Major Ethnic Groups Research Articles

Labor epidural analgesia among Han and Uyghur parturients: a prospective observational study in China

BackgroundDisparities in pain sensitivity and tolerance have been described, however, little is known about variability in the experience of labor pain and childbirth in China. MethodsThis prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Xinjiang, China with two major ethnic groups: Han and Uyghur women. Women with a vaginal delivery with labor epidural analgesia were enrolled. The primary outcome was cervical dilation at labor epidural analgesia request, and multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to determine associated variables. Secondary outcomes were pain score at epidural request and epidural analgesics use. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation. ResultsCervical dilatation at labor epidural analgesia request was significantly lower (1.2 ± 0.7 vs. 0.8 ± 0.6 cm; p=0.0095), and pain score (numerical pain scale 0-10) was significantly higher (0.8 ± 1.0 vs. 4.2 ± 1.2; p=0.0002) among Uyghur compared to Han women. In the multivariate model, Uyghur women had a lower cervical dilation (p=0.0392) and a higher pain score (p<0.0001) at epidural request. During the labor process, a larger proportion of Uyghur women used the patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) pump (77.8% vs 53.6%, p=0.0011). They pressed the pump in a significantly shorter time (61.3±41.2 vs 104.0±105.2min, p=0.0015) and for more times (1.9±1.7 vs 1.2±1.4, p=0.0022), contributing to significantly more epidural analgesic use (sufentanil: 0.06±0.02 vs 0.07±0.03 μg/kg/h, p=0.0150, ropivacaine: 0.11±0.04 vs 0.14±0.06 mg/kg/h, p=0.0003, respectively). ConclusionsOur findings suggest that Uyghur women experience labor pain with higher levels of pain with a higher use of epidural analgesics than Han women. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether these differences are clinically relevant.FundingThis study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 72074162).Ethics and Trial registration: Ethical approval was obtained (www.chictr.org.cn Identifier: ChiCTR2200062630).

Territorial re-organisation of administrative units in Pakistan: the demand for new provinces in Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Sindh

ABSTRACT The 18th Amendment ushered a public discourse on a novel ethnofederal experiment with both federal and ethnic elites advocating territorial reorganisation of existing provinces, however, this has not resulted in the creation of new units. I argue that this has to do with three inter-related dynamics: first, selective and instrumental political incentives guide the behaviour of federal political elites, combined with the securitisation of the ethnic question. Second, non-dominant ethnic elites are electorally weak and divided among themselves. Third, the rigidity of the constitutional procedure makes non-dominant ethnic elites acutely dependent on the preferences of the provincial majority ethnic group. The paper outlines discourses of the dominant and non-dominant ethnic elites as well as the National Assembly's Report of the Commission for Creation of New Province (s) in the Province of the Punjab, 2013 in order to make sense of the gap between the talk on ethnofederalism and its non-realisation.

Subsistence strategies and climate change as key factors in the vicinity of the Great Wall in northern China from 500 BCE

Whether, and in what ways, the association between changes in climate and the shifting of imperial frontiers (i.e. the Great Wall) could be mediated by the social responses of major ethnic groups is a question that remains unanswered. Ulanqab is a region in Inner Mongolia associated with a long history of Great Wall construction from the Warring States to the Ming dynasties (~500 BCE–1644 CE) and the Great Wall is often regarded as the boundary of the Central Plains dynasty. This paper uses Ulanqab as a case study to investigate the historical inter-relationship between changes in climate and subsistence strategies on the one hand, and the positioning of the Great Wall on the other. We determined the precise geographical coordinates of the Great Wall in this region during each dynastic period of Chinese history, and compared its location to (1) the empire’s boundaries in each dynasty, (2) evidence that is available on climate change from high-resolution paleo-climate reconstructions and (3) subsistence strategies (whether agriculture, pastoralism, or nomadism) that people adopted as recorded in historical documents. Geo-referenced information from associated archaeological sites was also used to determine the extent of habitation in different areas. We found that during the period of agriculturalist empires (the Han and Ming dynasties), the Great Wall was a frontier between farming and animal husbandry, and was located to the south of the Daqing Mountains. In contrast, during the period of pastoralist empires (the Zhao Kingdom [of the Warring States], Northern Wei and Jurched Jin periods), the Great Wall was the frontier between animal husbandry and nomadism, and was located to the north of the Daqing Mountains. These mountains (42.5°N) seem to have been the northern limit of human settlements that were based on animal husbandry and farming. We observed that, when precipitation and temperature increased, this resulted in an augmentation of agricultural production that most likely facilitated the northward expansion of the agriculturalist peoples. A decrease in precipitation, on the other hand, resulted in the shrinkage of pastures and food, triggering a southward expansion that was characteristic of the pastoralist peoples. This study attempts to provide new insights into the interrelationships among changes in climate, human societies and geopolitics in Chinese history.

