Major Subsystems Research Articles

Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Cerro Prieto Formation, Amotape Mountains, NW Peru: Correlation with the Central Andean basin

Carboniferous-Permian successions in the Amotape Mountains (NW Peru) are poorly dated due to the predominant siliciclastic intervals and the scarcity of fossils. The biostratigraphy of the formations is thus poorly constrained and, in general, limited to major systems or subsystems. The Cerro Prieto Formation was assigned to the Pennsylvanian or middle Pennsylvanian, but at the Caseta de la Antena section, the lower half of the formation contains carbonate horizons where diverse foraminiferal assemblages are recorded. Foraminifers allow to assign the base of the formation to the basal Bashkirian Stage, Morrowan Substage or Globivalvulina-Millerella Zone. This biostratigraphy can be extrapolated to the base of the Tarma Formation in central and south Peru, where this part of the latter formation remains undated. The upper limestone levels at Caseta de la Antena are assigned to the late Bashkirian, Atokan Substage or Eoschubertella-Pseudostaffella Zone. The upper half of the Cerro Prieto Formation, only composed of siliciclastics, might correspond to the uppermost late Bashkirian/lowermost Moscovian, or the mid-upper Atokan, due to fusulinids recorded at the top of the Tarma Formation. Foraminiferal assemblages are rather similar to those recorded from the lower part of the Copacabana Formation in Bolivia, although some differences occur, and apparently rather different from those in south Peru, a fact which suggests a slight biogeographic differentiation between the Amotape Mountains and the Central Andean Belt possibly related to its distinct geological setting.

Promoting the sustainable development of traditional villages: Exploring the comprehensive assessment, spatial and temporal evolution, and internal and external impacts of traditional village human settlements in hunan province

The protection and development of traditional villages are crucial for improving the human settlement suitability (HSS). The paper takes 703 traditional villages in Hunan Province as the research object and establishes the HSS evaluation system by using the pressure-state-response model. Then this paper introduces the vector autoregressive model to explore the interactions and contributions within the three major subsystems. Finally, this paper adopts Geodetector model and GTWR model to study the external driving effects and temporal-spatial influence mechanisms. The main findings of this paper are as follows. First, the overall trend of the composite index of traditional villages is upward. Its spatial pattern transitions from a low index in the northwest to a medium index in the central region and a high index in the southeast. Second, the state system becomes the main driver of the response system change and it is highly influenced by the pressure system. Distance from medical facilities, Distance from educational institutions, Distance from the intangible cultural heritage sites, and Degree of relief are the four most important driving factors affecting the HSS in Hunan Province. At the same time, Distance to medical facilities and Distance to intangible cultural heritage sites have a positive impact, while Distance to educational institutions and Degree of relief have a negative impact. Fourly, these four factors have a significant spatiotemporal impact on the HSS in the Xiangxi region. This paper provides a scientific basis for the sustainable development and conservation of traditional villages in Hunan from multiple perspectives.

Revolutionizing Plant Disease Detection: A Review of Deep Learning and Machine Learning Algorithms

The food industry has led the agricultural economy of the state all India to prosperity. India has historically been the largest producing nation having identity of Agricultural Land. Grains , fruits , Vegetables , such as potatoes, oranges, Tomato ,sugarcane and other specially grains and cottons are the chief crops of the India. Citrus and cotton industries have been a driving force behind Maharashtra's impressive economic growth.. The situation has created job opportunities for many people, boosting the state's economic potential. To maintain the prosperity of citrus and cotton industries, Government has been concerned about disease control, labour cost, and global market.
 During the recent past, citrus canker and citrus greening, Black spot-n cotton has become serious threats to citrus in Maharashtra. Infection by these diseases weakens trees, leading to decline, mortality, lower yields, and decreased commercial value. Likewise, the farmers are concerned about costs from tree loss, scouting, and chemicals used in an attempt to control the disease. An automated detection system may help in prevention and, thus reduce the serious loss to the industries, farmers and Economy of country.
 This research aims to the development of disease detection with pattern recognition approaches for these diseases in crop. The detection approach consists of three major sub-systems, namely, image acquisition, image processing and pattern recognition. The imaging processing sub-system includes image preprocessing for background noise removal, leaf boundary detection and image feature extraction. Pattern recognition approaches will be use to classify samples among several different conditions on crops.
 In order to evaluate the classification approaches, results will be compared between classification methods for the different induvial fruits, vegetable, grains disease detection. Obtained results will help in demonstration of classification accuracy which is targeted as better than existing for proposed model as high as 97.00%. This study aimed to assess the potential of identifying plant diseases by examining visible signs on fruits and leaves. These data collection and initial knowledge acquisition is plan in offline approaches. By implementing this simple model, we can achieve a more favourable cost-to-production ratio compared to complex solutions.

