Major Dietary Patterns Research Articles

Personalized gene-diet study of rs2239670 gene variants and dietary patterns among obese adults.

The aim of the present study was to assess the interaction of major dietary patterns with Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) prepropeptide gene rs2239670 variant in apparently healthy obese Iranians. A total of 288 apparently healthy obese participants aged 20-50 years were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Usual dietary intake was assessed using a 147-item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire. Genotyping of the CART gene rs2239670 polymorphism was conducted by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The results showed that the majority of the participants had GG genotype (65.4%). Three dietary patterns were extracted: prudent dietary pattern (PDP), legume dietary pattern (LDP), and mixed dietary pattern (MDP). There were significant interactions between PDP and rs2239670 variant on fat free mass (FFM) (p Interaction=0.039), basal metabolic rate (BMR) (p Interaction=0.039). Also, significant interactions were observed between LDP and rs2239670 polymorphism on the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p Interaction=0.026), waist to hip ratio (WHR) (p Interaction=0.050), agouti-related protein (AgRP) (p Interaction=0.012), and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) (p Interaction=0.006). The CART rs2239670 SNP interacts with dietary patterns to affect some of the cardio-metabolic risk factors.

Association Between Dietary Patterns and Different Metabolic Phenotypes in Japanese Adults: WASEDA'S Health Study.

Although many studies have reported that a posteriori dietary pattern is associated with metabolic health, there is little evidence of an association between dietary patterns and different metabolic phenotypes. The present study aimed to examine the association between major dietary patterns and different metabolic phenotypes (metabolically healthy non-obese [MHNO], metabolically unhealthy non-obese [MUNO], metabolically healthy obese [MHO], and metabolically unhealthy obese [MUO]) in middle-aged and elderly Japanese adults. This cross-sectional study enrolled 2,170 Japanese adults aged ≥40 years. The four different metabolic phenotypes were determined based on the presence of obesity, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. The major dietary patterns were determined using principal component analysis based on energy-adjusted food intake. Two dietary patterns were identified: the healthy dietary pattern, which was characterized by a high intake of vegetables, fruits, potatoes, soy products, mushrooms, seaweeds, and fish; and the alcohol dietary pattern, which was characterized by a high intake of alcoholic beverages, liver, chicken, and fish. The healthy dietary pattern was associated with the MHNO and MHO phenotypes (MUNO and MUO as reference groups, respectively), and the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) in the highest quartile of healthy dietary pattern score with the lowest quartile as the reference category were 2.10 (1.40–3.15) and 1.86 (1.06–3.25), respectively. Conversely, the alcohol dietary pattern was inversely associated with the MHNO and MHO phenotypes, while the multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) in the highest quartile of the alcohol dietary pattern score with the lowest quartile as the reference category were 0.63 (0.42–0.94) and 0.45 (0.26–0.76), respectively. There were no significant interactions between sex and healthy/alcohol dietary patterns in the prevalence of the MHNO and MHO phenotypes. In conclusion, the present study's findings suggest that major dietary patterns are associated with different metabolic phenotypes in middle-aged and elderly Japanese adults. These findings provide useful evidence for maintaining metabolic health through diet regardless of obesity status.

Dietary patterns, skeletal muscle mass loss, and cardiovascular risk among elderly men: A preliminary cross-sectional study in Sichuan province

The present study investigated the correlation between dietary patterns (DPs) with skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and cardiovascular risks in Sichuan males aged ≥65-years-old. Three major DPs were extracted by principal component analysis: animal-based and processed food, traditional food, and ovo-lacto vegetarian food, which accounted for 14.83%, 14.36%, and 11.86% of the variance, respectively. Adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that animal-based and processed food DP was positively associated with overweight/obesity(OR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.94–5.46) and dyslipidemia(OR: 3.53, 95% CI: 2.00–6.22). Traditional DP was negatively associated with overweight/obesity(OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.36–0.72), dyslipidemia(OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.35–0.75), and high blood pressure(OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.38–0.77), but positively associated with decreased SMM (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.36–3.16). Ovo-lacto vegetarian DP was negatively associated with dyslipidemia (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.39–0.81) and hyperuricemia (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.39–0.79), but positively associated with decreased SMM (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 0.74–2.32). How to choose the best DP to control the cardiovascular risks and fight skeletal muscle loss needs further investigation in the future.