Comparative evolution of vernacular settlements among the Cantonese, Teochew, and Hakka ethnic groups in Lingnan

ABSTRACT Cantonese, Teochew, and Hakka are three major ethnic groups in southern China that exhibit distinct characteristics despite their close geographical and cultural ties. This study employs an analysis of historical documents, architectural documentation, interviews, and observations to examine common settlement patterns and unique evolutionary mechanisms. The findings indicate that all three groups commonly feature a “tanghengshi” architectural prototype, rooted in Central Plains cultural heritage. Both Teochew and Hakka communities have consistently preserved this traditional structure. In contrast, Cantonese settlements have transitioned toward a “binglieshi” layout, characterized by the decline of horizontal houses and a reorientation of architectural elements. This study also investigates how large “tanghengshi” residences and smaller “binglieshi” dwellings may mutually transform. These adaptations in settlement form respond to Lingnan’s geographical and climatic conditions, influenced by social organization, Central Plains culture, and external factors. This research significantly advances our understanding of the relationships among the Cantonese, Teochew, and Hakka settlements and provides valuable insights for future restoration efforts.

All-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality among South Asians living in the UK: Follow-up of the London Life Sciences Population (LOLIPOP) cohort

Abstract Background Although South Asians are the largest ethnic minority group in the UK, and the largest ethnic group worldwide, few studies have investigated patterns of mortality in South Asians. Methods We investigated 16,391 South Asian and 6,970 European men and women living in the UK, and participating in the London Life Sciences Prospective Population study. Participants were recruited in 2002-2008, and survival determined to 2019. We examined relationships of clinical, anthropometric, and lifestyle risk factors to mortality outcomes. Findings: Compared to Europeans, South Asians had higher prevalence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension, higher waist-hip ratio, fasting glucose, insulin and triglycerides, but lower smoking rates and HDL cholesterol (all P&amp;lt;0.001). Age and sex adjusted all-cause mortality was lower (Hazard Ratio (HR): 0.75 [0.68-0.81], P&amp;lt;0.001), all-cancer mortality was lower (HR 0.50 [0.43-0.58], P&amp;lt;0.001), and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality was higher (HR 1.29 [1.05-1.60], P&amp;lt;0.01) in South Asians compared to Europeans. Mortality rates were ~50% lower for 9 of the 10 most common cancers in South Asians. After adjusting for risk factors, ethnic differences were attenuated only for CHD mortality. Interpretation: All-cause and cancer mortality are lower, but CHD mortality is higher, in South Asians compared to Europeans. Measured risk factors do not explain lower all-cause and all-cancer mortality, but do account for higher CHD mortality. Our findings provide evidence for population-specific exposures protective against cancers in South Asians, as well as the motivation to further improve cardiovascular risk reduction in this major ethnic group.

Prevalence of thalassaemia among childbearing-age Li and Han populations in Hainan Province.

