Majority Of Study Subjects Research Articles

Exploring the Determinants of Diabetes’ Self-Care Practices among the Diabetics Living in Urban Field Practice Area of Medical College in Hyderabad

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease, and among the adults, type II diabetes is more common. In 2021, approximately 537 million adults between 20 to79 suffered from diabetes. Diabetics who follow self-care practices can manage their blood glucose levels better, which in turn prevents the secondary complications. Methods: This was a community-based and cross-sectional study performed in the urban field practice (UHC) area of a tertiary care medical college conducted on 110 type II diabetics. The ‘summary of diabetes self-care activities’ questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: Mean age was 53 +/- 7.6, 70% of whom were females and 45.4% were lower-middle Socio-Economic Status. 33% of the participants had uncontrolled diabetes. The majority of study subjects (68.2%) suffered from hypertension as a co-morbidity, followed by heart disease (10.9%), thyroid disease (10%), and hypercholestrolism (1.8%). 62.7% of the subjects showed treatment adherence for > 4 days/week. Diabetics who had the disease for more than 5 years and followed a proper diet and adhered to treatment (> 4 d/week), showed a better control of glucose levels. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used to strengthen NPCDCS program to bridge the knowledge gap regarding self-care among patients and caregivers.

A cross-sectional study to assess the occupational health hazards among fisherwomen in a metropolitan city.

Research on the working conditions and health hazards of fishing communities in developing countries is scarce. 1) To assess the occupational health hazards among women fish vendors. 2) To understand the morbidity profile in them. 3) To analyze various challenges faced by them at the workplace in this occupation. 4) To suggest various measures including ergonomic solutions that they can take to reduce these health hazards. Community-based observational cross-sectional study. Eight fish markets comprising women fish vendors working for more than one year (age > 30 years) in Mumbai were selected. A cluster sampling method was used. The sample size was 225. The period of the study was 2 years. Chi-square test. The majority of study subjects had diabetes mellitus (24%) and were overweight (54.7%). Of all participants, 55.1% had musculoskeletal pain of which low back pain (69; 30.7%) was most common. There was a significant association between musculoskeletal pain status and mode of carrying boxes, χ2 (1) =56.35 as well as with duration of occupation, χ2 (3) =89.67, P < 0.001. Of all participants, 90.2% got injured of which the majority had incisional wounds (124; 61.1%). Of all participants, 55.1% suffered from skin infections of which the majority (28; 12.4%) had itching and redness of hands and legs. There was a significant association between skin infections and duration of occupation, χ2 (3) =140.53 as well as with the use of gloves (63.2% participants), χ2 (1) =20.395, P < 0.001. Various measures including ergonomic solutions that women fish vendors can take to reduce these health hazards need to be addressed.

IJCM_132A: The impact of eating habits on BMI: a cross-sectional study among college students in Kerala

Background: Major nutritional issues in today’s world are overweight and underweight which is greatly influenced by lifestyle choices and eating habits. Healthy eating and lifestyle habits are shaped during the adolescent period and become permanent, so adolescence is a crucial period for establishing long-term habits. This study aims to explore the correlation between college students’ eating habits and their Body Mass Index (BMI). Objectives: 1. To evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among college students in Kerala. 2. To determine the association between the effects of eating habits and lifestyle factors on BMI. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among college students belonging to different professional colleges in Kerala from February 2023 to August 2023. A random sampling technique was used to select colleges in Kerala. A total of 502 students participated in the study. Study variables included sociodemographic data, BMI and eating habits assessed through a structured questionnaire. Participants who didn’t give consent were excluded from the study. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS v22. Results: The total number of students who participated in the study was 502 including 157 males and 345 females. Most of the students were belonging to the age group of 20-23 years. Female students formed the majority of study subjects (68.72%). According to the Asia Pacific BMI classification, 20.3 were found to be obese. Among the students, obesity was found more commonly among male students (30.6%) compared to female students (15.7%). Obese students were found to eat more under stress (51%) compared to students with normal BMI (30.3%) and it was found to be statistically significant (p Conclusion: The study showed that changing lifestyle patterns such as eating fatty foods and fried foods and eating under stress were found to have a direct impact on BMI.

Efficacy of green tea ( Camellia sinensis Linn) 3% extract cream on improvement of striae distensae.