Association Between Dietary Patterns and Dyslipidemia in Korean Women.

Background:The prevalence of dyslipidemia among Korean women differs significantly according to menopausal status. This study aimed to identify major dietary patterns among Korean women and examine their associations with the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its components.Methods:This study recruited 6,166 women from the Cancer Screenee Cohort 2007–2019 from the National Cancer Center of Korea. Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between dietary patterns and the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its components, including hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and hyper-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Stratification analyses were performed for the premenopausal and postmenopausal subgroups.Results:The factor analysis identified three main dietary patterns, including traditional, western, and prudent dietary patterns. Compared with those with the lowest pattern scores, those with the highest pattern scores of the traditional (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.05–1.67) and western (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.11–1.78) diets had a higher prevalence of hyper-LDL cholesterol. When accounting for menopausal status in the analysis, traditional (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.10–1.89) and western (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.09–1.88) diets were still associated with hyper-LDL cholesterol in postmenopausal women. Additionally, consumption of a traditional diet was associated with a decreased prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.54–0.99), and consumption of a western diet was associated with an increased prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.11–1.79) but a reduced prevalence of hypo-HDL cholesterol (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.36–0.99). However, the prudent dietary pattern was not significantly associated with dyslipidemia and its components in the group of all women or the subgroups according to menopausal status.Conclusion:There were significant associations between the traditional and western dietary patterns and hyper-LDL cholesterol in the entire group and postmenopausal subgroup of women. In the perspective of energy restriction, our findings recommend women not to eat either traditional or western diets excessively or too frequently. Menopause may induce the effect of both the traditional diet on triglyceride reduction and the western diet on increasing total cholesterol.

Major Dietary Patterns in Association with the Grades of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Newly Diagnosed Patients Living in North of Iran.

Background:Evidence suggests that dietary pattern is related to incidence and grades of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between major dietary patterns and hepatic histologic features of newly diagnosed patients with NAFLD.Methods:This cross-sectional study included 260 newly diagnosed NAFLD patients. Hepatic fibrosis and steatosis were diagnosed using Fibroscan. Dietary information was obtained using a validated 168-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The association between dietary patterns and odds ratio of the grade of fibrosis and steatosis was examined by multinomial logistic regression.Results:The mean ± SD age participant was 46.53 ± 11.71 years. Fifty-seven percent of the participants were women. Two major dietary patterns were recognized: “Western dietary pattern” and “Mediterranean dietary pattern.” After adjustment for various confounders, adherence to the two extracted dietary patterns was not associated with odds of fibrosis and steatosis (P > 0.05). However, P was not significant. Patients in the second quartile of the Mediterranean dietary pattern had a higher risk for being in the F1 grade compared to those in the reference group in the crude and adjusted model.Conclusions:The major dietary patterns of NAFLD patients living in Gilan were not related to the severity of their disease. More precise study design such as cohort or interventional studies is suggested to reveal the strength of this study findings.

Interaction of Cry1 Gene Polymorphisms and Dominant Food Patterns on Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background:Evidence suggests that there is some relationship between circadian clock gene variants and obesity. However, there are few examinations supporting this observation in human subjects. This study was aimed to investigate the interaction between Cry1 circadian gene polymorphism and major dietary patterns on obesity measurements.Methods:Healthy overweight and obese women aged 18–53 years old were recruited from health centers in Tehran, Iran by a multistage cluster random sampling method (n = 377). Major dietary patterns were elicited after assessing the intake of 16 food groups using a valid and reliable 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measurements were performed for each and every participant. Body composition was analyzed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Socio-demographic and physical activity data were also collected by a validated Farsi demographic questionnaire and the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). The Cry1 rs2287161 polymorphism were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Generalized linear models were used for interaction analysis.Results:Two major dietary patterns, including healthy and unhealthy dietary pattern (HDP and UDP, respectively) were determined using factor analysis. Our study showed a significant higher weight (P = 0.003), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.042), hip circumference (P = 0.052), and body fat mass (P = 0.028) in carriers of C allele compared with G allele. Moreover, a significant gene-diet interaction was observed between being a carrier of C allele and BMI (P = 0.099 for CC genotype; P = 0.1 for CG genotype) and fat mass (P = 0.1 for CG genotype).Conclusions:The current study suggests a significant interaction of Cry1 rs2287161 gene polymorphisms in people following a healthy dietary pattern on BMI and fat mass among carriers of C allele compared to carriers of G allele.