Accurate epidemiological data are crucial for effective disease prevention and treatment. We conducted a large-scale survey to explore the thalassaemia prevalence and spectrum among the two major ethnic groups in Hainan Province. A total of 399,053 childbearing-age individuals of Li (n = 77,563) and Han(n = 321,490) ethnic groups were recruited from 18 cities and counties in Hainan, and their thalassemia genotypes were systematically screened and statistically analysed. This study revealed a significantly higher thalassaemia carrier rate in the Li (55.39%) than that in the Han (13.13%). Specifically, the carrier rate of α-thalassaemia was 46.39% in the Li and 10.02% in the Han. The predominant α-thalassaemia mutations were - α3.7 and - α42. in Li, whereas the main mutation were - SEA and - α4.2 in Han. For β-thalassaemia, the carrier rates were 1.68% in Li and 2.38% in Han, with CD41-42(-CTTT) the most prevalent mutation in both groups. The carrier rates of β-/α-compound thalassaemia were 7.32% in Li and 0.73% in Han. Additionally, there were regional differences in the distribution of thalassemia among the Li and Han within Hainan Province. Epidemiological characteristics and molecular spectrum of thalassaemia among the Li and Han ethnic groups in Hainan were revealed in this study. These findings can provide a scientific basis to develop and implement prevention strategies for thalassaemia in Hainan.

When Our History Meets Their History: Strategies Young People in Serbia Use to Coordinate Conflicting Group Narratives

ABSTRACTWhen a multiethnic state, such as the former Yugoslavia, dissolves in a violent ethnic‐based conflict, new generations grow up on one‐sided historical narratives. While there is plenty of evidence of how appropriating such narratives delegitimises outgroups, studies on how young people coordinate diverse group narratives are lacking. To address this issue, we explored promotive strategies young majority group members use in building a more inclusive historical understanding of two conflicting (majority and minority) narratives. The sample consisted of ten pairs of ethnic Serb high school seniors with a task to jointly build one common narrative of two one‐sided narratives adapted from post‐conflict textbooks of majority (Serb) and minority (Bosniak) ethnic groups. We used step‐by‐step dialogical analysis of semantic promoters in participants' interactions to capture how ingroup and outgroup perspectives are collaboratively positioned. Our results suggest that participants use various cognitive, affective, identity and value‐based strategies to coordinate conflicting perspectives. The identified promotive strategies can help in developing evidence‐based educational materials and teaching environments, especially in post‐conflict and divided societies.

Unveiling health inequities: Exploring the role of social capital and public trust in bridging racial disparities in health‐care coverage for Hispanics

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines the racial disparity in health‐care coverage between Hispanics and whites. Racial disparities in accessing health‐care services have worsened in the United States, exacerbating social and economic inequality between whites and racial/ethnic minority groups. While existing research primarily attributes these disparities to income differences among racial groups, this study focuses on the mediating role of social capital and the moderating role of public trust in formal institutions, while controlling for income and other socioeconomic factors.MethodsDrawing on a survey data set collected in the Austin area of Texas in 2020, we test a series of regression models using mediating and moderating analyses.ResultsWe find that Hispanics, as a major ethnic minority group, have lower levels of social capital compared to whites, which contributes to the gap in health‐care coverage. The results indicate that social capital has mediating effects in positively transmitting the effect of being Hispanic on access to health‐care coverage. In addition, trust in nonprofits positively moderates the main relationship.ConclusionThe study suggests that promoting social capital for Hispanics can help bridge racial disparities in accessing healthcare. Our study provides policy recommendations for nonprofits to collaborate with government agencies.

Language, Cultural Sentiments, and Ethnic Conflict: Understanding Verbal Violence and Discrimination in Multi-Ethnic Schools in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Violence, racism, and xenophobia among immigrants often stem from deep-seated language and cultural disparities, transcending mere racial or ethnic categorizations. This in-depth study, conducted among 16 informants representing diverse ethnic backgrounds—majorities, minorities, and educators in West Kalimantan’s multi-ethnic schools—employs an ethnographic approach. Delving into the tapestry of field data and factual insights, this research unveils how verbal violence and discrimination germinate from the complex interplay of language and cultural biases among students. Echoes of superiority resonate within the majority ethnic group, where language and culture are perceived as hallmarks of local eminence, relegating ethnic minorities to second-class status. The study’s findings trace this arrogance to a historical tapestry woven from conflicts between native ethnic factions and immigrant communities, culminating in the stark social segregation between them. A fascinating implication emerges, highlighting the pivotal role of Indonesia as a bridge for inter-ethnic communication. Its use fosters social cohesion, harmony, and inter-ethnic tolerance. This research charts a roadmap towards rectifying past missteps, assuaging grievances, and charting strategies to avert future inter-ethnic discord caused by deep-rooted cultural and linguistic differences.