Hydrogen station prognostics and health monitoring model

Hydrogen fuel has shown promise as a clean, alternative fuel aiding in the reduction of fossil fuel dependence within the transportation sector. However, hydrogen refueling stations and infrastructure remains a barrier and are a prerequisite for consumer adoption of low-cost and low-emission fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The costs for FCEV fueling include both station capital costs and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. Contributing to these O&M costs, unscheduled maintenance is presently more costly and more frequent than for similar gasoline fueling infrastructure and is asserted to be a limiting factor in achieving FCEV customer acceptance and cost parity. Unscheduled maintenance leads to longer station downtime, therefore, causing an increase in missed fueling opportunities, which forces customers to seek refueling at other operable stations that may be significantly farther away. This research proposes a framework for a hydrogen station prognostics health monitoring (H2S PHM) model that can minimize unexpected downtime by predicting the remaining useful life for primary hydrogen station components within the major station subsystems. The H2S PHM model is a data-driven statistical model, based on O&M data collected from 34 retail hydrogen stations located in the U.S. The primary subcomponents studied are the dispenser, compressor, and chiller. The remaining useful life calculations are used to decide whether or not maintenance should be completed based on the prediction and expected future station use. This paper presents the background, method, and results for the H2S PHM model as for a means for improving station availability and customer confidence in FCEVs and hydrogen infrastructure.

Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER): Instrument and Science Measurement Description

AbstractSABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) is a 10‐channel infrared radiometer that is one of four instruments on the NASA TIMED (Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) satellite mission to study the structure, energetics, chemistry, and dynamics of the Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Each of the ten SABER channels has a unique filter over its detector. The filter passes infrared radiation within a defined spectral region that optimizes the ability to derive temperature and constituent concentrations from the infrared radiance measurements. The TIMED spacecraft was launched into a 625 km circular polar orbit (74.1° inclination) via a Boeing Delta II rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 7 December 2001. SABER continues to operate nominally and collect data routinely as it has for over 21 years. Nearly 2,200 peer‐reviewed journal articles have been published worldwide using SABER data. A list of these articles is included in Supporting Information S1 accompanying this paper. This paper presents a detailed technical description of the SABER instrument including major subsystems of the instrument and technical performance parameters. This paper comprehensively describes the instrument and its components and provides final instrument design and performance parameters. The motivation for this paper is to document this information permanently for future reference. The Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) of Utah State University designed, fabricated, and calibrated the SABER instrument in close collaboration with NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton University, and Global Atmospheric Technologies and Science (GATS).

Design Considerations for Unmanned Surface Vessels in Naval Service

Abstract Within the evolving maritime industry, we are faced with this fundamental question: “What modifications of design practices are required to support the development of Unmanned Surface Vessels?” The trivial answer is to remove the people, but mariners and personnel afloat have been a stalwart for the operations of prior maritime vessels. So, we now begin to assess the impact of their removal/reassignment as an industry. Not only a technical challenge exists, the regulatory and statutory challenge is also worthy of noting. It is the goal of this paper to look at the potential implications and modifications required to effectively design unmanned surface vessels. Four major subelements will be required to field a successful system. These subelements are Design, Classification, Testing, and Certification. Classification, Testing, and Certification will be the focus of a future discourse. The Design subelement will be assessed across a set of categories that aligns with the U.S. Navy Ship Work Breakdown Structure. The required assessments need to be given a time horizon for contextual purposes. In support of this assertion, the targeted objective is a vessel certified for unmanned, unescorted, over the horizon, blue water operations by 2025. Introduction Humans have been designing and deploying ocean-going vessels for thousands of years, potentially since the dawn of human history based on findings on Flores Island, Indonesia; San Miguel Island, CA; and the Pesse Canoe (Rose 1998; Pringle 2008; Drents Museum 2016). During this time, the maritime industry has weathered multiple paradigm shifts in major subsystems, such as the transition from sails to steam to internal combustion engines to electric drives, none of these are as potentially disruptive as the current shift underway to unmanned vessel operations. This transition is across the maritime domain, it applies to commercial and naval applications. “The Navy wants to acquire these large unmanned vehicles (UVs) as part of an effort to shift the Navy to a more distributed fleet architecture . . .” (O’Rourke 2022). These new assets will augment and not replace traditional vessels. “We will add to our current fleet a host of manned, unmanned and optionally manned platforms operating under, on, and above the seas” (Gilday 2022).