Striae distensae (SD) is a skin condition that frequently causes dermatological consultations and although asymptomatic, it may can cause itch and burning sensation. Green tea extract contains polyphenol, including flavanol, flavandiol, flavonoid, phenolic acid, amino acids and minerals which play a role in the repair of stretch marks through anti-inflammatory mechanism, increase collagen production, fibroblast proliferation, and skin hydration. To determine the efficacy of green tea extract cream on striae distensae. This is a pre-experimental clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design on 36 subjects with striae distensae. Diagnosis establishes through history taking and clinical evaluation. Imam Nelva Alviera (INA) score was used as SD severity before and after the application of the 3% green tea extract cream carried out at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Side effects and subjects' satisfaction were also recorded. Cochran test was carried out to see the difference before and after treatment, with a p-value <0.05 considered significant. Majority of study subjects were 18-25 years (77.8%), had history of pregnancy (75%), had a history of menarche at the age of 12 years (27.8%) and all subjects had striae alba. There was significant decrement in INA score for striae distensae (p<0.001) after eight weeks administration of 3% green tea extract cream. Clinical improvement and no side effects were also noted. All subjects were satisfied. The use of 3% green tea extract cream can improve the appearance of SD.

Assessment of Oral Health-related Quality of Life and Nutritional Status in Institutionalized Elderly Goan Population: A Descriptive, Cross-sectional Study

Background: The geriatric population is continuously at risk for nutritional deficiency and malnutrition, especially in developing countries like India. The aim of this study was to determine if the oral health-related quality of life is associated with malnutrition among the institutionalized elderly Goan population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the institutionalized elderly in Goa. The elderly was assessed by a 12-item Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) questionnaire and the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) test. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data using the SPSS version 21. Results: There were 102 elderly participants, of which 60.8% were females. The majority of study subjects (83%) were between the age group of 65 and 74 years. Among the assessed subjects, nearly 55.9% of them had a total score of GOHAI between 12 and 57 which was categorized as “needed dental care.” As per MNA, 32.4% had adequate nutrition, 65.7% were at risk of malnutrition, and the remaining 2% of subjects were malnourished. There was a significant correlation between GOHAI and MNA scores. Conclusion: In the elderly, nutritional status played a significant role in the oral health quality of life. The geriatric denture population is particularly vulnerable to compromised nutritional health.

An Observational Study of Glycemic Status in New Onset Acute Stroke and Their Clinical Outcome in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Abstract Objective The study was aimed to test the blood glucose level in acute stroke patients to find out any correlation with types and prognosis of different glycaemic groups. Method It was a prospective observational study of patients admitted to hospital in Nizamabad due to an acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (&lt;24Hrs after the onset). Clinical parameters including history and clinical examination findings were recorded. CT scan of brain, blood glucose level, HbA1c, and other laboratory tests were taken in all the patients. 2D echocardiography (2D-ECHO) and X-Ray chest picture were also performed. According to glycaemia, the patients were classified into four groups such as Nondiabetic/euglycemic, known Diabetics on glycemic control therapy with or without glycemic control, Newly detected diabetics, and Stress hyperglycemia patients. On the day 1 and 15 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was calculated to evaluate the severity of stroke and its outcome. Good prognosis was considered when NIHSS 5, moderate prognosis when NIHSS was 6–15, and poor prognosis when NIHSS was 16–20. Patients with NIHSS 20 died within 3 days of admission. Results Finally, 158 patients with acute stroke were included. Hemorrhagic stroke was seen in 43 (27.2%) and ischaemic stroke in 115 (72.8%) patients. Maximum cases were found in 51–60 years age group (37.9%) followed by 41–50 (20.3%) and 61–70 years age group (20.3%). Majority of study subjects were males, 65.8 % (n=104). Maximum cases were Euglycemics (44.3%), followed by stress hyperglycemic (27.8%), known diabetes (15.9%), and newly diagnosed diabetes (12%) presenting with acute stroke. Higher NIHSS score was found in stress hyperglycemic patients (19.4%) followed by known diabetics (17.3%), newly detected diabetics (16.3%), and euglycemics (9.5%). Maximum proportion (81.8%) of ischaemic stroke cases were found with stress hyperglycemia compared to other glycemic conditions but in hemorrhagic stroke maximum proportion (47.3%) were newly diagnosed diabetics. Maximum proportion of large size of lesion (47.4%) was found in newly diagnosed diabetes followed by stress hyperglycemia (45.55). Medium size of the lesions was found more in newly diagnosed diabetes (52.6%) followed by known diabetes cases (52%). Good outcome was found in 51 cases (32.2%), moderate outcome in 34 (21.5%), and poor outcome was in 30 (18.9%). 43 patients with NIHSS score &gt;20 died within 3 days of admission (27.2%). Maximum proportion of death cases in ischemic group those belongs to newly diagnosed diabetes cases (8/9=88.8%). Higher deaths were found in blood sugar &lt;110 mg/dl and blood sugar &gt;199 mg/dl with an incidence rates of 41.2% and 53.4%. Conclusion Hyperglycaemia in non-diabetic patients after acute stroke is a stress response reflecting more severe neurological damage. Elevated HbA1c presenting stroke glycaemia status has a significant trend in increasing the risk of cause mortality. The management of hyperglycaemia in patients with diabetes and non-diabetes is an important aspect of the emergency management of stroke.

