Major Law Enforcement Research Articles

Forensic Psychological Analysis of Call Recording in the Sextortion Case Using LVA Technique – A Crime Case Study

There were 4.66 billion active internet users globally in January 2021, accounting for 59.5 percent of the global population. 92.6 percent (4.32 billion) of this total used mobile devices to access the internet (Johnson, 2021). With the growing number of internet users and social media platform users, cybercrimes are also growing with new forms coming in now and then. One of the recent trends is Sextortion on social media platforms. Fraudsters ask potential victims to have a nude video call on WhatsApp and they record the act. Then they demand money for not posting it on social media platforms. And they even threaten to send video clips to family members. Trapped victims generally pay the money to get away with the situation. In the present study, one of the victims submitted his call recording with the fraudster, who was claiming to be a major law enforcement agency officer. The fraudster tried to extort the money from the victim on the pretext of taking down the viral video of him in WhatsApp chat. The present research paper is attempting to analyze the audio clip in the Layered Voice Analysis (LVA) Technology. The research paper has explained the analysis process of computerized voice stress analysis of the audio clips. The research paper concluded the case study by explaining the incident through Routine Activity Theory. Analysis of the crime study has proved that fraudster was deceptive in the audio clip using the LVA Technique.

Policing in the Eye of the Storm

In the wake of Hurricane Harvey, a series of focus groups were held with local law enforcement agencies in Southeast Texas to discuss the implementation of their emergency plans and challenges faced. The area suffered up to 60 in. of rain and flooding within three days. Their comments became prophetic when Tropical Storm Imelda swept through the area two years later dumping 42 in. of rain within a similar time frame. The purpose of this study is to present the lessons learned from a law enforcement perspective. A thematic qualitative design was used to identify key factors. Focus groups with the major law enforcement and local governmental officials in the Golden Triangle area of Southeast Texas revealed that prior existing relationships with other government entities, nonprofit organizations, and private industry are essential to address the challenges of coordination and system barriers that occur in the initial stages of response in the eye of the storm.

THE WAR ON DRUGS 2.0: DARKNET FENTANYL'S RISE AND THE EFFECTS OF REGULATORY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTION

U.S. overdose deaths attributed to synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, have increased from under 3,000 in 2013 to nearly 20,000 in 2016, making up half of all opioid‐related overdose deaths. Using web scrapes of darknet markets from 2014 to 2016, I provide historical prices for fentanyl and its most popular analogues and find that fentanyl vendors priced fentanyl in 2014 at a 90% discount compared to an equivalent dose of heroin. Using regression discontinuity, I evaluate the effects of two major law enforcement and regulatory events. I find minimal lasting effects of U.S. legal actions intended to disrupt darknet markets, but there are statistically significant indications of a price increase corresponding with regulatory action in China. Despite these indications of some regulatory success, fentanyl prices remained approximately 90% cheaper than heroin. (JEL I18, K42)

Crime displacement in digital drug markets

Background Crackdowns on urban sites with concentrated criminal activity are sometimes followed by geographical relocation of crime. Is this also the case in cyberspace, where illegal websites and online networks can be wiped clean, but also quickly rebuilt and replaced on new servers and URLs?Methods I address this question in three steps. First, I measure MDMA trade in a large digital market for drugs, before and after the arrest of a leading MDMA seller in the same market. Second, I count the number of available digital drug markets and vendor shops in the period February 2014–June 2018, to see if websites closed by police were replaced by new ones. Third, I track the digital movement and trading activities of individual drug sellers, before and after law enforcement shut down two large markets.Results After police arrested a leading MDMA seller, other MDMA sellers filled most – but not all – of the gap. A major law enforcement crackdown reduced the number of available markets, but new ones were created, and market counts eventually surpassed the previous peak. When law enforcement shut down two big markets, many of the sellers relocated to other e-commerce sites and continued high-earning operations there.Conclusion Arrests and market closures redirect digital drug trade to other sellers and markets. Hot spot policing in cyberspace might produce temporary results, but is arguably ineffective in the long run, as actors use information and communication technology’s unique capacities to reorganize.

The War on Drugs 2.0: Darknet Fentanyl’s Rise and the Effects of Regulatory and Law Enforcement Action

U.S. overdose deaths attributed to synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, have increased from under 3,000 in 2013 to nearly 20,000 in 2016, making up half of all opioid-related overdose deaths. Using web scrapes of darknet markets from 2014 to 2016, I provide historical prices for fentanyl and its most popular analogues and find that fentanyl vendors priced fentanyl in 2014 at a 90% discount compared to an equivalent dose of heroin. Using a regression discontinuity design, I evaluate the effects of two major law enforcement and regulatory events. I find minimal lasting effects of U.S. legal actions intended to disrupt darknet markets, but there are statistically significant indications of a price increase corresponding with regulatory action in China. Despite these indications of some regulatory success, fentanyl prices remained approximately 90% cheaper than heroin.

FIM: A Business Information System for Intelligence

Intelligence, now ingrained into all major law enforcement agencies, is expanding into mainstream business practices as “competitive intelligence.” It is absorbing enormous resources, and not just ...

Who will keep the public healthy? Assuring a legally prepared workforce.

The Commission on the Accreditation of Law Enforcement (CALEA) employs rigorous evaluation techniques. Objective accreditation, such as made possible by CALEA, is important from the public’s perspective and in the national community of law enforcement.To counteract a general distrust of law enforcement agencies, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) developed a grant to develop standards by which the quality and performance of law enforcement could be measured. LEAA developed 107 standards and, though well received by the law enforcement community, no single group or agency took the initiative to begin a program to evaluate and implement the standards. In 1979, the Department of Justice established an additional grant that effectively organized the four major law enforcement groups: the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the National Sheriff’s Association, the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, and the Police Executive Research Forum.

Rape in America: a reference handbook

This handbook presents an overview of the historical and social context of rape in America. Rape in America covers topics such as major law enforcement, the judicial system, and correctional system trends in dealing with both the rapist and the victim. Also included is an analysis of the types and motivations of rapists, a psychological profile of rapists, and a statistical profile of rape victims. For easy reference, this volume features detailed listings of print and nonprint resources and an extensive directory of organizations that have a significant impact nationally or regionally in the movement to stop and prevent sexual violence. This work is an invaluable source of information for students, researchers, and journalists, as well as rape crisis counselors, administrators of women's shelters, and law enforcement officials. Includes an extensive directory of organizations that have a significant impact nationally or regionally in the movement to stop and prevent sexual violence Provides detailed listings of print and nonprint resources

Forensic palynology in the United States of America

Abstract Forensic palynology is the science of applying modern and fossil pollen and spores (palynomorphs) to help solve legal problems. Although knowledge of this technique has been known for many years, it has been used rarely. Surveys conducted of major law enforcement agencies in the United States show that little is known about this area of forensics. Only law enforcement agencies in New Zealand, among the major countries of the world, routinely collect and use forensic pollen studies in civil and criminal cases. Palynomorphs recovered from dirt, clothing, hair, rope, baskets, and materials used as packing can reveal geographical origin or can link an individual or item with the scene of a crime. Likewise, the palynomorphs found in illegal drugs, like marijuana and cocaine, can link those drugs with their source area and can show which shipments of drugs originated from the same, or from different, source areas. Techniques used for collection, processing, and analysis of forensic pollen samples are discussed. Actual case studies using forensic pollen evidence are included as examples.