Major Indian States Research Articles

Trends and possible nexus between profit efficiency and market concentration in Indian leather industry: a panel frontier analysis of major Indian leather-manufacturing states

Trends and possible nexus between profit efficiency and market concentration in Indian leather industry: a panel frontier analysis of major Indian leather-manufacturing states

Understanding and Explaining Recent Changes in Income, Consumption and Poverty Among Agricultural Households Across Major States of India

The study, using unit level data from two nationally representative surveys, examines changes in levels and sources of household income, consumption expenditure, incidence of poverty and determinants of household income and poverty among agricultural households. The study shows that across most of the states, there has been a significant decrease in the per cent share of income from cultivation coupled with an equally significant increase in the share of income from wages and salary; average annual household income of such households is higher than their average annual consumption expenditure and there has been a significant decrease in the incidence of poverty among them. The results of regression analysis show that household size, head of the household being male, literacy, farm size, income from cultivation, awareness of minimum support price (MSP), access to technical training, engagement in non-farm business and engagement in wages and salary have significant positive effect on households income and lower the probability of a household being poor across major states. JEL Codes: Q1, C1, C2, D1, R2

Regional Disparity of Anemia among Children and Its Determinants: A Study of National Family Health Survey-5.

This study analyzes data from India's National Family Health Survey to assess the prevalence of anemia among children aged 6-59 months. Over the past decade, the prevalence increased from 59% to 67%, remaining a significant public health concern. Gujarat has highest rates, and Kerala has lowest among major states in India. The Western region tops in prevalence (75.70%), whereas the Northeast has the lowest (56.20%). Factors such as lower maternal education, poverty, religion, rural residence, poor child nutrition, low birth weight, and stunting contribute to higher odds of anemia. Improved socioeconomic conditions and maternal nutrition are recommended for risk reduction.

Indian Fiscal Federalism and Resource Gap of State Governments: Measurement and Analysis

This article examines the various forms of basic resource gap (BRG) and fiscal dependency in a long-term panel framework, comprising 14 major Indian states from 1981–82 to 2016–17. Further, it decomposes the level and extent of states’ fiscal dependence on transfers and borrowings, which together constitute the total non-own source of revenue on a disaggregated level into three different phases to gain a thorough understanding of the states’ vulnerability and the quality of dependence. The findings show that among the 14 states, Odisha, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh are leading the way in reducing the BRG during the third sub-period. Odisha’s fiscal dependency has decreased faster and has been sustained to a greater extent than in the other states. In contrast, the accumulation of unsustainably higher levels of debt and guarantees is an issue of concern in West Bengal, Punjab and Kerala, where discretionary sources of revenue have increased significantly in recent decades. The study finds that, despite several incentive-based reform measures, the BRG persists, with mounting fiscal challenges besides a decline in non-debt capital receipts across the Indian states.

Growth, Variability and Decomposition Analysis of Rice in Major States of India

Growth, Variability and Decomposition Analysis of Rice in Major States of India

Infant Mortality Rate Convergence across Indian States: Relative Club Convergence Evidence

This article investigates the relative convergence of infant mortality rate (IMR) across the 15 major Indian states for the period 1987–2020. To test this hypothesis, this study applies Phillips and Sul’s (2007) panel convergence test. Further, for the robustness of our findings, this study implements the extension of Phillips and Sul’s relative club convergence test, which Kwak propounded in 2021. The results based on Phillips and Sul show divergence in IMR among the states; however, the existence of convergence when 15 states are grouped into different clubs. Four final clubs emerged based on the Kwak test, suggesting that each club has its unique transition path. One group is also identified, suggesting neither convergence nor divergence. From the policy perspective, it is important for the government to target reducing IMR by emphasising at the club level rather than focusing on all states together. JEL Codes: I140, H75

Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus in India

This research investigates the intricate relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in India, aiming to understand how changes in energy usage impact economic development. The study delves into the causal link between renewable energy consumption and economic growth, considering factors such as capital and technology. Additionally, it explores the impact of energy consumption on agricultural economic growth, emphasizing the vital role of energy in the agricultural sector. The examination extends to assessing the relationship between electricity consumption and overall economic growth, along with sectoral growth across major Indian states, providing valuable regional insights for tailored energy strategies. Furthermore, the research extends its purview to unravel the nuanced impact of energy consumption on agricultural economic growth. Recognizing the indispensable role of energy in the agricultural sector, the study accentuates the pivotal contribution of energy dynamics to the overall economic landscape. This emphasis underscores the significance of aligning energy policies with the unique needs and challenges of the agricultural domain, crucial for fostering balanced and sustainable economic growth.

