Major International Competitions Research Articles

Competitive effectiveness of Kazakhstani athletes specializing in Greco-Roman wrestling in the international sports arena

Despite the great popularity of Greco-Roman style wrestling and the success of Kazakhstan athletes in the international sports arena, there is no in-depth analysis of the competitive performance of our athletes at major sports competitions in the literature available to us. The purpose of the study was to analyze the performances of Kazakhstan Greco-Roman wrestlers at major international competitions. Such research methods as analysis of literary sources, analysis of protocols of performances of Kazakhstan athletes at international competitions, analysis of profiles of Kazakhstan athletes in the International Wrestling Database were used. Analyzing the performances of Kazakhstan Greco-Roman wrestlers at such major international competitions as the World Cup and the Olympic Games, we can conclude that their competitive performance has decreased. In recent years, the share of gold medals in the medal standings of the national team has decreased and the share of bronze medals has increased. Kazakhstan Greco-Roman wrestlers are one of the regular participants of major international sports competitions. During the entire period of participation, Kazakhstan athletes at international competitions have won 12 medals of the European Championship, 43 medals of the World Championship and 16 medals of the Olympic Games. However, in recent years there has been a decrease in the competitive effectiveness of our athletes at major international competitions, including the Olympic Games.

Features injuries handball players 18-20 years old in competition

Handball is a game sport that combines a high level of physical psychological preparedness and technical and tactical skill. The first great successes come to players after 1-12 years of systematic preparation. The most talented young handball players from youth begin to move to the teams of men's clubs, and then join the ranks of the national team, while others, having received injuries, say goodbye to handball. The purpose of the study is to determine the nature of injuries to handball players aged 18-20 years, to identify the main types of injuries to handball players of different ages and playing positions. The data obtained suggest insufficient physical and technical-tactical readiness of handball players under 20 years old for the intense conditions of major international competitions. In turn, this makes it possible to develop effective means of preventing injuries in the early stages of long-term training.

It’s not all in your feet: Improving penalty kick performance with human-avatar interaction and machine learning

Penalty kicks are increasingly decisive in major international football competitions. Yet, over 30% of shootout kicks are missed. The outcome of the kick often relies on the ability of the penalty taker to exploit anticipatory movements of the goalkeeper to redirect the kick toward the open side of the goal. Unfortunately, this ability is difficult to train using classical methods. We used an augmented reality simulator displaying an holographic goalkeeper to test and train penalty kick performance with 13 young elite players. Machine learning algorithms were used to optimize the learning rate by maintaining an optimal level of training difficulty. Ten training sessions of 20 kicks reduced the redirection threshold by 120ms, which constituted a 28% reduction with respect to the baseline threshold. Importantly, redirection threshold reduction was observed for all trained players, and all things being equal, it corresponded to an estimated 35% improvement of the success rate.

Major International Competition Funding and Money Laundering Risks

The sports sector is often liable for illegal activities, such as money laundering. Football, the most popular sport in the world, is one of several places where illegal money might enter, with the UNODC estimating that the sport facilitates the laundering of roughly USD 140 billion annually. The aim of this paper is to identify the main money laundering schemes used in the sports industry and to provide a complete plan for mitigating these risks. Key methods of money laundering in the sports sector, such as football example, are considered. Key cases of illicit activities in football are considered in the context of money laundering and other criminal offences. A comprehensive strategy is proposed to prevent money laundering in professional sports, including anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism funding (CTF) legislation and regulations, due diligence, transparency, sanctions, whistleblower protection, international collaboration, training and education, and the use of cutting-edge technology such as AI and machine learning. These preventative measures require constant awareness and innovation to be successful and include establishing a regulatory organization with responsibility for regulating money dealings in the sports industry, due diligence, transparency, sanctions, whistleblower protection, international collaboration, training and education, and the use of cutting-edge technology. This paper’s results may be used by researchers and analysts, professional associations, non-governmental organizations, legislators, and the general public.