Translation Errors Across Legal Titles and Headings: Critical Analysis of the English Version of the Russian Criminal Procedural Code.

The study integrates theoretical and empirical investigation, uses error-based analysis techniques to identify mistakes and classify them within major language subsystems. A case study methodology and descriptive statistics were used to explore the language of the chapter titles and article headings, applied error-based analysis techniques. The mentioned analysis was conducted by a number of professional legal translators. The analysis revealed that English version of the Code titles and headings under study contains 17% of grammar errors, 14% of vocabulary errors, and 7% of the graphic errors. The material below introduces most typical errors and ways for their identification and correction. The findings confirmed the research hypothesis on the challenges to the quality assurance regarding the translation of domestic legislation into a foreign language at the level of the legislation documents headings. The research confirmed the importance to go beyond the legal dictionary and encyclopedia entries, underlined the relevance and urgent need to more focus on the target language legislative sources of equal or similar branch and genre and academic practice in the respective areas. Therefore, the results can become the basis for future research on the theory of translation of legal texts and documents.

Urban Human Settlement Vulnerability Evolution and Mechanisms: The Case of Anhui Province, China

In this paper, taking the jurisdiction of Anhui Province as the research area, a vulnerability assessment index system of human settlements was constructed from “exposure–sensitivity–coping ability”. Based on the GIS spatial analysis method, the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of human settlements in Anhui Province were analyzed. The influences of human factors and natural factors on the spatial differentiation of human settlement vulnerability were explored by using geographic detectors, and the driving mechanism of the evolution of human settlement vulnerability was analyzed. An analysis of the results showed the following: ① With a change in the time scale, the human settlement vulnerability index showed a trend of decreasing year by year, the exposure and sensitivity show a downward trend year by year in the three major subsystems, and the coping ability shows an upward trend year by year. ② The evolution of the vulnerability subsystems of exposure, sensitivity, and coping ability in human settlement environments showed the directions of “medium–high–low (M-H-L)” in the early stage, “low–high–medium (L-H-M)” in the middle stage, and “low–medium–high (L-M-H)” in the later stage. ③ The causes of high vulnerability were as follows: The leading factors in the early stage were natural factors, the leading factors in the middle period were natural and human factors, and the leading factors in the later stage were human factors. ④ One-factor and two-factor interactive detection using a geodetector showed that urbanization, industrialization, land use control, and per capita income levels have become key and “short-board” factors that control the vulnerability of human settlements.

Analysis of energy, exergy and CO2 emissions in a fiberglass furnace with oxy-fuel combustion

Energy savings and emission reductions in the building materials industry are key components of China’s “dual carbon” goals. A new mathematical model of material, energy, exergy, and carbon flows was established and verified against operational data for an 80600 t/y fiberglass furnace in China. The model enables thermal budget calculation along different paths and analysis of the losses and saving potential of the entire fiberglass melting furnace and its three major subsystems. The results indicated that the selected fiberglass furnace attained a satisfactory performance with a specific energy consumption of 4.63 MJ/kg and an energy efficiency of 74.76%. Oxy-fuel combustion provided a substantial overall fuel reduction relative to air combustion. Moreover, the exergy efficiency and effective exergy efficiency reached 62.85% and 55.23%, respectively. The heat recovery system increased the exergy efficiency by 11.01%. Furthermore, the CO2 emissions associated with glass production, major contributors, CO2 reduction potential, and economic impact were obtained. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the combustion chamber was conducted. This approach could identify the degree of resource and energy utilization and support the implementation of energy and exergy efficiency improvement and CO2 emission reduction schemes.

