Male Business Owners Research Articles

The State of Black Male-Owned Businesses in America: High-Growth Disparity

Black businesses are the fastest-growing population of new ventures in America. The problem is the alarming disproportion of these companies achieving high-level success compared to White companies. Specifically, this study investigated Black male business owners and barriers inhibiting their ability to sustain, thrive, and become financially viable. These companies are relevant to society because they can create jobs, deliver niche products to mass markets, contribute to their communities, bridge the wealth gap, and stimulate the economy. 200 Black male entrepreneurs working full-time in their ventures were the sample. Instrumentation was an open-ended survey, and the applied framework was empirical probability.

Exploring Gender Differences of Business Owners in Relation to Marketing Campaigns and Strategic Orientations

This paper aimed to analyze gender differences of business owners when adopting marketing campaigns through social media in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. The Strategic Orientations of MSME owners lead to sales and business development, which is comparable between the genders of the business owners. The study used a self-administered questionnaire to find responses from 100 male and female business owners of MSMEs. In the study, all the MSME owners, both male and female, have used social media in marketing and product promotion. The data was analyzed using the SPSS software program. The findings indicated that the way business owners adopt marketing campaigns is different between males and females which also influences their sales and business development. Male business owners are more likely to adopt the entrepreneurial and technological orientations while female business owners are more active in using social media in their marketing campaign. This study contributes to the evaluation of MSME business owners’ gender differences to serve their consumers in this digital era. Keywords: Gender Differences, Marketing, Strategic Orientation

Embracing Survivalist Entrepreneurship: How African American Men Leverage Business Ownership out of Economic Necessity

There has been extensive research and examination dedicated to the advantages and disadvantages of entrepreneurship, both in general and specifically for African Americans. Significant research has been devoted to understanding the economic outcomes of African American men, and there is an area of opportunity to study how African American men, specifically, can leverage entrepreneurship to increase the probability of successful economic outcomes for themselves and their families. Entrepreneurial research has the potential to be leveraged to combat waning labor force participation rates and heightened unemployment rates among African American men. Leveraging the theories of Trust, Goal-Orientation, Logotherapy, and Social Identity Theory, a study was conducted among United States-based business owners. The sample size was forty-one African American male business owners. The results demonstrate how these African American men have leveraged entrepreneurship to build social capital and wealth, while improving their standard of living, as well as highlight the hurdles and barriers they have endured during the process of business ownership. The majority of African American owned business are owned by African American men, and this study provides insights into the phenomenology of African American male entrepreneurs.

Navigating Grant Program Representative Bias: Insights from Paycheck Protection Program for Hospitality SMEs and Entrepreneurs

Allocation of public funding, such as those of government grants, can be influenced by subjective factors, similar to biases that research has found in commercial business lending based on organizational and ownership factors. However, there is limited research that has investigated biases in grant programs. Using data from the Paycheck Protection Program in the United States this study examined whether biases existed in grant programs for hospitality businesses. Results of regression analyses indicate that hospitality businesses received greater total loan amounts and smaller loan amounts per employee than businesses in other industries. Additionally, male business owners, White business owners, and corporations received greater loan amounts compared to other demographic groups. This study contributes to extending the current literature on commercial lending by enhancing our understanding of representative biases in government-directed lending programs for businesses.

Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in Birgunj, Nepal: A Comparative Study

This study is an empirical research of women entrepreneurs involved in the various industries in Birgunj, Nepal. Women Entrepreneurs of both registered and unregistered units are considered as respondents. Three entrepreneurial activities had considered as the study area of this research viz. manufacturing, trading and services. It concentrates only in micro and small enterprises run by women. In order to draw comparisons, researchers included a control group of male business owners. The criteria established by Lalitha Rani (1996) based on ratio of profit to total investment were used to measure the preference of entrepreneurs. Performance was classified as "Less than average," "Average," and "very successful." Comparative study and chi- squire test were carried out to see the association between performance and other independent variables. Exploratory and descriptive research had done through judgmental sampling; information was collected from 72 women entrepreneurs and 29 male entrepreneurs. This study applied cross sectional design under quantitative research methods. Result of performance analysis shows that performance and gender, training, and experience did not have any significant relationships; but, there were significant relationships between performance and activities and legal ownership.