Comprehensive preparation strategies for a world-class endurance athlete competing in major international competitions in hot environmental conditions: A case study

Purpose To document a world-class race walking athlete's preparation for the 2019 International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) World Championships (Doha, Qatar), including periodized training, physiological data, cooling strategies and nutritional practices. Methods Physiological data (VO2max, mL·kg−1·min−1; submaximal economy, mL·kg−1·min−1; and %VO2max), training volume (km) and intensity (min·km−1) were recorded (January–May 2019). Additional training strategies and interventions (altitude training, heat acclimation/acclimatization, cooling methods and pre- and during-race nutrition) were described (February–October 2019). Performances in IAAF-sanctioned 20 km races were also reported. Results The athlete's highest VO2max result was 74.6 mL·kg−1·min−1, and his highest 4 mmol·L−1 walking speed was 15.7 km·h−1. The best submaximal economy measures (the lowest proportional oxygen use at 13 km·h−1) were 48.4 mL·kg−1·min−1 (65.2% VO2max). The best performance outcome was a bronze medal-winning performance at the 2019 IAAF World Championships (32°C; 77% RH). Six blocks of altitude training were performed (119 days). Five blocks of heat acclimatization training (127 days), one block of heat acclimation training (8 days) and two blocks of post-training passive heat sessions (16 days) were completed. Internal and external cooling strategies were used, and the athlete's nutritional intake focused on carbohydrate and fluid intake prior to and during races, pre-race supplementation with sodium bicarbonate using chronic and acute protocols, caffeine supplementation during races and pre-race hyperhydration. Conclusion The strategies used by this elite athlete included repeated heat acclimation, heat acclimatization, passive heat exposure, hypoxic training and heat mitigation strategies. Similar strategies may provide benefit to elite athletes preparing for major international competitions in hot conditions.

The Effect of the ‘Fast Game’ in Handball on the Final Ranking of Teams in Major International Competitions

The Effect of the ‘Fast Game’ in Handball on the Final Ranking of Teams in Major International Competitions

Analysis of Winning and Losing Patterns of Korean Judo Athletes by Weight Class based on Major International Competitions

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the scoring patterns of male and female Korean judo athletes by weight class, based on major international competitions from 2016 to 2021. METHODS We analyzed 1,508 scoring techniques, consisting of penalty, Waza-ari, and Ippon connected techniques, from male and female Korean athletes who participated in the Grand Prix, Grand Slam, Masters, World Championships, and Olympics. Chi-squared tests were conducted to examine differences in rounds, time, results, techniques, and continent by weight class.RESULTS In terms of differences in rounds, statistically significant differences were found in the men's lightweight and women's heavyweight categories. Statistically significant differences were found in the following: regarding differences in match time, in the men's heavyweight category; regarding match results, in the men's heavyweight category; and regarding differences in technique type, in the men's middleweight and heavyweight categories and in the women's lightweight and heavyweight categories. Finally, in terms of opponent continents, significant differences were found in both men's and women's lightweight categories. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study confirmed the differences in wins and losses of male and female Korean athletes according to their weight classes. Based on this, it is necessary to analyze and systematize the technology types of the world's top athletes, including Korean athletes, to improve their judo performance.

THE PRACTICE OF “CANCEL CULTURE" IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF THE 1960s–1980s

This article examines the facts and circumstances of the cancellation of various cultural events due to geopolitical events in the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1980s. Examples of the active application of the principle of "cultural boycott" during the Cold War are "Czechoslovak" and "Afghan" factors. There seems to be no need to dwell on the causes and dynamics of the political crises themselves. The paper examines their influence on the emergence of a kind of crisis of cultural diplomacy, expressed primarily in the emergency cancellation of tours, as well as refusal to participate in major international competitions and festivals. Since the cases used in the analysis relate primarily to the application of the "cultural boycott" in relation to the USSR, the article also examines the issue of actions on the part of the bodies responsible for the sphere of culture in the USSR to overcome the isolation of the country in the context of curtailing interstate cooperation with the United States and European countries. An analysis of the practice of canceling cultural events due to the deterioration of relations against the background of political and military crises showed that with a general decline in the level of cultural cooperation, not all countries resorted to a direct boycott of already planned cultural events. In addition, in the absence of official agreements on cultural cooperation, international contacts continued to be maintained at the level of agreements of the USSR Ministry of Culture with various informal and public organizations of foreign countries. Attempts by the Ministry of Culture, as well as leading creative unions to establish contacts bypassing the official authorities, often faced active resistance from the latter. The study of a number of documents shows that creative and public organizations in Western countries experienced significant pressure from their governments and other official structures. When studying the stated topic, a comparative approach was used, as well as such methods of scientific and political analysis as analogy, extrapolation and the case-study method.

