Malay Manuscripts Research Articles

PROBLEMATIKA NASKAH SEJARAH DI DUNIA MELAYU: ANTARA MITOS DAN REALITA (STUDI KASUS HIKAYAT RAJA PASAI)

One of the challenges that historians and philologists face is analyzing historical texts, especially traditional historiographic works like 'babad' and 'hikayat,' which may have been added to or subtracted from in various aspects. Such manuscripts cannot be considered the primary reference source for constructing a chronological history, as they lean more towards historical literature constructed from the author's imagination. This article discusses the challenges posed by Malay manuscripts that contain elements of myth and imagination. The study takes a case example of the manuscript "Hikayat Raja Pasai". The objective is to examine the position and role of hikayat or traditional historiography in general concerning the narration of history and its acceptance as a historical source. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method through several stages, including: 1) manuscript selection, 2) literature review, 3) content analysis and identification of imaginative elements in the manuscript, 4) examination of history to verify the accuracy of information, 5) interpretation of results, 6) writing, and 7) drawing conclusions. From this study, it was found that despite containing myths, hikayat still plays a role as a means to showcase the character of a community, aiding readers in understanding a belief, and myths are often more effective in raising human awareness and guiding them towards improvement. However, in accepting hikayat as a historical source, a critical and selective approach is necessary. Therefore, the application of historical methods is crucial to identify which elements can be used as historical sources and which ones should be considered purely imaginative.

THE BENEFIT OF GARLIC FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE AND MALAY PRACTISE

Garlic is one of the herbs that being used as a flavor in food. But it is also known as traditional medicine among the Malay community. However, the scientific observation about the benefit of garlic, especially from the Islamic perspective has not been fully documented. Thus, in this research, we aim to unravel the remedies of garlic and its uniqueness from the Islamic perspective and explain how the efficacy and uses of garlic in treating diseases practiced by the Malay community. The findings show that the use of garlic as traditional medicine has been used since time immemorial and has been proven to bring many good effects in curing diseases such as help to lower body pressure, reduce the risk of cancer, eliminate bad breath and many more. The findings also show different beliefs, races, and cultures are among the factors in different ways of using garlic as a medicine. However, this study will focus more on Malay practitioners. In this research, descriptive analysis is used and involving many types of text such as Al-Qur'an, Hadith Nabawi, and selected Malay manuscript on Malay traditional medicine to study the remedies of garlic and its practice among Malay practitioners. This study is important in order to increase the understanding and knowledge about the benefit of garlic in medicine as a cure rather than just use it as a flavor in food.

Pusat Sejarah Brunei: Beberapa Aspek Perbincangan tentang Koleksi Manuskrip Melayu-Islam Brunei History Centre: Some Aspects of Discussion on the Collection of Malay-Islamic Manuscripts

Brunei History Centre is one of Brunei Darussalam government's agency that handles Malay manuscript collection and preservation activities. Through inventory and cataloging studies carried out since the 1980s, the involvement of this centre is seen to be in line with other institutions such as the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, the Museums Department, and the Brunei National Archives as manuscript collectors and preservers. However, unlike in the institutions mentioned, the status of the Malay manuscripts collection at the Brunei History Centre has never been mentioned in detail. This article presents a discussion regarding the position of Malay manuscripts in Brunei by analyzing previous studies on the inventory and cataloging of manuscripts, as well as describing the Brunei History Center's manuscript collection in general. This discussion is based on literature research and fieldwork, as well as interviews with agency officials involved. Based on this research, 270 manuscripts were found, which could be categorized into several genres. In addition, a number of untitled manuscripts were also uncovered at the Brunei History Centre. This discussion is pertinent in efforts to establish the existence and potentiality of the Malay manuscript collection at the Brunei History Centre; particularly to foreign researchers in a bid to assist in creating a knowledge base with regards to the collection. In addition, this also serves as a guide for any future undertakings with regard to the appropriate procedures and approaches dealing with those manuscripts. Essentially, this discussion places an emphasis on the fact that the role of this collection could not be disregarded in the scholarly pursuits of Malay manuscripts, mainly from its context as a source of historical analysis as well as in the investigation of Malay-Islamic civilization.