Prevalence and Commonly Employed Premenstrual Syndrome Management Strategies Among Female Students at a Private University in Kenya

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common occurrence experienced by most women before and during their menstrual period. It is estimated that 58.1% of university going students in Turkey experience PMS while 53.87% female students in Ethiopia experience PMS. The condition is widely spread affecting 95.5% of female nurses in Nairobi, Kenya. Different management interventions have been used to manage PMS symptoms including use of painkillers and massage but; information on how University students manage the symptoms is either limited or completely lacking. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and commonly employed management strategies among female students enrolled at Kabarak University in Kenya. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 356 female students at Kabarak University from December 2022 to February 2023. Subjects were recruited using simple random sampling technique. Standardized close-ended questionnaires were used to collect data on prevalence and commonly used medical interventions. A total of 316 valid responses were obtained representing an 88.76% response rate. Majority of study subjects were between the ages of 18-23, single, and in their first year of education. Prevalence of PMS among the participants was found to be high, with 86.7% reporting experiencing PMS symptoms. The most common duration of menstrual cycles reported was 4-6 days. The majority of participants (63.9%) used some form of treatment to manage PMS symptoms, with medication being the most commonly employed approach (51.3%). Non-pharmacological interventions such as sleeping and warm/cold showers were also frequently utilized. In conclusion, PMS prevalence was high at the university highlighting the need for increased awareness and support for female students. Additionally, tailored interventions that address the diverse needs and preferences of the students are crucial for effectively managing their PMS symptoms.

Significant Effects of Renal Function on Mycophenolic Acid Total Clearance in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients with Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunosuppressant commonly prescribed in pediatric kidney transplantation to prevent graft rejection. Large variabilities in MPA plasma exposures have been observed in this population, which could result in severe adverse effects. The majority of the MPA pharmacokinetic data have been reported in adult populations, whereas information in pediatric patients is still very limited. The objective of this study was to establish a novel, nonlinear mixed-effects model for MPA and investigate the clinical variables affecting MPA population pharmacokinetics in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Data were collected retrospectively from pediatric kidney transplant patients (≤ 18 years when MPA concentrations were initially collected; on oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil) in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Nonlinear mixed-effect modeling was conducted using stochastic approximation expectation-maximization in Monolix 2021R2 (Lixoft SAS, France) to determine population pharmacokinetic estimates, interindividual variabilities, and interoccasional variabilities. Covariate models were constructed using the Model Proposal function in Monolix in conjunction with a systematic stepwise inclusion/elimination protocol. The best model was selected based on objective function values, relative standard errors, goodness-of-fit plots, prediction-corrected visual predictive checks, and numerical predictive checks. A total of 50 pediatric kidney transplant patients (25 female) with 219 MPA plasma concentration-time profiles were included. The average age (± standard deviation) and posttransplant time for the sample population were 12.8 ± 4.8 years and 762 ± 1160 days, respectively. The majority of study subjects (i.e., > 85% based on all occasions) were co-administered tacrolimus. A two-compartment, first-order absorption with lag time and linear elimination structural model with lognormal distributed proportional residual errors best described the MPA concentration-time data. The absorption rate constant (2.52 h-1 or 0.042 min-1), lag time (0.166 h or 9.96 min), volumes of distributions of the central (22.8 L) and peripheral (216 L) compartments, and intercompartment clearance (17.6 Lh-1 or 0.293 Lmin-1) were consistent with literature values; whereas total MPA clearance (0.72 Lh-1 or 0.012 Lmin-1) was relatively reduced, likely due to the general lack of cyclosporine interactions and the stabilized graft functions from significantly longer posttransplant time in our sample population. Of the clinical variables tested, only estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was identified a significant covariate affecting total MPA clearance with a positive, exponential relationship. The final population pharmacokinetic model was successfully evaluated/validated using a variety of complementary methods. We have successfully constructed and validated a novel population pharmacokinetic model of MPA in pediatric kidney transplant patients. A positive, nonlinear relationship between eGFR and total MPA clearance identified in our model is likely attributed to multiple concurrent mechanisms, which warrant further systematic investigations.