Does Ethnicity Moderate the Union Dissolution Penalty for Women? A Register-based Analysis of Changes in Income Components

Union dissolution has severe consequences for women’s economic well-being. Theoretical work links these consequences to ethnic inequality. Ethnic groups vary in terms of separation rates, female employment, repartnering trajectories, kin support, and reliance on welfare benefits. The current study examines whether ethnicity moderates the dissolution penalty. To do so, the authors draw on register data, covering women from five major ethnic groups in the Netherlands: Dutch, Antillean, Surinamese, Moroccan, and Turkish. The authors describe women’s income trajectories from 1 year before to 5 years after union dissolution. Using decomposition techniques, changes in household income are decomposed into changes in six underlying income sources (i.e., earnings, benefits, alimony, partner income, and coresident family income). The results show that ethnicity moderates the dissolution penalty and, especially, the contribution of the various income sources when recovering from dissolution.

High Resolution Class I HLA -A, -B, and -C Diversity in Eastern and Southern African Populations.

Africa remains significantly underrepresented in high-resolution Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) data, despite being one of the most genetically diverse regions in the world. This critical gap in genetic information poses a substantial barrier to HLA-based research on the continent. In this study, Class I HLA data from Eastern and Southern African populations were analysed to assess genetic diversity across the region. We examined allele and haplotype frequency distributions, deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), linkage disequilibrium (LD), and conducted neutrality tests of homozygosity across various populations. Additionally, the African HLA data were compared to those of Caucasian and African American populations using the Jaccard index and multidimensional scaling (MDS) methods. The study revealed that South African populations exhibited 50.4% more genetic diversity within the Class I HLA region compared to other African populations. Zambia showed an estimated 36.5% genetic diversity, with Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda showing 35.7%, 34.2%, and 31.1%, respectively. Furthermore, an analysis of in-country diversity among different tribes indicated an average Class I HLA diversity of 25.7% in Kenya, 17% in Rwanda, 2.8% in South Africa, 13.6% in Uganda, and 6.5% in Zambia. The study also highlighted the genetic distinctness of Caucasian and African American populations compared to African populations. Notably, the differential frequencies of disease-promoting and disease-preventing HLA alleles across these populations emphasize the urgent need to generate high-quality HLA data for all regions of Africa and its major ethnic groups. Such efforts will be crucial in enhancing healthcare outcomes across the continent.

Assessment of Demographic Characteristics Among CAD Patients by Ethnicity

Background: This study was carried out to assess the demographic characteristics among CAD by ethnicity. Methods: Retrospective study was performed in (SGNHC) Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal. Hospital Database of 837 patients were used to gather the information about the disease during one year period. SPSS version 20 was used for statistical analysis. Results: As the hospital lies in the Capital city and Central Region of the country, most of the population 604 (72.2%) had come from Central region, 126 (15.4%) from Western region, 62(7.6%) from Eastern region, 15(1.8%) from Far-western region and 11(1.3%) from Midwestern region. Conclusion: The study examined 837 CAD patients, primarily Brahmin/Chhetris (44.7%), with an average age of 58.6 years and 71.9% being male. Most patients were from Nepal's Central Region.Acute STEMI was the most common diagnosis, particularly among Newars, while NSTEMI and Angina Pectoris were more prevalent in Dalits. Single vessel disease was frequent in Muslims, with Dalits showing higher rates of triple vessel disease, highlighting demographic and regional variations in CAD severity.CAD has been identified as public health priority in Nepal given the current and predicted burden of all forms of heart disease within the country. This study found that there was a diverse distribution in its well-known traditional risk factors among major Nepalese ethnic groups and demographic characteristics.