A Study on Emergence of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in different Major States of India

Owing to population pressure, there has been increasing the transportation vehicles in the world scenario. The conventional transportation is existing by using fuels and it has called upon the environmental pollution and environmental disaster. There has been initiated research among the scientists how this pollution could be minimized by eco-friendly transportation. Amidst a global push for sustainable transportation, India has taken steps by initiating Electric Vehicles (EVs) in different states of India. This study will delve into the trends of Electric Vehicles adoption in different states of India This comprehensive study not only highlights the positive and diverse scenery of Electric Vehicles adaptation but also serves as a vital resource for the policymakers and researchers and stakeholders.

Factors Affecting the Availability and Utilization of Essential Medicines in India: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Essential medicines or drugs are recognized as highly cost-effective components within contemporary healthcare, demonstrating significant potential for improving health outcomes. The provision of essential medicines directly impacts the functioning of healthcare facilities, resulting in financial hardship. This review aims to fill knowledge gaps by examining obstacles hindering access and utilization of essential medicines in India. This study conducted a comprehensive evidence synthesis, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, to analyse articles on the availability and utilization of essential medicines in India. The search strategy included various databases and keywords. Published, peer-reviewed articles focusing on the National/ State List of Essential Medicines and meeting specific criteria were considered. Data items included essential medicines, drug availability, utilization, and challenges. Data was extracted, synthesized, and analysed using thematic framework analysis. Out of 1,129 articles, 11 were selected for review. Studies consistently highlighted the inadequate availability of essential medicines in different Indian states. Availability of essential medicines varies in the range of 17-51 percent across major states of India. Stock-outs of medicines vary from 4 to 14 weeks. Governance issues including differential procurement mechanisms across states of India, hinder seamless availability of essential medicines. Other challenges included distribution and purchasing system inefficiencies, governance-related issues, and facility/ user-level challenges impacting drug utilization. Disruptions in utilization were observed due to improper prescription practices and non-availability of affordable options. Accessibility and affordability also affected drug utilization. Issues with supply chain management and conflicting guidelines further contributed to the obstacles faced in ensuring availability and utilization of essential medicines in India. Ensuring the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines is of utmost importance. The public health system needs to strengthen its procurement and distribution management. Strengthening the logistics support for an efficient supply of essential medicines will reduce the time lag in receipt of drugs. Guidelines on essential drugs prepared by the National Health System Resource Centre need to be strictly adhered to and monitored in inventory management system. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable model for achieving uniformity in the availability and utilization of essential medicines in India.

To Reform and to Procure: An Analysis of the Role of the State and the Market in Indian Agriculture

Since the early 2000s, some Indian states started allowing private traders to buy directly from farmers outside the state-regulated market system. The experience of these states can shed light on the impact of market-oriented reforms and the role of public procurement. Using individual-level National Sample Survey Data on agricultural wages and a new dataset on state-level average real farm income per cultivator for 18 major Indian states between 1987–2012, this paper shows, using both a difference-in-difference and a triple difference framework, that marketing reforms alone did not contribute to higher farm incomes and agricultural wages. However, when these reforms were coupled with public procurement at the minimum support price, farm incomes and agricultural wages significantly improved. Our results suggest that market-reforms and public procurement at minimum support prices were complements which together contributed to raising rural incomes in states like Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh.

Analyzing the Seasonal Variations and Price Trends in Major Onion Markets of India

The study was conducted about to analyse the onion price trend, seasonality and correlation in major markets of larger onion producing states of India with a study period of twenty years for onion crops (2001 to 2020). These data were collected from various portals such as APEDA, Agmarknet, and NHB. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using different methods. Twenty years data was used to analyze the seasonal and irregular fluctuations in onion prices, the variability of onion prices in major states in India and to measure trend and estimate rates of change in onion price in major states of India. The co-efficient of quadratic trend (T2) found non-significant in all markets reveals no change in growth pattern of onion price in last two decades, which indicates that farmers were not benefited by rise in price; it is the effect of inflation factors only. On an average the onion prices in major markets of India was increased annually at the rate of 8.50 per cent during last two decades. The seasonality is prevailing throughout all markets of onion in India. The price indices were found more than 100 in the months of August to January and lower during February to July. The magnitude of price volatility was found the highest in Bhopal (88.25%) and the lowest in Mahuva (53.81%) market. Whereas, the magnitude of arrival volatility was found the highest in Mahuva (187.25%) and the lowest in Mumbai (31.97%) market. The monthly (>0.87) and yearly (>0.90) onion prices were found highly correlated among all the markets. As onion price are highly volatile, requires creation of storage capacity to meet specific requirement of humidity and temperature, and the Government should take immediate action to enhance export, when price falls drastically and allow the import, when price increase beyond certain level.