The Malay Tale of The Pig King (2015): An Adaptation of Hikayat Raja Babi (1775)

Hikayat Raja Babi is an old Malay manuscript written in 1775 by a Semarang merchant named Usup bin Abdul Kadir while sailing to Palembang. It was handwritten in Jawi script and is in the collections of The British Library where it has been digitised, making it freely accessible by all. In 2015, Buku Fixi, a Malaysian publishing company, transliterated the manuscript and published a Romanised version of Hikayat Raja Babi. In 2020, the story was reproduced and published by Matahari Books as an illustrated storybook. This article discusses the adaptation of Hikayat Raja Babi into the version of The Malay Tale of the Pig King. The two texts are analysed based on Hutcheon’s theory of adaptation. Findings show that The Malay Tale of the Pig King has been adapted and simplified through appropriation process, making it suitable for young readers. The latter version still maintains the main story structure by having the same key events as in the original storyline. In addition to this, beautiful illustrations on the cover of the book and throughout the entire book makes The Malay Tale of the Pig King visually appealing.

Manuskrip Beraksara Jawi Pada Khazanah Pustaka EAP British Library

Jawi script is Arabic/hijaiyah letters with 6 additional letters as local modifications which -when read or pronounced- form Malay words/sentences. This Jawi script is proof of the influence of Islam in the archipelago. This study is historical research employing literature analysis examining the Jawi script collection within the digital library provided by the Endangered Archives Program (EAP) Riau manuscripts: The Gateway to The Malay Intellectual World (EAP153). The data obtained was then analyzed qualitatively through historiography descriptive analysis. The data was then discussed by comparing with other literacy sources such as journals, books and internet sources. Malay manuscripts stored in the British Library EAP library & Linggam Cahaya Library consist of 454 manuscripts including 65 (14%) written in Dutch, 30 (6.6%) written in Indonesian, 3 (0.7%) written in Arabic, 2 (2) 0.4%) written in English and 353 Jawi manuscripts (78%) and 118 bi-lingual literature collections. Based on the Jawi manuscripts provided in the EAP British Library collection and that of Linggam Cahaya Library, it can be understood that the use of Jawi writing provides an overview of the socio-cultural conditions of Malay at the time. It is also revealed that there had been ups and downs in the use of Jawi script. In the 19th century Jawi writing was the government official script, the most mastered script by the community, a sign of identity and a resistance symbol against colonialism. The prestige of Jawi script began to decline since school system spread and the use of Latin script in the schooling world started as the impact of the ethical politics of 1901.

Redesain Dan Tradisi Visualisasi Dalam Iluminasi Naskah Melayu Nusantara

This paper study aims to unravel the existence of the visualization tradition of Malay society in the illumination of Malay texts in the archipelago and to detect the redesign of the legacy of illumination in the interests of today's society. The method used in this study uses a qualitative research method with a literature study approach that uses primary and secondary data sources that are searched by literature data collection techniques from various sources and then analyzed with the needs of researchers for the data presented in this study. In this study several conclusions can be drawn, the visualization tradition in the illumination of Malay archipelago manuscripts is a reflection of the intellectuality of the written tradition which is an indicator of cultural phenomena in the form of ideas, social system and practices. Then, the main element that always exists in Malay texts in the archipelago is bamboo shoots which have a philosophy to continue to grow tall, strong and strong from the wind. Second, the redesign of the Malay script illumination visualization tradition still occurs today, especially in the interests of socio-economic welfare for the creative industry as contained in the revitalization of the illumination design into a digital vector shape which helps make it easy to apply in various design formats for invitations, paintings, book cover frames, paintings. , and batiks. One that has materialized is to become batik cloth in various Malay regions. Seeing these conditions, the Malay Archipelago script has a great opportunity to be redesigned in the current context. This, in addition to preserving the Malay manuscript illumination visualization tradition through a distinctive representation of meaning, is a very valuable cultural heritage.

Marsden’s Malay Manuscripts: Reassessing a Colonial Collection

Abstract This article investigates European collecting of Malay manuscripts during the colonial era to address two inter-related questions: was this collecting instrumental in destroying the Malay manuscript tradition, and are colonial collections accurate representations of Malay manuscript culture? It makes the case that while European intervention was certainly destructive, in fact the majority of Malay-language literary texts survive only in colonial-era collections. It also considers whether colonial collections, precisely because they are high in Malay literary texts and low in Arabic religious texts (known as kitab), are unrepresentative of Malay manuscript culture in the nineteenth century and earlier. Taking Marsden’s seminal collection of Malay manuscripts as its case study, the article provides a fuller account of how this collection was assembled, and traces the individuals known to have acquired manuscripts for Marsden. Newly documented manuscript collections that remain in situ in Indonesia and in Malaysian institutions are discussed as a counterpoint.