Social System Historical Modeling of Western Economies and its Implications for Eastern Economies

The two purposes of the research are (a) to develop an analytical model that views the economy/polity as a social system with interactive subsystems of actors: households, firms, government, political parties and other significant actors, and (b) apply the analytical model to construct and verify a timeline that figures major events in world development that shaped the evolution of the western economies, and the relative strength of their interacting subsystems. The timeline highlights the changing and evolving dominance of the major subsystems in the economic history of the western world. We differ from the convention of looking at history as the occurrence of exogenous consequential events and offer instead a system dynamics analysis that makes historical events endogenous and to be affected by the powerplay within the system. The current dominance of the firm subsystem in western countries is demonstrated to be the accumulated result of centuries of past events: wars, discoveries, colonies, trade, political enlightenments, and industrial revolutions that strengthened participation and interactions in the firm subsystem at the cost of weakened dominance of rival subsystems (those of traditional households, theocrats, manors, communes, royals, and the modern state subsystem). The behavioral orientation of a social system is explainable in terms of (a) interactive influence (which occurs during the participation and interaction of agents in multiple settings, with some settings having more interactive influence than others), and (b) regulative influence (where the conduct of the one subsystem overrules that of other subsystems). Western economic history suggests a positive conditional correlation and convergence between (a) and (b). Being conditional, the convergence between (a) and (b) may not hold in other world contexts, i.e., China, India, Arab and African countries.

Early life failure modes and downtime analysis of onshore type-III wind turbines in Turkey

Operations and maintenance costs, and unplanned downtime accounts for a significant proportion of the total expenditure of windfarms. Therefore, reduction of these costs is essential, which requires a better understanding of the wind turbines' reliability in terms of failure rates and downtime with operational lifetime. Failure rates and downtime are generally logged using condition monitoring systems, which mainly focus on Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) alarm signals. The aim of this paper is to use SCADA alarm statistics to provide a new failure rate and downtime survey and thus to evaluate reliability performance of the major wind turbine components and subsystems. The paper focuses on a modern onshore windfarm located in Turkey with Type-III wind turbines over the course of the first two years of operations, which is the first time reliability data from Turkey has been published in literature.

UNDERSTANDING PADDY PRODUCTIVITY AT MADA ESTATE FROM A SYSTEM DYNAMICS PERSPECTIVE: A MAPPING TOOL OF CAUSAL LOOP DIAGRAM

The Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA) paddy estate project represents Malaysia’s national effort to enhance food security. However, the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) by Malaysia falls short of attaining the 10 MT/Ha paddy productivity potential. Amidst rising food insecurity, national efforts have focused on improving the efficiency of domestic productivity, this study specifically assessed factors influencing paddy productivity under the MADA estate project. Against the econometric technique, the causal loop diagram (CLD) in the system dynamics (SD) approach was used to analyse the systemic character of productivity and its drivers. The systemic relationship was explored using expert interviews and an extensive literature reviews. Findings established four major sub-systems of the rice value chain. These include paddy production, rice production, government subsidy and self-sufficiency level. The loop polarity feature was used to establish the causal relationships and directions of causality between the sub-systems. This study contributes directly to EPP10 and EPP11 of the ETP. As a result, it supports Malaysia’s effort towards strengthening food security and self-sufficiency.

A light yield enhancement method using wavelength shifter for the STCF EMC

Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) is a next-generation high luminosity electron–positron collider facility and is currently one of the major options for accelerator-based particle physics experiment in China. The crystal-based electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC) with undoped CsI is a major sub-system of the STCF spectrometer. To fulfill the increasing physics requirements on measurement precision and the suffering of radiation, improving the detected light yield is an important task of STCF EMC R&D. This paper studies a “wavelength shifting in propagation” scheme for STCF EMC using the nanostructured organosilicon luminophore (NOL). The studies are performed by both Monte Carlo simulation and experimental tests. The light yield is proved to be improved by 159% in the experiment. Meanwhile, a study of the NOL’s radiation hardness is carried out to verify the reliability of the NOL. No obvious degradation in the performance is observed with the total ionization dose up to 100krad, far beyond the total radiation dose of STCF with ten years of operation.