Tracking sleep in the field: sleep quality and sleep behaviours of elite track and field athletes during preparation and competition

ABSTRACT Elite athletes are susceptible to inadequate sleep, which may peak during competition and be exacerbated by poor sleep behaviours. This study sought to characterise and compare the sleep quality and sleep behaviours of elite track and field athletes during preparation and major competitions. Forty elite international track and field athletes (50% female, aged 25.1 ± 3.9 years) completed the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire and the Athlete Sleep Behaviour Questionnaire on three separate occasions: during habitual training, during a pre-meet training camp and during a major international competition. Overall, 62.5% of athletes reported at least mild sleep difficulty during competition. Athletes reported higher sleep difficulty and poorer sleep behaviour during major competitions and the pre-meet training camp compared to habitual training (P = .001–.025). No significant differences were observed between the training camp and major competition. Global sleep behaviour scores were underpinned by unique characteristics at each timepoint. Sleep behaviour (R2 = .330, P = .017), injury status (R2 = .253, P = .003) and major championship experience (R2 = .113, P = .034) were associated with sleep difficulty during competition. Sleep quality and behaviours vary according to stage of the track and field season, providing a foundation for targeted intervention.

Development and validation of a questionnaire for assessing perspectives of World Robot Olympiad on participants

Many studies have examined the effects of robotics competitions, but few have investigated their effects on participants, especially from the perspectives of students, parents, and coaches. The researchers of this study developed and validated an instrument for exploring the impact of the World Robot Olympiad (WRO), a major international robotics competition, on participants from the perspectives of students, parents, and coaches. Through a literature review and expert discussion, the researchers proposed the first version of the questionnaire. After three years of data collection and three iterations as well as a reliability and validity analysis, factor analysis, and expert review, researchers developed an impact questionnaire for participants in WRO, which included 18 items in the following six dimensions: Learning Skill, Engineering Thinking, Emotional Engagement, Career Choice, Cooperative Solution, and Global Consciousness. Data from 636 valid responses revealed that the questionnaire has good reliability and validity and that students, parents, and coaches all highly valued the positive impact of WRO in 2019. Data analysis indicated that, by and large, students’ abilities have improved in various dimensions which were similar to those of previous research on robotics education and robotics competitions.

Chaleur, Sport et Santé. Partie 2 : Impact des stratégies pour lutter contre les effets de la chaleur sur la santé des sportifs

The individual determinants of sports performance, whether physical, physiological or psychological, are the subject of a dense literature aiming to understand better what makes an athlete perform and how, through training, one can lead him or her to progress. In this search for performance, it very quickly became apparent that the environment could play an important role and some training programs now incorporate environmental conditions as one of several levers. Training at altitude or in a hot and humid environment are indeed avenues that have been successfully explored. But if the environment is used as a lever for training, it is because it places physiological and psychological constraints on the organism that require adaptations. Indeed, the human body, repeatedly exposed to exercise conditions that exceed its initial capacities, adapts. This is the fundamental principle of training. However, extreme environmental constraints, such as high temperature, when not controlled, as is the case in competition, amplify the stress imposed on the body, and the athlete may, driven by his or her desire to win, go beyond his or her limits and expose himself or herself to significant health risks. This problem has recently become particularly salient with, on the one hand, global warming which is progressively raising the temperatures at which competitions are held and, on the other hand, the desire of certain emerging countries to offer major international competitions in environments which are sometimes particularly unsuitable for aerobic performance due to temperature and even hygrometry conditions which go well beyond the thermolysis capacities of the human organism during intense effort. If the components of sports performance (physical, physiological and psychological) are well documented in the scientific literature and fairly well taken into account by coaches and athletes, the thermal constraints in which training and competitions take place are much less considered, even though taking them into account is essential to perform without risk to health. The study of these constraints on psychological functioning is therefore a major issue. In this second part of the interview with Professor Jean-Pierre Bouchard, Drs. Coudevylle, Collado, Baillot, and Sinnapah present possible strategies to help athletes perform under heat stress conditions while noting the health risks of these strategies. They also discuss the risks to people with mental illness when performing physical activities in high heat and the precautions to take with them.

Digitalization –Technology is Transforming the Beautiful Football

Football is a sport that demands a high level of technical-tactical training but at the same time a higher level of physical training. Always needs to record and objectify your game strategy, the technology of VAR implementation also helps to know these technical-tactical parameters, physical even in real-time. The purpose of this study was to define which elements of the game-penalty, red cards, identifying mistakes; goals are the most important in football, and to define the final result and the influence of VAR technology in the objectivity of decisions made by referees. Based on the results of major international competitions, a program for the implementation of technology in the strong world championships was designed, and hence the conclusion that this technology must be promoted and implemented in Romania. The results showed that there was a significant difference in performance before and after the implementation of VAR in major competitions. In conclusion, the performance of the technical-tactical, physical and strategic skills of basic football games have improved after all in the world where it has joined the VAR technology.