Balancing Sustainability Factors Affecting the Implementation of Digital Libraries of Malay Manuscript: A Proposed Framework

The aim of this study is to explore and understand the factors that will affect the implementation of Digital Libraries of Malay manuscripts in libraries. The paper discusses the issues related to the risk management of digital resources in Malaysian documentary heritage institutions. The study will have employed a descriptive-qualitative approach to explore how the DLMM is operated in five selected information institutions in Malaysia. Three types of data collection techniques were used: interviews, observation, and document analysis. The semi-structured interview was used as the main data collection technique. The paper’s findings and discovery are significant in highlighting the crucial elements which need to be addressed to ensure the sustainability and successful implementation of digitization projects. The paper’s findings and discovery are significant in highlighting the crucial elements which need to be addressed to ensure the sustainability and successful implementation of any digitization project. The findings of this paper contribute toward the dissemination of new knowledge specifically in the management of digital preservation of documentary heritage available in Malaysia.

Jakarta Abad XIX dalam Kolofon Naskah Melayu Koleksi A.B. Cohen Stuart di Perpusnas RI

As a note written directly by the copyist/owner of the manuscript outside the text of the manuscript, the colophon can serve as a source of information about the history of its manuscript. Not only that, colophons can also function as a source of past knowledge outside the manuscript’s tradition. This is as shown by the colophons contained in the Malay manuscripts collection of A.B. Cohen Stuart stored in the National Library of Indonesia. This research on colophon manuscripts was carried out using descriptive methods and philological work steps to analyze data sources in the form of colophons. The results of the analysis, it can be concluded that 38 Malay manuscripts from the collection of Cohen Stuart are estimated to have been collected during his duty as conservator at Bataviaasch Genootschap, Batavia (Jakarta) in 1862-1871. These manuscripts were copied and/or owned by as many as 22 copyists/owners who lived in 16 villages in Jakarta in the period 1863-1869, except for two manuscripts which are estimated to be dated to the 1840s. Most of the manuscripts were copied for commercial purposes, i.e. for rent or sale. In addition, this colophon analysis also reveals some of the history of the city of Jakarta in the 19th century, including the structure of government, the villages in Batavia, as well as the formation of the Betawi ethnicity and the livelihoods of its people.

HUKUM VIRAL PADA NASKAH HIDAYATUS SALIKIIN KARANGAN SYEKH ABDUSSAMAD AL-FALAMBANI ( KAJIAN SEMANTIK )

This research examines old Malay manuscripts about Hubbil jaahi (Love for splendor) or famous/want to be known (viral) opinion of Hujjatul Islam (Imam al-Ghazali ra) in the manuscript Hidayatus saalikiin Manuscript written by Syekh Abdussamad al-falambany, this study aims so that humans do not stuck with ria and ujub and hypocrisy. ¬The original manuscript is in Arabic Malay pegon. This research uses the semantic theory of qualitative descriptive analysis beginning with the process of transliteration from Jawi script to Latin script and relevant studies. This study is very important to examine more deeply, the causes and effects of wanting to be known (viral). So be careful in doing good, Allah is all-knowing to people who don't know and this understanding is truly glorious if it is informed to the general public so that they are safe from the practices of Ria and ujub, as far away from hypocrisy as possible.

Security Functions Performed by Natural Elements in Traditional Malay Landscapes According to Malay Manuscript

Natural elements in a landscape refer to elements that are naturally present in the landscape. These elements contribute towards creating an aesthetic landscape ecology, which is a landscape that can fulfil the needs of its inhabitants, including security requirements. Traditional Malay landscapes are not behind in this aspect with their natural terrain, water sources, as well as flora and fauna. However, Malay communities today are largely unaware of Malay landscapes, which has resulted in an undefined vision of what Malay landscapes constitute of, and rendered Malay landscapes weaker compared to others. Moreover, studies on landscapes in Malay manuscripts still have not been receiving due attention despite traditional Malay society's refined skills in choosing and building their own landscapes to the point that it has become a local wisdom. Following this, using library research and the application of the Landscape Aesthetic Theory, this article will identify natural elements in Malay landscapes and explain security elements in them based on the Sulalatus Salatin, Syair Siti Zubaidah Perang China and Hikayat Patani. This manuscript which has been recognised as a Full Registered Heritage and contains pertinent information regarding the subject at hand. There are three types of natural elements in traditional Malay landscapes based on the text, namely highlands, sources of water, and flora and fauna. All three natural elements are seen as security features that protect inhabitants from threats and danger. Therefore, it is hoped that the results of this study could showcase the local wisdom of Malay communities, and consequently become a guide for expanding studies on landscapes based on Malay manuscripts.