The Chinese National Image in A bite of China from the perspective of Appraisal System: A Literature Review

The appraisal system, which was founded by Martin, White and other scholars in the 1990s, completed the interpersonal function of Systemic Functional Linguistics. It includes three major sub-systems, namely the engagement system, attitude system and graduation system. At present, the appraisal system is widely used in the study of various texts. As a business card of foreign exchanges, national image plays an important role in enhancing national competitiveness and promoting international cooperation and development. As a special type of film and television, a documentary takes real life as the material, people and real events as the objects and tries to convey the most authentic information to the audience. The documentary series, A Bite of China toke the Chinese diet culture as the core and left a deep impression on the Chinese audience through the relaxed and lively narrative rhythm. What's more, its English version, translated by BBC, shows the daily diet of Chinese to an overseas audience. In this way, Chinese culture got dissemination, and also it shaped the Chinese national image. At present, most of the studies on documentaries are derived from the perspective of translation and communication science, while from the perspective of appraisal systems to study documentaries are few. Therefore, the author intends to study the construction of the Chinese national image of the English version of A Bite of China (I) from the perspective of the appraisal system.

Development of a Solar Power Generating System with Auto-Tracking and Data Logging Devices

Solar power systems have become a viable wellspring of sustainable energy over the years and are commonly used for a variety of industrial and domestic applications. Capturing and storing the maximum amount of available energy for prediction and future analysis have been the major problems. This study aimed at developing a solar power generating system with solar tracking and data logging devices. The Dual Axes Solar Power Generating System (DASPGS) was developed using a combination of hardware and software systems consisting of three major subsystems: mechanical, electro-mechanical, and electrical tracker parts. C-language programme was used in conjunction with the Arduino Uno board for logging the power generated from the DASPGS and already fabricated Fixed Axis Solar Power Generating System (FASPGS). The power generated was stored on the created web page and the Secure Digital (SD) card. Data were harvested and the performance evaluations of the DASPGS over FASPGS were determined for 28 days. DASPGS gave average power of 22.88, 22.25, 24.49, and 25.92 Watts per week while FASPGS gave 5.16, 15.00, 16.23, and 15.74 Watts per week. A significant difference between DASPGS and FASPGS gave a P value of .004. This study showed that the DASPGS performed better than FASPGS. The system developed finds its application in the area of solar power prediction.

A Survey of DDOS Attack Detection Techniques for IoT Systems Using BlockChain Technology

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of sensors that helps collect data 24/7 without human intervention. However, the network may suffer from problems such as the low battery, heterogeneity, and connectivity issues due to the lack of standards. Even though these problems can cause several performance hiccups, security issues need immediate attention because hackers access vital personal and financial information and then misuse it. These security issues can allow hackers to hijack IoT devices and then use them to establish a Botnet to launch a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. Blockchain technology can provide security to IoT devices by providing secure authentication using public keys. Similarly, Smart Contracts (SCs) can improve the performance of the IoT–blockchain network through automation. However, surveyed work shows that the blockchain and SCs do not provide foolproof security; sometimes, attackers defeat these security mechanisms and initiate DDoS attacks. Thus, developers and security software engineers must be aware of different techniques to detect DDoS attacks. In this survey paper, we highlight different techniques to detect DDoS attacks. The novelty of our work is to classify the DDoS detection techniques according to blockchain technology. As a result, researchers can enhance their systems by using blockchain-based support for detecting threats. In addition, we provide general information about the studied systems and their workings. However, we cannot neglect the recent surveys. To that end, we compare the state-of-the-art DDoS surveys based on their data collection techniques and the discussed DDoS attacks on the IoT subsystems. The study of different IoT subsystems tells us that DDoS attacks also impact other computing systems, such as SCs, networking devices, and power grids. Hence, our work briefly describes DDoS attacks and their impacts on the above subsystems and IoT. For instance, due to DDoS attacks, the targeted computing systems suffer delays which cause tremendous financial and utility losses to the subscribers. Hence, we discuss the impacts of DDoS attacks in the context of associated systems. Finally, we discuss Machine-Learning algorithms, performance metrics, and the underlying technology of IoT systems so that the readers can grasp the detection techniques and the attack vectors. Moreover, associated systems such as Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) are a source of good security enhancement for IoT Networks. Thus, we include a detailed discussion of future development encompassing all major IoT subsystems.