Does club convergence matter in health outcomes? Evidence from Indian states

BackgroundPopulation health is vital to a nation’s overall well-being and development. To achieve sustainable human development, a reduction in health inequalities and an increase in interstate convergence in health indicators is necessary. Evaluation of the convergence patterns can aid the government in monitoring the health progress across the Indian states. This study investigates the progressive changes in the convergence and divergence patterns in health status across major states of India from 1990 to 2018.MethodsSigma plots (σ), kernel density plots, and log t-test methods are used to test the convergence, divergence, and club convergence patterns in the health indicators at the state level.ResultsThe result of the sigma convergence suggests that life expectancy at birth has converged across all states. After 2006, however, the infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, and total fertility rate experienced a divergence pattern. The study’s findings indicate that life expectancy at birth converges in the same direction across all states, falling into the same club (Club One). However, considerable cross-state variations and evidence of clubs’ convergence and divergence are observed in the domains of infant mortality rate, neonatal death rate, and total fertility rate. As suggested by the kernel density estimates, life expectancy at birth stratifies, polarizes, and becomes unimodal over time, although with a single stable state. A bimodal distribution was found for infant, neonatal, and total fertility rates.ConclusionsTherefore, healthcare strategies must consider each club’s transition path while focusing on divergence states to reduce health variations and improve health outcomes for each group of individuals.

KisanQRS: A deep learning-based automated query-response system for agricultural decision-making

Delivering prompt information and guidance to farmers is critical in agricultural decision-making. Farmers’ helpline centres are heavily reliant on the expertise and availability of call centre agents, leading to inconsistent quality and delayed responses. To this end, this article presents Kisan Query Response System (KisanQRS), a Deep Learning-based robust query-response framework for the agriculture sector. KisanQRS integrates semantic and lexical similarities of farmers’ queries and employs a rapid threshold-based clustering method. Before clustering, KisanQRS employs data cleaning by performing steps such as the removal of special characters and extra white spaces. It also removes crop names from the queries, which helps in putting similar queries to the same clusters irrespective of the crop. Subsequently, semantic and lexical similarities of queries are computed, and a final similarity matrix is generated based on the weighted sum of these two similarities. Next, a clustering algorithm is applied to organize the queries into clusters according to their similarity. A query mapping module is trained on these cluster labels as the target. For this query mapping module, LSTM is found to be the optimal method. Next, the answer retrieval method clusters candidate answers for a crop, ranks these answer clusters based on the number of answers in a cluster, and selects the leader of each cluster, finally providing the top-K answers. The dataset used in our analysis consists of a subset of 34 million call logs from the Kisan Call Centre (KCC), operated under the Government of India. We evaluated the performance of the query mapping module on the data of five major states of India with 3,00,000 samples and the quantifiable outcomes demonstrate that KisanQRS significantly outperforms traditional techniques by achieving 96.58% top F1-score for a state. The answer retrieval module is evaluated on 10,000 samples and achieves a competitive NDCG score of 96.20%. KisanQRS could be useful in enabling farmers to make informed decisions about their farming practices by providing quick and pertinent responses to their queries.