Memaknai Pengasingan Orang Melayu-Indonesia di Ceylon, Sri Lanka

Ronit Ricci. 2019. Banishment and Belonging: Exile and Diaspora in Sarandib, Lanka, and Ceylon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.This essay reviews a book that explores Sri Lanka, one of the historical destinations of colonial exile, with a focus on the literary traditions of the Malay people, particularly Muslims. By using manuscripts written by exiles as the primary source, this work emphasizes contextual studies on dimensions of humanity and culture (manuscript cultures) to explain the experiences of exiles in the formation of the diaspora tradition of the Malay Muslim community. These sources prove that despite being forced to leave their homeland, the exiles were able to construct a religious paradigm that granted them the ability to deal with these political consequences while somehow countering the colonialists’ narratives. Therefore, this book suggests that due to the significant influence of Malay, particularly Islam, this region cannot be disregarded on the map of Southeast Asian Islamic studies. Additionally, this work implies that the concept of “Malay” is not only limited to a region of Southeast Asia today but also includes other regions with a history and culture of producing Malay manuscripts, such as Sri Lanka.

Penyengat Island Riau Island: Towards A World Heritage

Malay history and culture cannot be separated from the existence of Penyengat Island. This island once had a strategic role. First, Penyengat Island was the fortress of Raja Haji during the war against the Dutch. Second, as the administrative center of the Riau-Lingga Kingdom. Third, to become the center of Islamic Malay studies which is well-known in the Malay world. Various disciplines have existed on this island. Studies from various disciplines have been carried out. The results mostly recommend that Penyengat Island provide lessons for the life of the Malay community now and in the future. This study uses the historical method through four stages of work, namely heuristics (collection of sources), source criticism (external to the material and internal to the content), interpretation and historiography. The primary sources are Malay manuscripts that were born on Penyengat Island in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The secondary sources are scientific journals and government policies that discuss Penyengat Island. These primary and secondary sources are then analyzed and interpreted. The final stage is historiography to strengthen the narrative and support data for the submission of Penyengat Island as a world heritage. Penyengat Island has a tangible and intangible cultural heritage. The forerunner of the Indonesian language is recognized as being born from there. Penyengat Island deserves to be a world heritage.

History of Indonesia in the Master's Degree Course of the Department of Foreign History, Political Science and International Relations, Petrozavodsk State University

The article shows the importance of oriental publications Sulalat-us-salatin: Malay Manuscript of Kruzenshtern and its Cultural and Historical Significance and Travel and Latest Observations in China, Manila and the Indo-China Archipelago for studying the colonial policy of the Netherlands in Indonesia as part of the training course "Politics of European Powers in the Countries of the East in the 16th-early 20th century" of Master's program at the Petrozavodsk State University. The organization of the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies in 1595-1597 and the creation of the United East India Company are analyzed. The materials of the article can be useful in preparation for classes in the field of History.

LITERARY AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY PENYENGAT ISLAND, RIAU:

Malay society has a variety of historical heritages one of which is Malay manuscripts. They are valuable treasures containing knowledge that informs the world about the soul, spirit, thinking, and civilisation of the Malays, and that will be of interest to future generations. This article introduces the works of Raja Ali Haji of Penyengat Island (c. 1808 – c. 1873), one of the great Malay writers of the nineteenth century, and will briefly discuss the history of Bugis domination in the Johor-Riau Lingga region in the eighteenth century. The discussion will also cover the development of Malay historiography and literary activities in the early nineteenth century to which Raja Ali Haji and other scholars brought about significant changes. The findings of the study reveal that he was a prominent figure not only in the aspect of religion but also in literature, language, politics, and history. His prowess was inherited by his family and descendants who formed a movement known as the Rusydiah Club to stimulate feelings of nationalism among the community with the view of opposing the Dutch in Riau.

ANALISIS ASPEK KELISANAN PADA HIKAYAT PERANG PANDAWA JAYA

<p><em>The manuscript studied in this study is the story of the Hikayat Perang Pandawa Jaya. This manuscript is themed on one of the great epics of India, namely Mahabharata. In this study, philological work steps are used to explain the description of the manuscript. In addition, this study will also present an analysis of oral aspects according to Walter J. Ong. Oral aspect analysis is used to determine the oral elements contained in the story of the Hikayat Perang Pandawa Jaya. The results of the analysis show that the Hikayat Perang Pandawa Jaya contains several oral aspects expressed by Walter J. Ong. These include additive, aggregative, close to everyday life, conservative, participatory, and </em><em>homocentric</em><em>. The steps of philological work are appropriate when used to study the Hikayat Perang Pandawa Jaya which is a type of old Malay manuscript.</em></p>