Gender Equality and Performance of Private Businesses in Nyarugenge District, Rwanda

Gender importance in socio-economic welfare has contributed to several interested persons’ appreciation and assistance for constructive opinions to females and males’ entrepreneurial improvement. In Rwanda, there is no gender discrimination in doing business, this is to give equal entrepreneurial opportunity to all entrepreneurs irrespective of their gender. However, even though the Government of Rwanda supports businessmen and businesswomen to perform in private businesses, gender equality in private businesses remains an issue of concern because the percentage of women’s representation in private businesses is still low, which is a problem to be addressed. The purpose of this study was to assess how gender equality affects private business performance in Nyarugenge District, Rwanda. The study used a quantitative research design and collected primary data from 100 private business owners using a questionnaire with close-ended questions. The sample size was calculated using Slovin's method, and stratified sampling techniques were used to obtain respondents from the district's 10 sectors. The collected data were analyzed using quantitative data analysis approaches, generating descriptive statistics outputs using Stata version 17 and SPSS version 24 tools. Pearson Chi-square tests were used to test the impact of gender equality on business performance. The means and standard deviations of the respondent scores were computed for the Likert statements to assess the key factors that critically affect the performance of businesses owned by males and females. The findings revealed that there are gender differences in business characteristics, most females among business owners use a lower capital of less than 500,000 Rwanda Francs (32% for females, while for males is 17%), and have a lower business income. Females-owned businesses employ fewer employees (about 40% of all employees) than males-owned businesses (about 60 % of all employees). The statistics test has provided enough evidence that the relationship between gender equality effect and performance of private businesses is statistically significant because their p-values equal 0.000 or less than 0.005 (sign=0.0000<0.05). The findings also indicated that the topmost prevailing severe problems that severely affect the performance of businesses owned by males and females were COVID-19 (x̄ =4.45, SD=0.928 for males and x̄ =4.30, SD =1.030 for females), high taxes(x̄=4.47, SD =0.545 for males and x̄ =4.53, SD =0.723 for females), instability of market price (x̄ =4.40, SD =0.613 for males and x̄=4.34,SD =0.918 for females), high rent of premises (x̄ =4.32, SD =0.593 for males and x̄ =4.21, SD =0.840 for females), and insufficient employed capital (x̄ =4.21, SD =0.550 for males and x̄ =4.01, SD =0.866 for females). This study has identified that female and male owned businesses are facing the same business challenges. These problems need to be addressed; however, it will take time and joint efforts of business owners themselves, government, stakeholders, and researchers to attain solutions and remove these severe factors that prevent the performance of private businesses. The study recommends that business owners, especially women with lower startup capital, should approach financial institutions for support in promoting their businesses. The study also recommends that female-owned businesses should join and create cooperatives with their counterparts to share business challenges, experiences, and incentives of working together. Additionally, the study recommends that financial institutions should facilitate and encourage businesswomen to obtain bank loans to grow their businesses. The study also recommends that the government should consider these recommendations and provide support in eradicating the identified business challenges. Keywords: Gender Equality, Business Performance, Severe Factors, Nyarugenge District, Rwanda

Research Note Mental Health and Well-being of Tourism Entrepreneurs During Times of Crisis

This research note reports on the preliminary findings of tourism entrepreneurs' mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental health and well-being have ramifications for entrepreneurial motivations and actions, as well as impacting the economic and social environment at a tourism destination. The study examines the extent to which tourism entrepreneurs' "human capital"—education, prior start-up experience, and entrepreneurship training and qualifications—can support mental health and well-being. Responses from a survey of 138 homestay business operators in Wuyuan, China reveal that prior start-up experience has a significant positive effect on well-being, whereas entrepreneurship specific training or qualifications have a significant effect on supporting mental health. Findings also suggest gender is a discriminating variable with female business owners rating their mental health and well-being significantly worse than male business owners' ratings. The findings present insights for policy makers in supporting the capabilities and resilience of tourism entrepreneurs and for the sustainability of tourism destinations.

