before each match to assess physical performance. In comparison to the placebo, the high dose of caffeine only reduced PWPT time before the first match (56.8 ± 2.0 vs. 52.9 ± 1.8 s; p < .05). The moderate dose of caffeine did not affect PWPT performance during the tournament. Both, the repeated dose and the selective administration of caffeine reduced PWPT time with respect to the placebo in the third (66.7 ± 1.8 vs. 63.1 ± 1.4 s; p < .05) and fourth matches (72.3 ± 2.4 vs. 65.9 ± 1.3 s; p < .05). However, only the selective dose of caffeine reduced PWPT time before the fifth match (62.7 ± 3.0 vs. 56.3 ± 2.0; p < .05). The dosage and administration of caffeine affect the ergogenic effects obtained following the ingestion of this substance. An individualized protocol to provide caffeine when physical performance is expected to be reduced might improve wrestling performance during the latter stages of a tournament.

PO-135 Application of Wireless Heart rate system in Men's Freestyle

Objective Using heart rate wireless system to continuously track the morning pulse of male freestyle wrestlers after different training loads. The basic value of individual morning pulse and the interval of variation of individual morning pulse after class were established for the elite players.&#x0D; Methods The paper is based on 6 elite male freestyle wrestlers, we continuously test morning pulse after different training load and recovery period，then fill in fatigue questionnaire.We use Spss statistical software to carry out statistical treatment of the experimental data, and analysis the descriptive, difference, correlation and reliability of data.&#x0D; Results Men freestyle athletes base morning pulse at 43-47 / min. After high intensity, the morning pulse increased by about 6%-11%, and the range of change was basically consistent with the change of subjective feeling and heart rate in training class. The average (X) and standard deviation (SD) of the morning pulse in high intensity training class were different from each other. Combined with the results of training diary and fatigue questionnaire, the players appeared body and psychological fatigue and complained that they felt very tired. The X-SD~X SD interval can be used as the early morning pulse range for evaluating athletes' fatigue after high intensity class. The morning pulse and SpO2 was associated with exhaustion of emotional energy, negative evaluation of exercise, decreased sense of achievement, and no significant correlation with heart rate fatigue. However, these three dimensions were significantly related to mental fatigue, r&gt;0.934.&#x0D; Conclusions After high intensity, the morning pulse increased significantly compared with the basic value of morning pulse. Combined with questionnaire survey and training diary feedback, the subjective feeling of body appeared fatigue after high intensity class, which was also consistent with the change of morning pulse. Can be based on individual morning pulse changes to learn about the high intensity class fatigue situation.The morning pulse after high intensity can reach the fatigue interval, which indicates that the training intensity can stimulate the body greatly, and the gradual recovery of the morning pulse can be regarded as the state of whether or not there is overfatigue. If maintain oneself high level all the time, need to adjust training intensity in time. If you can gradually recover close to the basic value, the large-intensity training class can be well adapted to the body.&#x0D;

PO-262 Study on the effect of weight loss in High temperature and High humidity

Objective The effects of aerobic exercise on body weight loss in different environments were studied by comparing the changes of relative indexes between high temperature and high humidity and general environment. To provide certain reference basis for weight loss in aerobic training before competition of heavy competitive athletes.&#x0D; Methods Eight male freestyle wrestlers in Beijing were chosen as the research objects. The body weight, energy metabolism and serum ions were measured before and after one time aerobic exercise (50min,65%VO2max) in general environment (23℃/40%humidity), high temperature and high humidity(33℃/60%humidity).The data were statistically processed by SPSS19.0 software, and Paired-Samples T Test was selected for statistical analysis.&#x0D; Results Under the same physiological load, one time aerobic exercise was carried out in high temperature and high humidity and general environment, the weight of high temperature and high humidity group decreased 1.91%, the amplitude was slightly larger than that of general environment group. The energy metabolism in the hyperthermia and humidity group was 1.52g higher than that in the normal temperature and humidity group, the energy expenditure at 2 hours after exercise was 0.95% higher than that in the normal temperature and humidity group, and the energy metabolism during 8 hours sleep was 14.86% higher than that in the normal temperature and humidity group (p&lt;0.05). Na+ and Cl- were significantly higher after general environmental exercise than before (P&lt;0.05), while K +, Mg2 + were slightly lower than before exercise. After high temperature and humidity exercise, Mg2+ was significantly lower than that before (P&lt;0.01). K+ decreased slightly, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ was slightly higher than that before exercise. According to the change of ion index, aerobic exercise may have little adverse effect on the balance of internal environment under the condition of high temperature and high humidity, which can be improved by the supplement of electrolyte drink.&#x0D; Conclusions In high temperature and high humidity environment, aerobic exercise has a relatively good effect on weight loss. In order to reduce the change of internal environment, electrolyte drink can be added in the process of weight loss aerobic training. Athletes can withstand the weight reduction and control training at different ambient temperatures, subjectively accept the thermal environment. Therefore, the choice of high temperature and high humidity aerobic exercise in fast weight loss stage will be an effective means of weight loss before competition.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Physiological Profiles of International- and Collegiate-Level Japanese Male Freestyle Wrestlers in the Lightweight Classes

The purpose of this study was to clarify the physiological abilities of international-level male wrestlers compared with those of collegiate-level wrestlers. Twenty Japanese male freestyle wrestler...