The European Solar Telescope

The European Solar Telescope (EST) is a project aimed at studying the magnetic connectivity of the solar atmosphere, from the deep photosphere to the upper chromosphere. Its design combines the knowledge and expertise gathered by the European solar physics community during the construction and operation of state-of-the-art solar telescopes operating in visible and near-infrared wavelengths: the Swedish 1m Solar Telescope, the German Vacuum Tower Telescope and GREGOR, the French Télescope Héliographique pour l’Étude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires, and the Dutch Open Telescope. With its 4.2 m primary mirror and an open configuration, EST will become the most powerful European ground-based facility to study the Sun in the coming decades in the visible and near-infrared bands. EST uses the most innovative technological advances: the first adaptive secondary mirror ever used in a solar telescope, a complex multi-conjugate adaptive optics with deformable mirrors that form part of the optical design in a natural way, a polarimetrically compensated telescope design that eliminates the complex temporal variation and wavelength dependence of the telescope Mueller matrix, and an instrument suite containing several (etalon-based) tunable imaging spectropolarimeters and several integral field unit spectropolarimeters. This publication summarises some fundamental science questions that can be addressed with the telescope, together with a complete description of its major subsystems.

MICROSCOPE. mission analysis, requirements and expected performance

The MICROSCOPE mission aimed to test the weak equivalence principle (WEP) to a precision of 10−15. The WEP states that two bodies fall at the same rate on a gravitational field independently of their mass or composition. In MICROSCOPE, two masses of different compositions (titanium and platinum alloys) are placed on a quasi-circular trajectory around the Earth. They are the test-masses of a double accelerometer. The measurement of their accelerations is used to extract a potential WEP violation that would occur at a frequency defined by the motion and attitude of the satellite around the Earth. This paper details the major drivers of the mission leading to the specification of the major subsystems (satellite, ground segment, instrument, orbit…). Building upon the measurement equation, we derive the objective of the test in statistical and systematic error allocation and provide the mission’s expected error budget.

Evaluation of ecological environment and urban development quality in Xi'an City, China

Sound ecological environment is an important foundation for promoting high-quality urban development, as it determines the level and quality of urban construction and human settlements. Taking Xi'an as the study area, we used remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) to evaluate the urban ecological environment. The evaluation index system of high-quality urban development was constructed and the entire-array-polygon was used to evaluate the urban development quality. The coupling coordination degree model was used to analyze the temporal variations of the coupling coordination degree of those two factors. The results showed that the urban ecological condition of Xi'an showed a pattern of high in the south and low in the north, and that the level of RSEI had an upward trend in 2010-2020. The RESI of the six inner districts of Xi'an decreased, but the RESI of the surrounding districts of Xi'an was stable or improved. The urban development quality of Xi'an was improved in 2010-2020, though the quality level was still at the low level. The improvement of the three major subsystems of urban development was uneven, and the increase range of three subsystems from largest to smallest was ranked as ecological subsystem > economic subsystem > social subsystem. The coupling coordination of the two kinds of index increased in 2010-2020, and the coordination level had been prompted from barely coordinated to primary.

Affordable Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Machine Supervision System for the Small and Medium-Sized Manufacturers.

With the rapid concurrent advance of artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technology, manufacturing environments are being upgraded or equipped with a smart and connected infrastructure that empowers workers and supervisors to optimize manufacturing workflow and processes for improved energy efficiency, equipment reliability, quality, safety, and productivity. This challenges capital cost and complexity for many small and medium-sized manufacturers (SMMs) who heavily rely on people to supervise manufacturing processes and facilities. This research aims to create an affordable, scalable, accessible, and portable (ASAP) solution to automate the supervision of manufacturing processes. The proposed approach seeks to reduce the cost and complexity of smart manufacturing deployment for SMMs through the deployment of consumer-grade electronics and a novel AI development methodology. The proposed system, AI-assisted Machine Supervision (AIMS), provides SMMs with two major subsystems: direct machine monitoring (DMM) and human-machine interaction monitoring (HIM). The AIMS system was evaluated and validated with a case study in 3D printing through the affordable AI accelerator solution of the vision processing unit (VPU).