Gender and entrepreneurship amongst refugee women entrepreneurs in Glasgow, Scotland

Background: Entrepreneurship studies reveal that despite significant progress made by women entrepreneurs, the gender gap in entrepreneurship is unlikely to be closed. It continues to be observed in both developed and developing countries, as many women-led businesses still face lower average business outcomes than male-owned businesses. This study investigates the impact of gender and entrepreneurship amongst refugee women entrepreneurs in Glasgow.
 Research purpose: The aim of this study is to deeply understand how gender and entrepreneurship affect the motivation of refugee women entrepreneurs. To achieve this aim, three objectives were developed: (1) To understand the motivational factors that make refugee women become entrepreneurs. (2) To identify the key challenges faced by refugee women entrepreneurs in establishing their own businesses. (3) To provide recommendations for policy aimed at helping refugee women develop their entrepreneurial activities.
 Methods: A qualitative study was conducted based on semi-structured face-to-face interviews with ten interviewees, involving six refugee women entrepreneurs and four mainstream agencies. Purposive sampling was employed in recruiting four participants, while two more were recruited through ‘snowball’ sampling. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using the Nvivo software. 1
 Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed that refugee women entrepreneurs were motivated by both push and pull factors. Similar findings by Kone, Ruiz, Vargas-Silva (2019) indicated that refugee entrepreneurs have a greater tendency to start their own businesses due to positive factors such as greater entrepreneurial ambition, but also because of negative factors, such as lacking opportunities in the labour market due to discrimination. Finance was cited as the major barrier faced by all respondents, a situation which is shared by all entrepreneurs. However, refugee women entrepreneurs experienced other acute problems, such as a lack of access to the market, a lack of management skills, poor social networks, and a lack of family support.

Donne in the Vineyards: Italian‐American Women in the California Wine Industry

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the participation of Italian‐American women in the California wine industry, paying attention to the interactions between gender and ethnicity. Italian‐American women contributed to the birth and the development of family‐run companies, but their role in wineries was often invisible, as it was regarded as mere support for male business owners, and their power was limited. The work of Italian‐American women did not represent a model of individual emancipation from the family, but carried out a social function of conservation which made it possible for family businesses to thrive. After the Second World War, women such as Rosa Mondavi and Sylvia Sebastiani reinvented their own roles to fit within the models of femininity imposed on the middle class, gaining control over their family businesses and contributing to Italian‐Californian wine culture.

Improving microcredit and firm performance in Jamaica: a case study of the development bank of Jamaica

ABSTRACT While micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) have been identified as major economic drivers, they continue to face substantial financial constraints that limit their performance. The Impact Financing Envelope (IFE) of the European Investment Bank (EIB) seeks to improve credit access across developing countries through institutions such as the Development Bank of Jamaica (DBJ). This study sought to examine the ultimate impact of EIB funding through the DBJ on final beneficiaries (MSMEs) in Jamaica. Data was collected from 426 sampled final beneficiaries of the DBJ programme. To estimate the impact of credit received from microfinance institutions on the performance (sales/profits) of MSMEs, we used the instrumental variable (IV) technique, recognising potential endogeneity problems in our variable of interest (credit amount received). We also disaggregate our findings by loan recency, sex, and age of owners. The results generally indicate that the amount of credit obtained is positively associated with the performance of MSMEs. A 1% increase in the credit amount received is associated with a 0.226% increase in firm profits. The effect is lower for female-owned than for male-owned businesses and is significant only for MSMEs whose most recent credit was received within a year of the survey.

The role of micro- and small-scale enterprises in enhancing sustainable community livelihood: Tigray, Ethiopia.

Micro- and small-scale enterprises (MSEs) have emerged as one of the most important tools for addressing economic and social issues and achieving development goals. In both developed and developing economies, MSEs have been acknowledged as critical components of national development. This study aimed to assess the contributions of MSEs toward sustainable community livelihood in Emba Alaje, Wereda, Ethiopia. The results revealed that MSEs contributed to economic growth, employment formation, and income generation for the local community. In addition, the study indicated that the MSEs were significantly affected by different determinant factors such as infrastructures, raw material, working premises, and human capital. The study clearly showed that there was a gender gap over participation in different MSE sectors. In addition, many sectors which can employ more people are still managed by men. This shows that the bodies involved, such as the MSE Development Offices, Bureau of Cooperatives, and Bureau of Works and Social Affairs, should join their hands and allow women to enter traditionally male-dominated sectors such as construction, manufacturing, and urban farming. Above all, greater efforts should be made to consider both female- and male-owned businesses.

