Majority Of Trace Elements Research Articles

Ore Genesis of the Dongping Gold Deposit in the Northern Margin of North China Craton: Constraints from In-Situ Major, Trace Elemental Analysis of Magnetite and Pyrite

The Zhangxuan district in North China, also known as Northwestern Hebei “Golden Triangle,” develops many intrusion-hosted lode-gold deposits. The Dongping gold deposit in the Zhangxuan district is well known for its unique hosting of rocks and ore mineral assemblages. Magnetite and pyrite are common minerals that widely exist in ores of the Dongping deposit. To get a better understanding of the evolution of the ore-forming fluids responsible for mineralization, we report on an integrated study on the electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of magnetite and pyrite from the deposit. The major results are as follows: The magnetite grains from the Dongping deposit show a variable content of major and trace elements such as Ti, Al, Si, Fe, Mn, Cr, Na, V, and Co, and the majority of the magnetite contain low Ti contents, revealing potential properties of hydrothermal magnetite. The flat time-resolved signals of LA-ICP-MS imply that the majority of trace elements in magnetite exist in the form of isomorphism, except for some incompatible trace elements. Magnetites from the Dongping deposit have compositional characteristics of hydrothermal origins, and the genetic discriminant diagrams of Ti–V, Ti–Ni/Cr or (Ca + Al + Mn)–(Ti + V) show that they may be originated from magma differentiated hydrothermal solutions. Co, Ni in pyrite from Dongping mainly enter the lattice via isomorphism, and Cu, Zn, Ag, W, Sn, Au, Pb, and Bi are partitioned into pyrite as micro/nano- mineral inclusions. The Co, Ni content, and the Ni/Co ratios, indicated that the temperature of the ore-forming fluids has decreased from Py-1 to Py-2, and the enrichment of Au in Py-2 may be related to the cooling and boiling of the fluids.

Bingöl Arı Sütünün İçeriği ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesi

Royal jelly (RJ) is the special nutriment of the larva of queen honeybee (Apis mellifera) which is composed of several bioactive substances that include amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, mineral salts, and vitamins. The content of RJ varies depending on genotype of the bees according to the flora species and climatic conditions and this affects biological activities of RJ. In recent years, literature has perceived an exponential growth in amount of drug (antibiotic)-resistant pathogenic bacteria. The main reasons of growing antibiotic resistance might be credited to the abuse of the antibiotic usage demonstrating prominence of examining other choices other than the communal antibiotics, such as bee products), to avoid a additional build-up in antibiotic resistance. To our knowledge, chemical content and antimicrobial activity of Bingol RJ (BRJ) has not been investigated to date. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study composition and antimicrobial activities of BRJ. The results demonstrated that BRJ contains major flavonoids and phenolics such as apigenin, quercetin, naringenin, gallic acid, caffeic acid that contribute antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of BRJ. We have also shown that there are some middle and short chain fatty acids that include Linoleic acid and Propionic acid. BRJ also contain majority of trace elements and mineral. In addition to chemical content, antimicrobial activity of BRJ was also investigated towards pathogens. BRJ showed antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (8.64 mm), Escherichia coli (9.1 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (10.73 mm).

Physical and chemical characteristics of soil from tiger shrimp aquaculture ponds at Malacca, Malaysia

ABSTRACTSoil physicochemical properties of the growout ponds of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) were examined in relation to shrimp yields for one production cycle. The culture ponds were old (>5 years) and new (newly constructed) types. Soil texture was silty clay with low sand content and high proportion of clay for both the pond types with alkaline soil pH (7.87–9.71). Organic matter (OM) concentration was higher (7.48 ± 0.01%) in old ponds and positively related (r = 0.58, P < 0.05) with total nitrogen (TN). The major cations (Ca, Mg, and Na) were higher in the soil of old ponds and did not fluctuate significantly during culture. The majority of trace elements, i.e., Fe (349.22 ± 35.7 ppm), Mn (56.19 ± 30.2 ppm), Zn (88.56 ± 8.09 ppm), Al (454.3 ± 200.6), Pb (1.3 ± 0.96 ppm), Co (3.4 ± 0.2), V (6.56 ± 1.79 ppm), Cr (19.32 ± 0.63 ppm), Ti (82.78 ± 54.3 ppm), As (5.60 ± 0.28 ppm), Ag (0.38 ± 0.5 ppm), and Sb (3.89 ± 0.48 ppm) were found to be higher in new pond soils than the old ponds. Except for soil manganese, no major fluctuations in trace elements were observed during the culture period. Shrimp growth was not significantly different in the two types of ponds, and no distinct correlation between shrimp growth and element content of soils could be drawn. The results indicate that shrimp pond age may not affect production of shrimp if soils are properly managed pre- and postculture. The differences in production in different ponds might be the result of management practice such as quality of shrimp post larvae, pond preparation, water and feed quality, and available live feed in the pond bottom or other environmental factors like water nutrients and physicochemical parameters.