Prediction of maximum air temperature for defining heat wave in Rajasthan and Karnataka states of India using machine learning approach

Temperature rise, associated with global warming, has increased the severity and frequency of heat waves around the world. Rajasthan and Karnataka are two major states of India and these have been facing frequent heat waves in the past few years. The present study used machine learning approach to predict the maximum air temperature (AT) for defining the heat wave occurrences in these two states. The analysis was based on the monthly data of 13 parameters, collected from NASA's Giovanni and ERA5 reanalysis data during the summer season for the past 10-years (2013–2022). The data obtained were at different resolutions, which was resampled to 5 km × 5 km spatial resolution. Pearson's correlation and sensitivity analysis were used to check the dominant input parameters. Three machine learning approaches were used in the study: multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest (RF). 3-fold cross validation was used to evaluate the model performance. The data was divided into three periods for the purpose of testing, training and validation. It was observed that the maximum AT in both states was above the limits of IMD criteria for defining heat wave occurrences. The performance of the models was evaluated using statistical metrics, comprising of root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). Good correlation of AT with land surface temperature (LST), black carbon (BC), AOD, and CO was found for both the states. AT was found to be more sensitive to the change in LST and BC compared to other parameters. The machine learning results indicated that RF outperformed MLR and SVR in predicting AT in both states. The adjusted R2 was 0.90 and 0.92, for Rajasthan and Karnataka, respectively while RMSE was 2.36% and 1.44%, for Rajasthan and Karnataka, respectively. Overall, the study shows that machine learning-based approaches can predict maximum AT for defining heat wave conditions with high accuracy. The study can have significantly applications in different fields like climate modelling studies, urban planning and infrastructure, agriculture etc. and it can help to implement appropriate measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of temperature rise.

The cost of sustainable production for basmati rice grown by the Fairtrade certified producers

The objective of the study is to understand the cost components of Basmati rice production, and whether the minimum price offered by Fairtrade International (FI) or the Government of India (GOI) adequately compensates the farmers. The study adopted a survey method for the assessment of realities on the ground. Data was collected from 327 FI certified Basmati farmers in four major Indian states – Jammu, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. The main finding is that the Fairtrade Minimum Price (FMP), along with its premium, is 41 per cent to 78 per cent lower than the farmers’ costs for seed, labour, storage and transportation. The Minimum Support Price (MSP) provided by the GOI is 6 per cent higher than the FMP for the conventional Pusa variety, but 25 per cent lower than the FMP for organic Basmati. Neither the FMP or the MSP covers producers’ reported costs. No study exists in India examining the cost of production of Basmati farmers under Fair Trade contracts. The study is an important contribution to the ongoing debate on the benefits of Fair Trade farming from the perspective of farmers.

Ageing and age structural transition in major states of India from 1961 to 2011

Ageing and age structural transition in major states of India from 1961 to 2011

Role of institution in combating crime in India: an empirical study

PurposeThis paper examines the role of institution in the combating crime in India. This study also assesses institutions for controlling property crime in India in the post-reform era.Design/methodology/approachCrime and socio-economic data are taken from National Crime Record Bureau and the Reserve Bank of India, respectively. Twenty major Indian states are selected for the study purpose for the period of 1994–2019. Fixed effect panel data technique is used for analysis purpose.FindingsProperty crime rate declines with economic growth, while it increases with financial development. Findings of fiscal policy instruments are different. Own tax is positively associated with property crime in India, while non-tax fiscal instruments such as fine, penalty, and so on, are inversely related to it. Property crime rate is inversely related to institutional factors like charge sheet and conviction rate.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is needed for other crimes in India. State-level data are used here for analysis purpose; however, spatial or cluster analysis techniques might provide more insights for combating crimes in India.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that economic growth and fiscal instrument along with institutional development are essential to control property crime in India.Social implicationsGovernment should take steps to improve the law-and-order system to control property crime across states.Originality/valueImpact of non-tax fiscal instrument reduces property crime while that of own tax is increases it in India. These findings are unique and added certain insight in the study. Institutional roles are captured its performances like charge sheet and convict rate, which are significantly reduce property crime in Indian states. Least square dummy variable model is applied to capture individual state effects.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-01-2023-0063

Disparity in Education Expenditure and Economic Growth in India: An Analysis

Enhancing the educational achievements of the population has long been recognized as a crucial factor in driving economic growth, tracing back to the era of Adam Smith. Therefore, prioritizing the improvement of educational attainment is imperative for cultivating economic development. India is widely recognized for its alarmingly high number of individuals with limited access to education. The education system is characterized by a chaotic and disjointed combination of public and private institutions, lacking a viable mechanism to establish effective educational standards. The private sector, in particular, has displayed little capability in executing welfare programs aimed at improving education. So, the expenditure directed by Government towards education sector is recognised as an important input in the education production process which would ensure better educational outcomes. Economic growth is a wider concept where education expenditure plays an important role to boost the economy. It is just like fuel to economy. So, expenditure is at most required. Here the paper tries to examine the disparity in public education expenditure and economic growth. So, study has taken 14 major Indian states by grouping into forwarded states and backword states. It is observed that convergence growth performance of developed and backward region has been reducing of regional disparity in the country in terms of Per capita income and in terms of education expenditure it is also reducing. So we can go for nexus analysis between two variables.