In-Hospital Mortality among Patients of Severe Adult Tetanus Presenting with bad Prognostic Factors: A Tertiary Care Hospital Experience

Background: Tetanus caused by clostridium tetani, despite being a preventable disease, is still posing a significant health hazard to developing countries like Pakistan. Objective: To determine in-hospital mortality among patients of severe adult tetanus presenting with bad prognostic factors.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Medical Teaching Institution Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from July 13, 2017, to January 13, 2018, on 176 patients. All severe adult tetanus patients as per Ablett Classification with bad prognostic factors (incubation period &lt;7 days, persistent fever &gt;40o C, persistent tachycardia of &gt;120/min, and no history of post-exposure prophylaxis) were included in the study. Patients with compromised renal functions (urea &gt;108 mg/dl, reduced urine output &lt;50 ml/hr) and already diagnosed neuromuscular junction disorders were excluded from the study. Written informed consent was obtained and patients were enrolled in the study. All patients were immediately worked up with detailed history and clinical examinations and were managed as per ICU protocols and followed within the hospital for mortality.Results: Mean age of study participants was 47±10.27 years. The majority of study subjects were males (n=102, 58%), un-immunized (n=88, 50%) or partially immunized (n=26, 15%), socioeconomically poor (n=84, 48%), illiterate (n=82, 47%) and from urban areas (n=114, 65%). In-hospital mortality was recorded in 109 (62%) of the study subjects. In hospital mortality was recorded highest in patients with an age range of 41-65 years (n=70/109, 64.22%), males (n=63/109, 57.8%), unimmunized (n=55/109, 50.45%), poor (n=52/109, 47.7%), illiterate (n=51/109, 46.78%) and urban (n=71/109, 65.14%). Conclusion: In-hospital mortality was high in patients with severe adult tetanus presenting with bad prognostic factors.Keywords: Clostridium tetani, Hospital Mortality, Severe adult tetanus, Tetanus, Tetanus Antitoxin, Tetanus Toxoid, Trismus, Prognostic Factors.

Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among caretakers of COVID 19 and caretakers of non COVID 19 patients: A comparative study

All over the world, the public is being informed about the physical effects of COVID-19 infection and protocols are being made to prevent exposure to the corona virus and manage symptoms of COVID‐19 if they appear. However, the effects of this pandemic on individual’s mental health and behavior have not been studied in detail and are still not known. Efforts are being made to focus on understanding the clinical features, routes of transmission, epidemiology, and management of the COVID‐19 outbreak, there has been very little concern expressed over the effects on one's mental health and on strategies to prevent stress. The aim of this study was to assess the post traumatic stress disorder symptoms among the care takers of COVID-19 patients and care takers of non COVID-19 patients and compare the results to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of the population associated with the COVID-19 patients. This may help in future in early detecting the post traumatic stress disorder associated with covid-19 or any other pandemic and may help in taking early measures to avoid it and improve the mental health of general population. The study finding revealed that among care takers of covid-19 patients majority of study subjects (93.3%) had complicated PTSD, (6.7%) had Diagnostic PTSD and none of the subjects had Partial PTSD whereas, among care takers of non covid-19 patients majority of study subjects (36.7%) had Partial PTSD, (26.7%) had complicated PTSD, (23.3%) had no PTSD and (13.3%) had diagnostic PTSD. This indicates that the covid-19 had more psychological impact on the care takers than any other life threatening disease. This may be due to fast dissemination of covid-19, more deaths attributed to the pandemic and care takers concern for his/her health. The study concluded that the covid-19 had more psychological impact on the care takers than any other disease conditions. So there is need to improve the strategies to reduce the risk of developing PTSD symptoms in this group of population.