Geochemistry of phosphate bearing sedimentary rocks in parts of Sonrai block, Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Major, trace and rare earth elements of phosphatic rocks around Sonrai block of Paleo-Mesoproterozoic age having phosphatic breccia, quartzite, shale, sandstone, limestone and ironstone, have been determined to evaluate their correlation, relationship with the phosphorus content, the nature of possible substitution of various elements and regional distribution pattern over the area. The study indicates that the number of elements is substituted in the apatite structures; few of them are associated with phosphate and carbonate minerals. The variable concentration of major, trace and rare earth elements in the phosphatic rocks has been influenced by various physico-chemical processes involved during weathering and leaching of the source rocks. The distribution of the major, trace and rare earth elements is controlled by the environmental variations in the sediment water interface. The majority of trace elements were mainly influenced by the principle adsorbents like the phosphate minerals in addition to clay, iron oxides and silicate minerals. The PAAS normalized REE patterns of Sonrai block of phosphorites are characterized by negative Ce anomalies and Positive Eu anomalies. It is inferred from the distribution and interrelationship of major, trace and rare earth elements that the deposition of phosphate minerals might have occurred in highly oxidizing to slightly reducing conditions in supratidal to intertidal continental margins and shallow marine environment. The deposition was controlled by marine upwelling leading to excess charge of phosphate in certain zones of phosphogenic basins, lithologic facies variations in restricted circulations of basinal waters and electrochemical factors such as negative Eh, pH and other factors, which influenced the deposition of phosphates. The replacement, precipitation in voids and fissures and diagenesis were also important mechanisms of phosphate generation in Sonrai basin. The main source for various elements may be the minerals of cratonic mass of Bundelkhand Granitic Complex, a basement of Bijawar Basin, which also provided land derived phosphorus through weathering of the terrestrial cover.

Mass closure of total suspended particles over the coal burning power production area of western Macedonia, Greece

Ambient suspended particles (TSP) were collected from January to June 2001 at seven sampling sites in western Macedonia, Greece, where four thermal power stations are located. TSP samples were chemically characterized for minerals (Fe, Al, Mg, Ca, K, Ti and Si), trace elements (P, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, V, Zn, Te, Co, Ni, Se, Sr, As, and Sb), water-soluble ions \(\left( {{\text{Cl}}^ - {\text{, NO}}_{\text{3}}^ - {\text{, SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2}} - } {\text{, Na}}^{\text{ + }} {\text{, K}}^{\text{ + }} {\text{, NH}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{ + }} {\text{, Ca}}^{{\text{2 + }}} {\text{, Mg}}^{{\text{2 + }}} } \right)\), carbonaceous compounds (OC/EC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These classes of compounds were consequently compared with PM mass concentrations of TSP in order to perform mass closure. PM chemical compositions exhibited differences at the seven sites. Minerals were found to be more abundant at four sites, electrolytes dominated the composition at two of the sites while carbonaceous material was most abundant only at one site. The fraction unaccounted for ranged between 22 and 34%. Spatial variations of atmospheric concentrations showed significantly higher levels of minerals, some trace metals and TC at the site that was closest to the power plants. At the same site ions exhibited high correlations with minerals and the majority of trace elements.

High-precision analysis of chromium isotopes in terrestrial and meteorite samples by thermal ionization mass spectrometry

We present a method for the chemical separation of Cr from meteorite and terrestrial samples for isotopic analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). After sample digestion, separation of Cr(III) is achieved by means of a two-column cation-exchange chromatography procedure using AG 50W-x8 resin. In a first column, Cr(III) is isolated from major elements and the majority of trace elements. In a second column, trace amounts of Fe, Al and Ti are further removed. Total procedural yields are > 80%. Cr isotopes are measured by TIMS in the static multicollection mode. Mn/Cr ratios are obtained by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS). The accuracy of our protocol was tested by reference to terrestrial analogs and comparison of Cr isotopic data for samples that underwent Cr purification following the cation-exchange chromatography described here and an alternative separation method employing both a cationic and an anionic chromatography step. Using our technique, Mn/Cr ratios reproduce to <2% (2σ) and 53Cr/52Cr and 54Cr/52Cr to 6 ppm and 12 ppm, respectively (2σ). This highly precise procedure allows the variability of Cr isotopes in the inner solar system objects to be addressed. Our method enabled us to document an initial homogeneity for 50,52,53Cr isotopes within 10 ppm, while 20–70 ppm deficits in 54Cr abundances have been resolved for a number of meteorite samples.