Mapping and Assessing Effective Participatory Planning Processes for Urban Green Spaces in Aotearoa New Zealand’s Diverse Communities

The multicultural landscape of Aotearoa New Zealand presents a rich tapestry of diversity and community needs, underscoring an imperative for inclusive participatory planning processes. This paper presents findings from an investigation of the challenges and opportunities inherent in community engagement initiatives, particularly within the context of New Zealand’s major ethnic groups, including New Zealand European, Māori, Chinese, and Pasifika. Drawing from the importance of community participation in reshaping public open spaces, this research addressed the gap in understanding which participatory planning processes are most effective across diverse cultural groups. To investigate the effectiveness of various approaches to community engagement, this research involved focus groups from the Wellington suburbs of Newtown and Porirua, utilising both on-site and online meetings. The findings identify the most effective participation processes for planning public open spaces in relation to each ethnicity. Correlations between participant preferences and their unique cultural backgrounds were assessed. In addition, the least effective participation methods along with several relatively effective participation methods are discussed. By highlighting engagement methods that can foster inclusivity, equity, and a sense of community, this research advances a collective goal of building a more cohesive and effective society for all its inhabitants.

Estimating the Prevalence of Dementia in New Zealand Using Capture-Recapture Analysis on Routinely Collected Health Data.

Community based dementia prevalence studies are expensive and resource intensive. Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) has never had a community based dementia prevalence study representing all major ethnic groups. In recent years, dementia prevalence estimates have been derived from routinely collected health data but issues of underdiagnosis and undercoding limit their utility. Capture-recapture techniques can estimate the number of dementia cases missing from health datasets by modelling the ascertained overlaps between linked data sources. Three routinely collected national health data sets-interRAI, Public hospital discharges, and Pharmaceuticals-were linked and all prevalent cases of dementia in NZ for the year 1 January 2021-31 December 2021 were identified. Capture-recapture analysis fitted eight loglinear models to the data, with the best fitting model used to estimate the number of prevalent cases missing from all three datasets. We estimated that almost half (47.8%) of dementia cases are not present in any of the three datasets. Dementia prevalence increased from 3.7% to 7.1% (95% CI 6.9%-7.4%) in the NZ 60+ population and from 4.9% to 9.2% (95% CI 8.9%-9.6%) in the NZ 65+ population when missing cases were included. Estimates of missing cases were significantly higher (p<0.001) in Māori (49.2%), Pacific peoples (50.6%) and Asian (59.6%) compared to Europeans (46.4%). This study provides updated estimates of dementia prevalence in NZ and the proportion of undiagnosed dementia in NZ, highlighting the need for better access to dementia assessment and diagnosis.

언어 접촉(Language Contact)의 관점에서 본 중국 조선어의 변이 양상

This paper aims to empirically demonstrate the variation patterns observed in Chinese Korean and rationally explain them from the perspective of language contact. Over a long period and for various reasons, the ethnic Koreans who migrated from the Korean Peninsula to China have been influenced by the Han Chinese, the majority ethnic group in China, in numerous aspects, including economy, society, culture, and language, due to the policies of the Chinese government. In the multi-ethnic and multilingual society of China, language contact is a common phenomenon. Consequently, Chinese Korean inevitably exhibits elements of the Chinese language in addition to its original Korean linguistic features. Previous research has primarily focused on the diachronic perspective, addressing the characteristics of Korean vocabulary altered under the influence of Chinese. This paper, however, aims to directly observe the variation patterns resulting from language contact with Chinese from a synchronic perspective. For this purpose, Korean compositions written by adolescents in Korean ethnic communities were collected and comprehensively examined. The analysis revealed a significant presence of hybrid words combining Korean derivational suffixes or endings with Chinese morphemes, despite the typological and genealogical differences between Korean and Chinese. Additionally, certain sentence structures showed the influence of Chinese. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the intensity of contact between Korean and Chinese corresponds to level three according to Thomason (2001).