The Relationship between Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio in Head Injured Patients and Patient Outcomes at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia

Introduction: Head injury causes microglial activation and release of proinflammatory cytokines. One of the inflammatory markers that can be used is the neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR). Within 24 hours after brain injury, the number of circulating neutrophils was markedly increased compared to the uninjured control group. This study aimed to determine the relationship between ratios of neutrophil-lymphocyte head injury patients with patient outcomes at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia.&#x0D; Methods: This study was a cross-sectional analytic observational study. A total of 36 research subjects participated in this study. Observations on sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data were carried out in this study. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS using univariate and bivariate.&#x0D; Results: The majority of study subjects with a good Glasgow outcome scale had a neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio &lt;7.35. Meanwhile, research subjects with Glasgow the poor outcome scale had a neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio ≥7.35, p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is a relationship between the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and the outcome of head injury patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia.

Assessment of functional and radiological outcomes of closed reduction and K-wire fixation of supracondylar fracture of humerus in children

: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are commonly seen in children and are difficult to manage because of their unstable nature. It is difficult to maintain the reduction with splints. Non-operative treatment is associated with malunion and open reduction is more invasive procedure. Closed reduction of the fracture with percutaneous K-wire fixation is the preferred procedure with satisfactory results. : Children who came to the tertiary care hospital with a fracture in the supracondylar region following history of trauma to the elbow region and X-ray showing Gartland Type II and extension Type III fractures were included in this study. All these fractures were managed with closed reduction and fixation with K-wires inserted by percutaneous technique. Functional outcome and radiological union were noted.: A total of 35 children were operated. About half of the study population were in the range of 6 to 8 years. Majority of study subjects were boys. The average time period between sustaining a fracture and surgical procedure was 1.35 ± 0.48 days. The final results of this treatment modality were graded based on Flynn’s criteria and about 94.28% of study subjects had excellent to good outcomes. One child had complication of superficial pin tract infection.: Displaced supracondylar fractures of humerus can be effectively managed with closed reduction and percutaneous criss-cross K-wire fixation. This procedure does not disturb the normal fracture healing process.

Overview of Radiological Images of Chest X-rays of Patients with Tuberculosis at BARI General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic and contagious infectious disease that can attack almost all organs of the human body, especially the lungs, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Chest X-ray is a fast imaging technique and one of the main tools that have high sensitivity for diagnosing pulmonary TB. This study aimed to find out more about the overview of radiological images of chest X-rays of patients with tuberculosis at BARI General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia.&#x0D; Methods: This study is a descriptive observational study. A total of 50 research subjects participated in this study. The radiological images of the chest X-rays are presented in the form of grouping, namely the presence of infiltrates, consolidation, fibrosis, cavities, and effusions. In addition, observations were made on the location of the emergence of various abnormalities on the radiological image of the chest X-rays in a descriptive way.&#x0D; Results: This study showed that the majority of study subjects had to infiltrate radiological features, and the majority of study subjects had lesions at the apex of the superior lobe.&#x0D; Conclusion: The radiological images of the chest X-rays in TB patients show the presence of infiltrate, consolidation, fibrosis, effusion, and cavity lesions, where the lesions are in line with the progressivity of TB.

A Descriptive Study on Online Health Information-seeking Behavior among Adults Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central Kerala

Background: The internet plays a crucial role in educating and empowering the health consumer, by providing a large quantity of information on health and health services at their convenience. Although people pay attention to the health information available online, they seldom remember the source of information or are mindful about the credibility of internet sites. As a consequence, online information can lead to patients being misinformed, a sense of distress, and an increase in the tendency toward self-diagnosis or self-treatment. Aim: This study aims to study the pattern of seeking online health information among adults attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central Kerala. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 460 adults attending a tertiary care hospital in central Kerala. Results: Sixty-six percent of the study participants surfed the Internet to gather information about symptoms related to their condition. Forty-one percent of the study population preferred to discuss the information with their doctor. Majority of study subjects (58%) preferred better opportunities for doubt clearance with their consulting doctor instead of googling their symptoms. Conclusion: The present study recommends that online health information should be used in synergy with doctor–patient interactions which give them viable and true information to cope with their problems to disseminate the right knowledge in the community.