Relative age effects despite weight categories in elite junior male wrestlers

To evaluate relative age effects (RAEs) in wrestlers at the junior world championships. Data for wrestling athletes representing 77 different countries that participated in the junior (under 21 years of age) world championships between 2006 and 2014 were collected from a publically available source. RAEs were examined among 807 female freestyle, 1205 male freestyle, and 1202 male Greco-Roman wrestlers. Athletes were sub-categorized by weight class, as medalists, and according to the number of years active in wrestling. The observed frequency of athletes per birth quarter was compared to an even quarterly distribution using χ 2 tests. No RAEs were shown for female freestyle wrestlers. For male freestyle wrestlers, RAEs were found for the overall group, the medalists, all but the extra lightweights (under 50/55 kg), and both the least (<5 years active) and moderately (5–7 years active) experienced. For male Greco-Roman wrestlers, RAEs were shown for the overall group, the middle (under 74/84 kg) and heavy weights (under 96/120 kg), and only the moderately experienced (5–7 years active). Despite weight categorization, junior male wrestlers are susceptible to RAEs; however, effects in the lightest and most experienced athletes may be diminished. Differences across weight categories appear to convey different trends between the male freestyle and Greco-Roman athletes. Thus, sporting organizations, training staff, and others interested in the welfare of athletes should consider the potential impact of RAEs in wrestling.

어깨 전방 불안정성 레슬링 선수의 McConnell테이핑 적용이 상지 동적 안정성 및 어깨 돌림 운동범위에 미치는 영향

[PURPOSE] As athletes who overuse their shoulder joints obtain numerous shoulder injuries, freestyle wrestlers have been reported to sustain the highest rates of shoulder joint injuries. To prevent shoulder injury, increasing upper extremity dynamic stability by inducing reduction of external rotation(ER) range of motion(ROM) and expansion of internal rotation(IR) ROM is considered important. Thus, this study compared shoulder rotation range and upper extremity dynamic stability before and after McConnell taping to demonstrate the effectiveness of McConnell taping application on the shoulder. [METHODS] The subjects of this study included 14 male freestyle wrestlers who have a medical history of shoulder anterior instability(n=8) and no medical history(n=6). McConnell taping was selected as a method of shoulder taping. This study measured IR and ER ROM of the shoulder using a smart phone clinometer application. Upper extremity dynamic stability was evaluated utilizing Y-balance test score. [RESULTS] This study produced the following results: First, composite score of Y-balance test changed significantly dependent on both period and interaction of the test. Second, the IR-ROM test changed significantly dependent upon both period and interaction of the test. Third, there were significant differences in the period and interaction in ER-ROM. However, no significant differences were found between the groups. [CONCLUSIONS] McConnell taping decreased ER-ROM and increased IR ROM by moving the humeral head more posteriorly. It is suggested that McConnell taping has a positive effect on proprioception and neuromuscular control, acting as an important factor to raise upper extremity dynamic stability by increasing mechanical stability through proper support for, and protection of, the humerus and scapula. In conclusion, even wrestlers with a medical history of shoulder injury are expected to prevent shoulder injury by applying McConnell taping, but further study is needed to identify whether or not McConnell taping can deliver the same results in the field.

Aerobic fitness of elite female and male wrestlers

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the aerobic fitness of elite female wrestlers, and to determine whether there are gender differences in the physiological response to graded exercise. Materials and Methods: Ten female and ten male freestyle wrestlers volunteered for the study. They all performed a graded exercise test on the treadmill until exhaustion. To measure lactate concentration capillary blood was taken from the finger tip at the end of every workload and after 3, 5 and 7 minutes of recovery. Anaerobic threshold was defined as the running velocity associated with 4 mmol/l during the incremental exercise test (AT4) and as the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). Results: Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) normalized to body mass or to fat free mass was significantly higher in male than in female wrestlers (59.8 and 49.7 ml/min/kg and 72.7 and 63.9 ml/min/kg FFA, respectively). Total oxygen uptake at the anaerobic thresholds (AT4 and IAT) was similar in men and women, but when expressed as %VO2max, it was significantly higher in females. The peak blood lactate concentration was significantly higher in male than in female wrestlers (14.1 and 10.5 mmol/l, respectively). Conclusion: This study was the first to assess the aerobic fitness of female wrestlers. It demonstrated that there are significant gender related differences between female and male wrestlers. Possibly the lower VO2max in the female wrestlers was compensated by their higher oxygen utilization at the anaerobic threshold. This result indicates that AT4 method is sufficiently reliable for measuring anaerobic threshold for female and male wrestlers. (Biol.Sport 26:339-348, 2009)