Chaleur, sport et santé. Partie 1 : Impact psychologique de la chaleur sur la santé des sportifs

The individual determinants of sports performance, whether physical, physiological or psychological, are the subject of a dense literature aiming to understand better what makes an athlete perform and how, through training, one can lead him or her to progress. In this search for performance, it very quickly became apparent that the environment could play an important role and some training programs now incorporate environmental conditions as one of several levers. Training at altitude or in a hot and humid environment are indeed avenues that have been successfully explored. But if the environment is used as a lever for training, it is because it places physiological and psychological constraints on the organism that require adaptations. Indeed, the human body, repeatedly exposed to exercise conditions that exceed its initial capacities, adapts. This is the fundamental principle of training. However, extreme environmental constraints such as high temperature, when not controlled, as is the case in competition, amplify the stress imposed on the body, and the athlete may, driven by his or her desire to win, go beyond his or her limits and expose himself or herself to significant health risks. This problem has recently become particularly salient with, on the one hand, global warming which is progressively raising the temperatures at which competitions are held, and on the other hand, the desire of certain emerging countries to offer major international competitions in environments which are sometimes particularly unsuitable for aerobic performance due to temperature and even hygrometry conditions which go well beyond the thermolysis capacities of the human organism during intense effort. If the components of sports performance (physical, physiological and psychological) are well documented in the scientific literature and fairly well taken into account by coaches and athletes, the thermal constraints in which training and competitions take place are much less considered, even though taking them into account is essential to perform without risk to health. The study of these constraints on psychological functioning is therefore a major issue. In this first part of the interview, Drs. Coudevylle, Collado and Sinnapah discuss the negative impact of the hot climate on psychological functioning (perceptions, cognition, affects) as well as on the associated risk of injury or accident.

The Big International Fencing Competition at the Year of the First Olympic Games

"Due to the proximity of the dates, in 1896 fencers had to make a choice, where to go to compete, at this time an amateur Olympics event or for grand prize at World Expo in Budapest. The best fencers had chosen the second opportunity. According to Carpathian experts, the Keresztessy fencing system was the best in the whole world, so the audience couldn’t wait to be successful on the competition. This was the first time when the Carpathian and Italian fencing styles were compared. The belief in the invulnerability of Carpathian athletes was shattered when no one of them came to the top of the podium as a result of the competition. At the first major international competition Carpathian fencers were forced to their knees. Keywords: Keresztessy, Italo Santelli, fencing styles, Millenial contest "

The return of the prodigal B-boy: from marginalised subculture to protected Korean cultural institution

ABSTRACT When the forces of globalisation brought B-boying (or breakdancing) to Korea, the traditionally conservative mainstream society looked askance at the practice. The government, concerned with building a strong national culture, set restrictive policies to protect Korean society from what it saw as a disruptive foreign influence. Nevertheless, a marginalised Korean B-boy subculture developed; rejected locally, Korean crews began competing globally. When they swept major international competitions, B-boying exploded in Korea and the government began to support and deploy it as iconic of Korea’s youthful and dynamic art world. Thus, B-boying in Korea has undergone two major cycles of globalisation and Korean government intervention since the 1980s. In this paper, we trace how a marginalised subculture came to be institutionalised as a point of national pride by the government and the role that glocalisation has played in this dramatic reversal of the fortunes of the B-boys in Korea.

REVISITING THE WAYS OF RUSSIAN CULINARY IDIONYMS TRANSFER INTO ENGLISH

Background. The relevance of communication of idionyms is directly related to the increase in the external tourist flow, hosting major international competitions, opening industrial clusters, etc., which leads to the development of infrastructure and is most clearly manifested in the restaurant and hotel business where a top-notch translation of culinary and other idionyms becomes a competitive advantage and allows for provision of a high level of service and avoid possible mistakes in intercultural communication.
 Purpose. To offer options for an adequate and equivalent communication of culinary idionyms for representatives of non-English-speaking cultures who use English as lingua franca.
 Materials and methods. The main menu of the 29th Winter Universiade Krasnoyarsk 2019 and its versions (menus for volunteers, judges and the Ministry of Internal Affairs) were used as material for the study. Research methods: the method of comparative analysis, continuous sampling method in the selection of practical material, descriptive method of linguistic and stylistic analysis.
 Results. The authors proposed some versions of communication of culinary idionyms of the Russian language into English using some translation techniques, such as calque, transliteration, descriptive and functional analogue translation.
 Practical implications. The practical significance of the study is due to the expansion of the hospitality sector. The authors’ experience could be used translating non-equivalent cultural realities of the Russian language, in particular culinary idionyms used, for instance, when making menus, writing recipes and dietary recommendations, etc.

