Purple soil is rich in semiconducting minerals, but the impact of these minerals on soil properties and associated microbiome assemblages has received little attention. To better understand the influence of semiconducting minerals in soils, samples were collected from 4 soil classifications, including purple soil, siltstone, farmland, and new formed soil. Goethite was the main semiconducting mineral in purple soil followed by rutile and birnessite, while for siltstone, rutile was the major semiconducting mineral. Proteobacteria (77.77–98.56%) was the most prevalent phylum among all samples, with the second most abundant phylum being Cyanobacteria (purple soil and farmland) and Firmicutes (siltstone and new formed soil). According to the average path length in network analysis, purple soil showed higher species segregation, which suggested purple soil was potentially more susceptible to external interference than the other types. The relationship between microbes may be synergistic due to the positive links between microbial phyla. Rutile affected microbial composition to the greatest extent, accounting for 13.66% of the total variation in microbial assembly, while goethite (r= –0.0947) and birnessite (r = 0.0215) content were also associated with changes in microbial composition. These results demonstrated that semiconducting minerals affected the structure and potential energy utilization of soil microbial communities.