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (PDR) PATIENTS WITH VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE AT CIPTO MANGUNKUSUMO HOSPITAL

Introduction: Proliferative Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of blindness in adults. In the management of vitreous hemorrhage, vitrectomy is the main choice and also laser photocoagulation with or without anti-VEGF administration as additional therapy. This study aims to determine the number of patients, demographic characteristics, clinics, risk factors, distribution of treatment, and treatment outcomes for PDR patients with vitreous hemorrhage at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.&#x0D; Methods: This study was retrospective descriptive study conducted from January 2020 to October 2022 who met the inclusion criteria. Population in this study were patients at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital with PDR accompanied by vitreous hemorrhage. Data shown in the table were mean (standard deviation) and number (percentage) based on the type of the data.&#x0D; Result: A total of 146 patients with the diagnosis of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) with vitreous hemorrhage. Majority of subjects were men (60,9%), diagnosed with DM more than 10 years (63,0%) with another systemic risk factor. The most common clinical characteristics found visual acuity at the initial visit &lt;3/60 (80,8%), diagnosed phakia (78,9%), retinal detachment (85,3%), grade 2 vitreous hemorrhage (80,8%). The majority of eyes underwent vitrectomy (90,44%), Anti-VEGF injections (22,92%), Laser PRP (11,46 %), Phacoemulsification pre and post- vitrectomy as adjuvant treatment. The condition of the vitreous was clear after vitrectomy (99,1%). Mean visual acuity before vitrectomy is 2.10 (1.80 – 2.50), while mean visual acuity after vitctomy was 1.00 (1.30 – 2.40), with a difference in initial and final visual acuity of -0.10 (-0.50 – 0.60).&#x0D; Conclusion: Majority of study subjects were men with an age range of 25-77 years. Vitrectomy as the main treatment combined with intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF, laser PRP as adjuvant treatment. In nearly all cases, vitreous hemorrhage was clear after vitrectomy treatment. Visual acuity after vitrectomy shows progress even though in some cases there was no improvement.

The Prevalence of Bimaxillary Protrusion in Ethnic Malay, Medan, Indonesia

Background: Malocclusion is a deviation from the normal position of the teeth when the jaw is closed. The bimaxillary protrusion is the most prominent or most common of Angle's class I malocclusions. This study aimed to determine and present the prevalence of bimaxillary protrusion disorder in ethnic Malays adolescents in Medan, Indonesia.&#x0D; Methods: Descriptive observational study. A total of 35 research subjects were included in this study. An exploration of bimaxillary protrusion disorders was also carried out, and an exploration of demographic data was also carried out. Univariate analysis was carried out to determine the frequency distribution of each test variable with the help of SPSS version 25 software.&#x0D; Results: The majority of study subjects had bimaxillary protrusion angle class I malocclusion, namely 22 people (62.9%), while only 13 respondents (37.1%) had no bimaxillary protrusion malocclusion. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of bimaxillary protrusion abnormalities in the Malay ethnicity is quite high, namely 62.9%.&#x0D; Conclusion: The prevalence of bimaxillary protrusion disorders in ethnic Malay is 62.9%.

Malnutrition and Pneumonia among Under-five Children in Sadewa Maternal and Child Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Background: Pneumonia is one of the top causes of morbidity in children younger than 5 years old. In Indonesia, pneumonia was the second leading cause of death in children under five years in 2017. The most important risk factors for pneumonia in children are malnutrition, household air pollution, non-exclusive breastfeeding, low birth weight (2500 g), overcrowding (≥ 7 or more person in the same household), and lack of measles immunization. This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and pneumonia in under-five children in Sadewa Maternal and Child Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.&#x0D; Methods: Analytical observational studies with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 191 subjects took part in the study. Observations of the nutritional status and degree of pneumonia were carried out in this study. Univariate and bivariate data analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS version 25 software.&#x0D; Results: The majority of study subjects with pneumonia had normal nutritional status. Meanwhile, study subjects with severe pneumonia conditions had malnutrition nutritional status. The results showed that nutritional status was associated with pneumonia, with a p-value of &lt; 0.05.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is a relationship between nutritional status and the severity level of pneumonia in children under five years old in Sadewa Maternal and Child Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF B.Sc. NURSING STUDENTS REGARDING PREVENTION OF PRESSURE ULCERS IN SELECTED NURSING COLLEGES OF KASHMIR