DISCOURSE ON ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS IN ANCIENT MALAY MEDICAL MANUSCRIPT FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES

Since ancient times, people have been using plants not only for a source of food, but also for a source of medicine. In the Malay culture, many ethnomedicinal plants are being used for various medicinal properties. This knowledge is recorded in many ancient Malay manuscripts that acknowledge many different local names of plants and its traditional uses and practices. This study will be discussing one of the ancient Malay manuscript named “Hikayat Nurul-lisan Menjawab Masalah” whereby the original work was written in Jawi alphabets. Fortunately, Harun Mat Piah in his book, “Kitab Tib Ilmu Perubatan Melayu” had transliterated the work to Latin alphabets and organised it to a better structure which makes the content readily accessible and easily interpreted for Malay researchers. The purpose of this study is to analyse and tabulate ethnomedicinal plants documented in the transliterated manuscript which mentioned gastrointestinal benefits. To attain the research objectives, qualitative thematic analysis will be employed on the manuscript in order to classify different themes in the text systematically. Among illnesses frequently mentioned in the manuscript are gastrointestinal related, such as digestion, bloating, diarrhea and others. The study highlights that there are 36 number of plants mentioned in the manuscript which relates to gastrointestinal diseases. There are many different practice of use, whereby some are with detailed explanation, and others very general. Some plants are mentioned as being used for the well-being of the digestive system. This study is imperative for comprehensively structuring the traditional knowledge obtained in the manuscript for easy reference and access to other researchers locally and internationally. Besides to enrich our traditional knowledge on ethnomedicinal plants, this research will indirectly serve to preserve one of an important Malay cultural heritage. Keywords: Ethnomedicinal plants; Thematic analysis; Malay ancient manuscript; Malaysia medicinal plants; Gastrointestinal

Textile and Trade in Alam Melayu

Apart from being a trade commodity and cultural driver, textile is always mentioned as something valuable in Alam Melayu. Some Malay manuscripts such as Sullalatus Salatin (Ahmad, 2003), Tawarikh Raja-Raja Melaka dan Pahang, Tuhfat An-nafis (Haji & Ahmad, 1997) and Hikayat Siak, mentioned that the textile acts as the symbol given when facing someone higher, a sign of friendship between kingdoms, proposing to a king's daughter and the cancellation of a king. Textiles in Alam Melayu are found in various types and forms, the function of the textile and its labels. Using the historical method in reconstructing historical events, this article with the theme of social history states that textile and the art of embroidery among Malay women have been fused in people's lives since the past. Relations with the outside world such as China, India, Arabia and Europe, affect various types and forms, functions of textiles and their names.

TEKS UBAT BEDIL: PENGETAHUAN TEKSTUAL TENTANG UBAT BEDIL MELAYU

The knowledge of firearms is one of the genres found in Malay manuscripts. However, gunpowder texts documented in such manuscripts have been largely elusive. This article aims to bridge the widening knowledge gap by presenting several textual evidence on the Malay tradition of using gunpowder. Using the philological research method, this article presents the transliteration of two texts found. Additionally, this paper intends to discuss content related to instructive and quantitative discourses. Therefore, this study is expected to provide a clearer picture of the textual dynamics of gunpowder knowledge to highlight the importance of the texts. Subsequently a discussion on the aforementioned manuscripts where specific gunpowder mixtures were explicitly stated will be considered as a concerted effort to enhance the understanding of Malay gun technology and facilitate in-depth discussions on various aspects of the traditional texts associated with the transmission of traditional knowledge, particularly in the form of quantitative or numerical descriptions. Keywords: Malay manuscripts, gunpowder text, traditional knowledge, textual dynamics, instructive and quantitative texts.

The Prophet Shaving: Persians and the Origin of the Malay Hikayat Nabi Bercukur

Abstract This article is about a well-known anonymous folk story in the Malay-Indonesian world, called Hikayat Nabi Bercukur (“The Story of Prophet Shaving”), found in various different languages across the region. The only scholarly conjecture about its origin is based on the copy of a Malay manuscript held in Leiden which has been deliberately blackened and struck through by a reader who stated in the margin that the story is written by a Rāfiḍī and should not be believed. Although earlier scholars mentioned the title or the synopsis of this story in their works and bibliographical catalogues, the question “what is the origin of this story?” remained unanswered. In order to follow up on previous studies and to find an answer, this essay examines numerous original manuscripts and texts in various languages and provides a comparison between the Malay versions and their prototype. Also, to the best of my knowledge, the first edition and English translation of the prototype are presented.