Convergence or Divergence in the Manufacturing Sector Since 1980’s? Evidence from the Indian Sub Nationals

Purpose: The objective of this study was to divulges into understanding the inter-state disparities across the sixteen major Indian states in the registered manufacturing sector by analyzing it’s pattern and traversing over the years initiating from 1980-1981 to 2015-2016. Theoretical framework: The Indian economic development pattern is not only unusual, but also rare, when one compares it to the economic development paths followed by other developing and developed countries. The countries such as Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea and China achieved economic growth by initially giving priority to the manufacturing sector. It was after producing tangible outputs and generating innovations in the manufacturing sector that in the above mentioned countries, the services sector emerged as the biggest and leading sector in economic growth. The economic literature also shows a strong correlation between the growth of the manufacturing output and the growth of GDP (Thirlwall, A. P. 1983). The growth of the manufacturing sector sucks labour resources from other sectors where disguised unemployment exist; which contributes to the growth of the capital employed in the industry, while the productivity of other sectors is not adversely affected (N. Marconi et. al,2016) In other words, a strong and growing manufacturing sector is necessary for economic growth and development. However, in India the services sector emerged as the biggest and fast growing sector in the very beginning, and the manufacturing sector's contribution to economic growth has been relatively small. Design/methodology/approach: To bring about the pattern of the size of the manufacturing sector the data has been analyzed by tabulation, calculating averages, coefficients of variations, bar diagrams and line graphs so that a clear picture is exemplified. To look into the impact of geographical location the data has been divided into two regional schemes which have been analyzed using the dummy variable regression technique (ANOVA), and lastly to highlight if there exists convergence or divergence across the states over the aforementioned time period the technique of σ – convergence and β-convergence have been applied. Findings: The results of σ – convergence based on coefficient of variation clearly show that the size of manufacturing sector, in terms of both the indicators of size, diverged among states over 1980-1981 to 2015-2016 period. At least it is sure that no convergence occurred over this period. Furthermore, the results of the β-convergence based on growth rates of the two indicators give conflicting conclusions. The value of gross output per-capita indicated divergence over the reference period; but SDP share indicator suggested convergence over the same period. Taking both σ- convergence and β-convergence together, one may suggest that these do not indicate to any tendency towards convergence over this period. Therefore the objective of this paper was to analyse the change in the size of manufacturing sector across the states over the 1980-81 /2015-16 period on the basis of two indicators; share of manufacturing sector in SDP and value of gross manufacturing output per capita. The analysis revealed that the pattern changed somewhat over this period. Some states improved their ranking e.g. Gujarat and H.P. and ranking of some others worsened e.g. Maharashtra, Bihar etc. The analysis also revealed that there was no significant difference in the SDP share and value of gross output per capita of manufacturing sector between coastal / non coastal and northern/southern states. The analysis of convergence / divergence across the states over the 1980-81/ 2015-16 revealed that convergence did not occur; rather there was some tendency towards divergence. Research, Practical & Social implications: Future research should focus on the reducing the disparities among the Indian states via exploring other important variables in the manufacturing sector. It can be further extended by using panel data analysis. Also, Policy implication suggested for the laggard states has been to identify the caveats and implementation of policies for them should be at national level to bolster the overall growth of the manufacturing sector.

An Inquiry into Households’ Confidence Levels in Various Institutions in India: A Temporal Assessment from the IHDS

This study attempts to assess the variations in households’ confidence levels in various sociopolitical institutions with varying socioeconomic and cultural characteristics across major Indian states based on two rounds of the India Human Development Survey ( IHDS-I, 2004–2005 ; IHDS-II, 2011–2012 ). It traces the presence of a lower confidence level of households in governance institutions compared with other institutions, implying a deficit of households’ confidence in this component against the overall confidence score, which marginally improves over time. The states of Jammu and Kashmir and Mizoram have a lower level of confidence score in governance and justice compared to other states. On analysing the socioeconomic determinants of households’ confidence in two rounds of the IHDS separately, this study observes that regional and economic factors are more significant in shaping the confidence levels of households than any other socioeconomic attributes.