Title: A study to assess the knowledge and attitude of B.Sc. Nursing Students regarding prevention of Pressure Ulcers in selected Nursing Colleges of Kashmir. Objectives: To assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding prevention of pressure ulcers among B.Sc. Nursing Students. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. With the non-probability consecutive sampling 60 study participants from B.Sc. Nursing 2nd and 3rd year were selected. Tool used in this study included three sections, Section-I including demographic Performa of students such as age, gender, area of residence and family type. Section-II including standardized Pressure ulcer knowledge assessment tool with 25 item questionnaire on knowledge and prevention of pressure ulcers. Section-III including standardized Likert Scale to assess attitude regarding prevention of pressure ulcers Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical technique. Result: The data analysis revealed that the majority of study subjects 68.3% had poor knowledge and 83.3% of study subjects have neutral attitude, regarding prevention of pressure ulcers. Conclusion: The study concluded that study subjects had average knowledge and neutral attitude regarding prevention of pressure ulcers and there should be more awareness regarding prevention of pressure ulcers which can be achieved by giving more knowledge to students regarding prevention of pressure ulcers. All specialized nursing courses should cover pressure ulcer prevention issues in order to provide better knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention to students. To advance nursing knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention in Jammu Kashmir, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the course material of pressure ulcer prevention in the nursing curriculum.

Role of computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma injuries

Background: The present study was conducted with the primary aim of evaluating the role of computed tomography imaging in the assessment of blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) and penetrating abdominal trauma injuries. Methods: This prospective study comprised 53 patients with BAT and PAT injuries referred from the emergency department to the department of radio-diagnosis for ultrasonography and CT. Multidetector computed tomography scans were performed on GE Bright Speed Elite 16 slice CT Scanner. The various injuries seen on the CT images were grouped and examined based on the injury site and the organs involved. Results: The majority of the study subjects, i.e., 17/53 (32.08%) belonged age group of 20-30 yrs. Out of the 53 study subjects, 48 had BAT and 5 had PAT. The majority of study subjects who had BAT, i.e., 26/48 RTA, was the cause of trauma, and 5 out of 5 who had PAT assault was the cause of trauma. The most common organ injured was the spleen (18), followed by the liver (17), bowel (15), Anterior abdominal wall (6), pancreas (1), Kidney (1), Uterus (2), Multiple organs (1) and Hemoperitoneum without solid organ injury (1). CT showed 100% accuracy in the diagnosis of abdominal organ injuries. Conclusions: CT imaging plays a pivotal role in the rapid identification of life-threatening injuries and is helpful for prompt initiation of appropriate care, which leads to an increase in the chance of survival of patients with BAT and PAT injuries.

The Profile of Ocular Fibrous Histiocytoma Tumors at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia

Background: Ocular fibrous histiocytoma tumors originate from histiocytic cells or primitive mesenchymal cells. A fibrous histiocytoma is basically composed of a mixture of fibroblastic cells, histiocytes, blood vessels, and collagen in various proportions. This study aimed to determine the profile of ocular fibrous histiocytoma tumors at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia.&#x0D; Methods: This study was a descriptive observational study. A total of 8 research subjects participated in this study. Data analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS version 24 software, and univariate analysis was carried out.&#x0D; Results: The majority of subjects were female, with an age range of 41-60 years. The clinical symptoms felt by patients are the presence of a mass. The majority of study subjects had disease onset &lt; 6 months, and tumor sizes were 1-5 cm. The majority of tumor locations are on the eyelid, and the histopathologic overview shows xanthelasma and dermatofibromas. Excision therapy is the therapy for the majority of research subjects.&#x0D; Conclusion: Most types of fibrous histiocytoma tumors at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia, are benign type and locally aggressive.