Contributors to Underdiagnosis of ADHD among Asian Americans: A Narrative Review

Objective Rates of ADHD are lowest among Asian American children (1–6.1%) compared to all other major ethnic and racial groups in the US, but there is limited literature on reasons for the disparity in estimated prevalence rates. Method: We conducted a narrative review to integrate the literature on ADHD in children in Asian countries with that on ADHD among Asian American youth to highlight potential explanations for disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment among Asian American children relative to other racial and ethnic groups. Results: Factors possibly contributing to the low estimated prevalence rates of ADHD among Asian American children include: a higher proportion of Inattentive ADHD presentation among Chinese, Malaysian, and Indian children; racial bias and the influence of the Model Minority Myth; cultural differences in classroom identification; mental health stigma in Asian American communities; parent perception of ADHD as misbehavior rather than a neurodevelopmental disorder; and parent support for children’s academic activities that may mask impairment. Conclusion: We offer recommendations to inform individual and community-level psychoeducation, and new directions for research to address this health disparity.

Adult mortality from non-communicable diseases in Fiji's major ethnic groups 2013–17

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal 3.4.1 (SDG3.4.1) targets a one-third reduction in non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality in ages 30–69-years by 2030 (relative to 2015). Directing interventions to achieve this aim requires reliable estimates of underlying cause of death (UCoD). This may be problematic when both cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes are present due to a lack of consistency in certification of such deaths. We estimate empirically 2013–17 NCD mortality in Fiji, by sex and ethnicity, from CVD, diabetes, cancer, and chronic lower respiratory diseases (CRD), and aggregated as NCD4. MethodsUCoD was determined from Medical Certificates of Cause-of-Death (MCCD) from the Fiji Ministry of Health after pre-processing of mortality data where diabetes and/or hypertension were present in order to generate internationally comparable UCoD. If no potentially fatal complications from diabetes or hypertension accompanied these causes in Part I (direct cause) of the MCCD, these conditions were re-assigned to Part II (contributory cause). The probability of a 30-year-old dying before reaching age 70-years (PoD30–70), by cause, was calculated. FindingsThe PoD30–70 from NCD4 over 2013–17 differed by sex and ethnicity: in women, it was 36% (95%CI 35–37%) in i-Taukei and 27% (26–28%) in Fijians of Indian descent (FID); in men, it was 41% (40–42%) in both i-Taukei and FID.PoD30–70 from CVD, diabetes, cancer and CRD in women was: 18%, 10%, 13% and 1·0% in i-Taukei; 13%, 10%, 5·6% and 1·1% in FID; in men was: 28%, 8.4%, 7·6% and 2·2% in i-Taukei; 31%, 8.3%, 3.5% and 3·1% in FID. InterpretationTo achieve SDG3.4.1 goals in Fiji by 2030, effective population wide and ethnic-specific interventions targeting multiple NCDs are required to reduce PoD30–70 from NCD4: from 36% to 24% in i-Taukei, and 27% to 18% in FID women; and from 41% to 27% in i-Taukei and FID men. FundingNot applicable.

Ethnic identity centrality across the adult lifespan: Aging, cohort, and period effects among majority and minority group members.

Ethnic identity is a major area of study across many disciplines including psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science. Yet, little is known about changes in ethnic identity across the adult lifespan, and whether such changes are driven by normal aging processes (aging effects), unique societal influences linked with one's formative years (cohort effects), or social changes during a specific time frame (period effects). We address these key oversights by utilizing 13 annual waves of longitudinal panel data from a nationwide random sample of both ethnic majority (N = 49,660) and Indigenous ethnic minority (N = 8,325) group members in New Zealand to examine changes in ethnic identity centrality using cohort-sequential latent growth modeling. This approach helps to identify changes in mean levels of ethnic identity centrality over time and whether such changes are driven by aging, cohort, and/or period effects. Our data reveal that, among both ethnic majority and ethnic minority individuals, changes in ethnic identity centrality were informed by a combination of normative aging processes, societal circumstances that reflected the unique historical context in which people grew to maturity, and societal changes during the 13 annual assessments of our study. Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time that ethnic identity centrality in adulthood is subject to lifelong changes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

General mental ability testing and adverse impact in the United Kingdom: a meta-analysis with more than two million observations