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Childcare Matters: Female Business Owners and the Baby-Profit Gap

The previous literature documents that female-owned businesses are less profitable than male-owned businesses, including microenterprises that make up the majority of firms in developing countries. In this paper, we uncover an overlooked gendered constraint for these businesses: childcare. We collect field data through unannounced visits to a sample of microentrepreneurs in select areas of Uganda, combining surveys of business owners and real customers, as well as purchases by confederate buyers (i.e., mystery shoppers). We document that childcare duties in businesses are highly gendered: 37% of female owners bring small children to work, compared with 0% of men. Childcare duties are correlated with a “baby-profit gap,” as businesses where children are present earn 48% lower profits than even other female-owned businesses where a child is not present. Using our rich data, we analyze potential reasons why childcare obligations may affect profits. We find that prices, product quality, and other explanations are not robustly correlated with the presence of a baby. However, we find that women with children in the store are more likely to run out of stock than both men and women who do not have children in the store. Although we caution that our analysis is not causal, we consistently find that childcare duties are associated with profitability and may relate to the wider gender gap in business performance. This paper was accepted by Lamar Pierce, organizations.

The influence of tourists’ perceived value and demographic characteristics on the homestay industry: A study based on social stratification theory

The development of the homestay industry has helped Chinese consumers to diversify their consumption of accommodation products. This paper examines the impact of demographic variables, such as tourists’ age, gender, level of education, occupation, and discretionary income, on their perceived functional, emotional, and social values via a multi-layered hierarchical approach. Using a sample of 472 homestay guests from 45 homestays across six provinces, we used cluster analysis to test whether there are significant differences between demographic groups in terms of functional perceived value, emotional value, and social value.In general, age plays an important role in the classification of homestay guests. Male students and male business owners pay more attention to the emotional value of the hotel than do other types of guests. Female business owners and employees of enterprises and institutions pay more attention to the social perception value brought to them by staying in homestays. This study has useful implications for the management of homestay accommodation.

Examining gendered variations in the internationalisation of businesses

The objective of this paper is to examine gendered variations in the internationalisation of businesses utilising the gender-aware framework. Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, we examined our hypotheses across 70 countries. We found no gender differences in the internationalisation of businesses owned by entrepreneurs who were between the ages of 18-29. We also discovered that gender differences only exist in a few countries and in certain specific industries. This research contributes to women entrepreneurship literature by revealing the circumstances in which female-owned businesses internationalise to the same extent or even at a higher level than male-owned businesses.

Sexism in computer games

The article demonstrates the examples of sexism in modern gaming. The authors regard thisphenomenon as natural. It originated in the 1980s, when men became the main consumer of computer games. Thus, cyberspace has become a “closed area” where male business owners have paid male programmers money to create computer games for men. In the 21 st century, the situation has changed dramatically: almost half of today's gamers are women, and there are many women among video game developers and business owners, but the approach to portraying characters in games has remained the same.The authors stress the importance of the activities of Canadian-American blogger Anita Sarkeesian, who was one of the first to raise the issue of sexism in video games in 2012. The activity of a feminist provoked a whole lot of discussion not only among the gamers. The attacks on Anita Sarkeesian's life and the numerous threats that came to her have attracted the attention of the United NationsThe most notorious sexist scandal in cyberspace was the so-called “gamergate” (2014). Programmer Zoë Quinn and her followers have fallen victim to harassment by colleagues and gaming men. As a result of media attention to gaming and active civic activism of Anita Sarkeesian, the international community has drawn attention to sexism in video games. Computer programmers, despite the additional material costs, began to add more female characters to games, more often to portray women as positive heroines with real body proportions and in appropriate clothing. The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe has adopted a Recommendation on Preventing and Combating Sexism (2019), presenting a video and an initiative webpage on eradicating sexism with the hashtag #StopSexism and the slogan “Sexism: See it. Name it. Stop it”.

Eulàlia Ferrer, viuda de Brusi (1780-1841): La capacidad de obrar de las mujeres.