Chemical composition of cave sediment in Potočka zijalka, Mt. Olševa, North Slovenia

Potočka zijalka was a station of Aurignatien hunters and the site of rich fossil remains of Pleistocene large mammals. Clastic sediments were deposited in Würm and are an intimate mixture of gravel, sand, silt and clay occurring in various proportions. The fractions form distinct populations, which were transported by different agents, like rockfall, flowing water, ephemeral torrent flows and cryoturbation. The sediment constituents are petrologically rather diverse and indicate that they were derived from different parent rocks - Mesozoic limestone, Permian-Carboniferous shales, Tertiary fine-grained sediments and fluvial pebbly deposits. Bulk chemical composition is strongly influenced by the limestone component, but the majority of trace elements, like Ti, Li, V, Fe, Co, Zn, Ga, Y, REE, Zr, Nb, Cs, Hf and Th originates from clay and fine silt, and Mn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Sn mainly from the heavz minerals in the sand fraction. Ca, Mg, Br, Rb, Sr and U show strong correlation with the amount of carbonate component. Rare earth elements, normalised to PAAS are not appreciable fractionated and show light positive europium anomalies.

Separation of titanium from silicates for isotopic ratio determination using multiple collector ICP-MS

A new separation method of Ti from silicate materials is presented that is suitable for the determination of natural Ti isotope variations using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). This method makes possible for the first time the separation of Ti from natural materials, with high purity, high recovery and no introduction of artificial mass fractionation. Following sample decomposition using HF, Ti is separated using a three-column procedure. In the first column using an anion-exchange resin, AG 1X8, major elements and the majority of trace elements are separated. In the second column, after eliminating F− by evaporation with HClO4 and re-dissolution with H2O2–HNO3, Ti is separated from Zr and Hf using a liquid–liquid extraction resin, U/TEVA. In the third column, which is the same as the first column, trace amounts of Al and P are further removed. Recovery yields were almost unity, and no Ti isotope fractionation occurred from the overall chemical processing. The reproducibilities (2σ) of the Ti isotope ratio measurement for a meteorite (eucrite) and a lamproite were <0.5e for e47Ti, e48Ti and e49Ti, and <1e for e50Ti, which were comparable to those for the pure Ti standard solution.

G‐Probe‐1 ‐ An International Proficiency Test for Microprobe Laboratories ‐ Report on Round 1 : February 2002 (TB‐1 Basaltic Glass)

Results are presented for round one of a new international proficiency testing programme designed for microprobe laboratories involved in the routine analysis of silicate minerals. The sample used for this round was TB‐1, a basaltic glass fused and prepared by the USGS. Thirty nine laboratories contributed data to this round, the majority of major element results being undertaken by EPMA and the majority of trace elements by LA‐ICP‐MS. Assigned values were derived from the median of results produced by nine selected laboratories that analysed powdered material by conventional ICP‐MS, INAA and XRF techniques using bulk powders of the sample. Submitted microprobe results were evaluated using a target precision calculated using the Horwitz function, adopting the same criteria as those used for “applied” geochemistry laboratories in the companion GeoPT proficiency testing programme for laboratories involved in the routine bulk analysis of silicate rocks. An evaluation of results from participating microprobe laboratories indicated that overall, data were compatible with this precision function. A comparison between the performance of bulk and microprobe techniques used in the analysis of the basaltic glass showed remarkably good agreement, with significant bias only observed for the major oxide MgO.

Major, Minor and Trace Elements in Surficial Sediments from the Open Adriatic Sea: A Regional Geochemical Study

The concentrations and distributions of major (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg), minor (Mn, P, Ti), and trace elements (Ag, As, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Ag, La, Ni, Pb, Sc, Sr, Th, U, V, Zn, Zr), in the surficial sea bottom sediments were studied in an attempt to establish their distribution in the Adriatic Sea. Results indicate that major, minor and several trace elements are strongly related to the catchment geology, their distribution being essentially controlled by the type of sediments. However, the majority of trace elements are believed to have been introduced into the Adriatic from the riverine inflows that are also affected by the impact of industrial, mining and urban wastes. Other sources of these elements are located along the coast. The highest concentrations for several trace elements were thus recorded from the coastal ecosystems and from the most polluted Albanian and Italian rivers. The concentrations of trace elements generally decrease with distance from the coast. The regional distribution patterns are influenced by the counter-clockwise system of the Adriatic Sea currents which carry these elements away from the riverine inflows. Correlation analysis indicates that the trace elements are largely associated with the clay minerals, Fe and P contents rather than with the Mn concentrations. Magnesian minerals are suggested as the carrier for some trace elements (As, Co, Cr, Ni, Se and V) only in the southern Adriatic, which reflects their ophiolitic origin in the Albanian hinterland. Organic matter concentrations does not considerably influence the abundance and distribution of trace metals.