ABSTRACT We review ethnic group differences on high-stakes General Mental Ability (GMA) tests based on 21st century UK data. Thereafter, we meta-analyse scores on 23 occupational, public sector, educational, military, or general-public selection tests, with a sample size exceeding two million. Relative to White GMA, the grand meta-analytic effect sizes (Cohen’s d) by major ethnic groups were: Mixed d = .14 (k = 24, N = 67,114), Blacks d = .65 (k = 32, N = 112,975), Asians d = .33 (k = 32, N = 311,695), and Other d = .49 (k = 24, N = 42,846). Further, although Chinese residents outscored White British residents (d = −.15, k = 20, N = 18,897), all other Asian ethnic groups scored slightly to substantially lower. For example, South Asians as a whole averaged d = .37; k = 13, N = 67,566. By subgroups, these averages were: Indians (d = .17, k = 10, N = 28,236), Pakistanis (d = .49, k = 9, N = 19,371), and Bangladeshi (d = .55, k = 7, N = 19,772). Implications for practice and theory are discussed.

P-715 outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer among ethnic Tibetan, Yi and Han Chinese women

Abstract Study question Does difference exist in the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) among ethnic Tibetan, Yi and Han Chinese women? Summary answer We report that the outcomes of IVF-ET were poorer among ethnic Yi women compared with ethnic Han and Tibetan women. What is known already It has been reported that the outcomes of IVF-ET are correlated with ethnicity/race in Europe and the United States as an independent factor. Sichuan is the only province in China where all 56 ethnic groups reside, with ethnic Han, Yi and Tibetan Chinese having the highest proportions. In Chengdu city (the capital of Sichuan province, basin), the majority ethnic group is Han, whilst in Liangshan and Aba Prefectures (plateau), the major ethnic groups are Yis and Tibetans. The living environment, diet, custom, medical condition and genetic backgrounds are different among different ethnic groups. Study design, size, duration In this multi-center retrospective cohort study, a total of 58374 Chines women aged 20 ∼ 45 had undergoing the first IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) ET treatment cycle with non-donor gametes from January 2014 to December 2022 were enrolled. Participants/materials, setting, methods The patients were enrolled from two University Affiliated Hospitals and one Reproductive Hospital in Chengdu. The controlled ovarian stimulation protocols were gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist protocol or GnRH antagonist protocol. The patients were divided into three groups based on their ethnic origins: Tibetans (n = 1069), Yis (n = 2273) and Hans (n = 55032). The outcomes of IVF-ET were compared, with the primary outcome being the live birth rate. Main results and the role of chance The proportion of GnRH agonist protocol and IVF fertilization, the rates of moderate and severe ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome (OHSS), and cleavage embryo formation in ethnic Han women were significantly higher than in the ethnic Yis and Tibetans (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The rates of implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth (35.5% vs. 42.4%) were significantly lower, whereas the late abortion rate was significantly higher in Yi women than that in Han women (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The live birth rate was significantly lower in Yi women (35.5%) than in Tibetan (43.3%) and Han women (42.2%) (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Adjustment was made for age, duration, type and etiology of infertility, history of spontaneous abortion, smoking, alcohol, tuberculosis infection, body mass index, antral follicle count, antimüllerian hormone, and so on, by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Yi women had significantly lower rates of moderate and severe OHSS (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.49-0.94, P = 0.024) and clinical pregnancy (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.70-0.93, P = 0.002) compared with ethnic Hans. Yi women had significantly lower live birth rate compared with ethnic Hans (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.68-0.92, P = 0.002) and Tibetans (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.58-0.92, P = 0.007). Limitations, reasons for caution The limitations are related with the retrospective study and lack of some demographic characteristics of the patients which may influence the outcomes of IVF-ET, including diet habits, educational level, and economic status. Wider implications of the findings The ethnic group is an independent factor for the outcomes of IVF-ET among ethnic Tibetan, Yi and Han women. Among the three ethnic groups, the Yis had lower live birth rate and moderate and severe OHSS, whilst ethnic Han women had more moderate and severe OHSS. Trial registration number ChiCTR2300070269