In past times, women (most of them uneducated or untrained, except in tasks belonging to their nature) working in jobs related to books were de iure simple transitional characters among male business owners. Their professional role was defined and established in different regulatory frameworks determining the construction of their identity: familial, educational, societal and legal frameworks. There were, however, some exceptions, and some women were active in their business or in the shop’s specialized tasks. The case of the publisher and bookseller Eulalia Ferrer Montserrat (1780-1841; married to Antoni Brusi and also known as Eulalia Brusi, her married name) exemplifies the professional practice and authority of these women in Barcelona in the first half of the 19th century; Eulalia Ferrer’s work will be analyzed on the basis of her legal capacity to act; that is, of the juridical recognition and validity of her work.

Gender, Age, and Small Business Financial Outcomes

The small business sector makes substantial contributions to overall US economic growth and dynamism. That dynamism is driven by the people who start businesses and grow them, including women who now comprise 36 percent of business owners, up from just 4.6 percent in 1972, and the business owners aged 35-54 who start and own the majority of firms. The JPMorgan Chase Institute analyzed differences in small business financial performance by owner age and gender in order to provide insight into small business outcomes including survival, cash liquidity, revenues, and revenue growth. The report leverages high-frequency, de-identified financial data from a sample of 1.3 million small operating businesses that use Chase Business Banking deposit accounts. We analyzed the 3.1 billion transactions associated with these accounts with a specific focus on gender and age as they relate to prevalence, firm size, cash flow, growth, longevity, and other factors. Our analysis uncovers four key findings illustrating how small business financial performance varies by owner gender and age. First, we observe that young and female small business owners are well-represented among firms that grow organically, but underrepresented among firms with external financing. Second, firms with founders 55 and older are the most likely to survive but are the least likely to have employees. A typical firm founded by a 30-year-old has an 11.1 percent predicted probability of exiting after its first year, whereas one founded by a 60-year-old has an 8.2 percent probability of doing so. Third, female-owned firms start with revenue levels 34 percent lower than male-owned firms and have slower revenue growth. The median first-year revenue is about $50,000 for female-owned small businesses, while male-owned small businesses generate $75,000 in first-year revenue. Fourth, first-year revenues by owner age and gender vary by metropolitan area. New female-owned businesses have 46 percent of the revenues of new male-owned businesses in San Antonio, but 85 percent of the revenues of male-owned businesses in Miami. Taken together, our findings indicate that gender and age differences among small business owners result in substantially different trajectories.

Gender, family and business

Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between family responsibilities and family support, on the one hand, and decisions by men and women concerning owning a business, as well as how many hours they work in that business. Design/methodology/approach The authors used data collected by the US Current Population Survey between 1989 and 2011 and had a starting sample of 1,258,430 individuals, and a final sample of 27,147. Findings The authors found that both women and men are more inclined to own a business when they are married, have children or receive financial support from their spouse. They also found widespread gender differences in these analyses. The influence of family-related issues on owning a business is stronger for women than for men. Originality/value The findings indicate that male business owners work longer hours if they have young children. In contrast, female business owners reduce their work hours if they are married, have young children and receive support from their spouse. Implications are discussed.

How women and men business owners perceive success

Purpose – Women and men business owners are often thought to have different success criteria for their businesses, but there is little empirical research to support this. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the nature of self-defined success factors, and to compare women and men’s success criteria. Design/methodology/approach – This study surveyed 216 New Zealand business owners’ (78 women, 138 men) self-perceived success criteria for their businesses. Results are based primarily on an open-ended question on their interpretation of what success means to them. In total, 30 main categories of success factors were identified, and the four main factors analyzed in depth. Findings – The four most frequently occurring success factors were financial success, personal satisfaction, work-life/work-family balance, and satisfied stakeholders. Women and men business owners described very similar success criteria, which were balanced across financial success and personal and relationship factors. No statistically significant gender differences were found in the incidence of these success factors, suggesting a movement of male business owners to a more holistic view of business success that incorporates financial success, alongside personal and relationship aspects. Research limitations/implications – Offers implications for researchers, policy makers, and practitioners. Highlights the need to be careful when designing research studies in multi-faceted areas such as business success, and also in gender comparative studies. Originality/value – Uses self-perceived success criteria to assess gender differences.