Professionalism and Amateurism in Modern Olympic Sports

The Olympic Games were not the only major sporting event in ancient Greek civilisation. The Nemean, Pythian and Isthmian Games were held simultaneously. After the revival of the Olympic Games in 1896, modern Olympic sport has passed a difficult, albeit not so long-term path. But even earlier, around the middle of the XIX century, professional sports began to form in the developed countries of Europe and the United States. The appearance of professional athletes, both in the ancient world and in modern history, was essentially the result of those significant changes that occurred in the economic, social and political aspects of human life at the stages of its development and the evolution of sports competitions. It can be argued that professional sports (both in ancient and modern times) arose as a particular human activity, the content of which was sports. However, the problem of amateurs and professionalism in modern Olympic sports and the Olympic movement was one of the most significant in the context of introducing Olympic ideals into the life of society, solving the problem of “fair play” and allowing athletes to participate in major international competitions (Olympic Games, World Championships, etc.).

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE APPLICATION OF FIGHTING STANCE IN BOXING

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of changing the fighting stance during a duel and, based on the data obtained, to develop a methodology for its training. Based on the results of a survey of specialists, as well as an analysis of the duels held at major international competitions, it turned out that in modern boxing a boxer should fight both in left-sided and right-sided fighting positions. The analysis of the results of the boys' fights at the Child and Youth Sports School championship revealed that young boxers do not change their fighting stance during the fight, which limits the use of tactical actions and affects the effectiveness of the fight. The data obtained formed the basis of the pedagogical experiment revealed a significant increase in accurate strikes among young boxers of the experimental group, but compared with athletes of the control group (P<0.01). The conducted pedagogical experiment confirmed the effectiveness of the improved training methodology for changing the fighting stance during a duel.

Comparative analysis of win and loss factors in women's handball using international competition records

This study identifies factors affecting match results from major international competitions in women's handball in the last four years. The 12 countries that participated for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics were included in the analysis, and a total of 281 matches from 4 major international competitions were analyzed. To identify factors affecting winning and losing, independent sample t-test and logistic regression analysis were conducted on the variables present in the official records. The findings present several factors that have positive and negative effects on match results. In the analysis of differences in win and loss factors, 6m goals success rate, 9m success rate, FB goals and shooting, AS, BS, and ST had positive effects on winning. Logistic regression analysis had 84.5% accuracy. 6m and Wing goal, 9m success rate, FB shooting, GK Wing save rate, and GK 9m save rate increased the probability of winning.

Content of scientific discussion of game sports development in ukraine in the conditions of decentralization

The statement about the popularity of physical culture and sports among the population is generally accepted. Experts determine that the priorities in terms of the classes’ number, psychological and emotional auspiciousness are assigned to game sports. According to practitioners, the most popular and the one that is most in demand sport is football, but in the regional and local context, we should not forget about other popular sports (basketball, volleyball, table tennis, futsal etc.). However, in Ukraine it is possible to testify the emergence of social and economic difficulties, decentralization of management in various spheres of human activity, reduction of budget revenues, the need to attract extra-budgetary funds in the form of financial assistance etc. This certainly applies to the support of playing sports at the national level and representation at major international competitions. At the same time, issues regarding ensure the development of playing sports at the local level have not been the subject of scientific study.Purpose: to find relevant information on the scientific discussion of the development of playing sports in Ukraine in the context of decentralization. Methods: theoretical analysis and generalization (study of the scientific and methodical literature content, data of the Internet to establish the level of study of the research problem, clarification of the main aspects of the development of sports games at the local level); analysis of documentary materials (study of the legal documents content of national, regional and local levels). Results. The generalization of the data significant number of studies that devoted to the scientific substantiation of the game sports development made it possible to identify the prerequisites for their emergence and effective functioning at the national, regional and local levels. Among them are the intensification of sports development; increasing the popularity of game sports, mutual transformation of game sports and the system of training athletes (basketball - 3x3 basketball, volleyball - beach volleyball, etc.), involvement of business to the development of sports; promotion of a healthy lifestyle in society; increasing competitiveness and development of commercially attractive game sports.