Dietary Patterns in Association with Sleep Duration in Iranian Adults: Results from YaHS-TAMYZ and Shahadieh Cohort Studies

Background:Little observational studies have been conducted on the association between diet and sleep. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the associations of dietary patterns with sleep duration in an Iranian population.Methods:This study was conducted on the baseline data of two population-based Iranian cohorts: the YaHS-TAMYS and Shahedieh studies. Dietary intakes were assessed in 10451 Yazdi people aged 20–75 years. Dietary habits were derived from answers to a food frequency questionnaire, and a factor analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify dietary patterns. The reported sleep duration was categorized as short (<6 h), normal (6–8 h) or long (>8 h). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between dietary patterns and the odds of short and long sleep duration.Results:Four major dietary patterns were identified: “healthy,” “western,” “traditional,” and “high-carbohydrate, high-fat.” In the Shahedieh study, participants in the top quartile of the western dietary pattern had greater odds of short (<6 h) and long (>8 h) sleep duration (OR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.90; P trend <0.001 and OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.90; P trend = 0.014, respectively) than those in the bottom quartile. Also, participants in the highest quartile of the high-carbohydrate, high-fat pattern had higher odds of long sleep duration compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.75; P trend = 0.005). Pooling the two studies revealed that the western dietary pattern was significantly associated with short sleep duration (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.59).Conclusions:The western dietary pattern might inversely be associated with sleep duration. Future prospective studies are recommended to confirm these results.

Relationship between dietary patterns and prediabetes, undiagnosed or diagnosed diabetes mellitus among adults in Qingdao: A cross-sectional study.

To identify the main dietary patterns of adults and investigate the cross-sectional associations of these dietary patterns with prediabetes and undiagnosed or diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) in Qingdao, China. This study included 4,457 participants who were administered the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were identified through principal component analysis (PCA). Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the associations of each pattern with the risks of prediabetes and undiagnosed or diagnosed DM. PCA revealed two major dietary patterns. The Fruits-Vegetables and Poultry-Seafood patterns were not significantly associated with the risk of prediabetes in either crude or adjusted models (all p>0.05). The highest quartile of the Fruits-Vegetables pattern was significantly associated with decreased risks of undiagnosed DM (crude: OR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.41-0.72; Model 1: OR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.46-0.81; Model 2: OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.42-0.77; Model 3: OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.41-0.76) and diagnosed DM (crude: OR=0.51, 95% Cl: 0.34-0.75; Model 1: OR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.39-0.88; Model 2: OR=0.60, 95% CI: 0.39-0.93; Model 3: OR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-0.91) compared with the lowest quartile in crude and adjusted models. The Poultry-Seafood pattern was not significantly associated with the risk of undiagnosed or diagnosed DM in crude or adjusted models (all p>0.05). The Fruits-Vegetables pattern was associated with a decreased risk of undiagnosed or diagnosed DM.

Identification of Dietary Patterns Associated with Poor Glycemic Control among Free Living Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Chennai (CURES-162)

Aim: Diabetes is a chronic progressive disease. A healthy eating pattern is essential to achieve good glycemic control (HbA1c 7%) which aids in delaying and preventing diabetes-related complications. The pivotal role of diet, a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes has not been understood completely especially in India where carbohydrate consumption is high. This study, therefore, aims to identify major dietary patterns associated with uncontrolled diabetes by using data reduction methods. Objective: To study and compare the association of dietary patterns with elevated HbA1c among known diabetic adults using three data reduction methods (principal component analysis (PCA), reduced rank regression (RRR), and partial least-squares (PLS) regression). Materials and Methods: The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological followed up study (CURES) was completed in 2410 adults. Adults with diabetes (both genders, aged &gt;20years), 573 were selected for the present analysis. Dietary intake was assessed using food frequency questionnaire. Results: The PCA derived the non-vegetarian and vegetarian pattern. Both showed positive association with the risk of high HbA1c. The first pattern of RRR and PLS showed a positive association with many foods especially those contributing to increased intakes of total calories. Whereas the 2nd pattern of RRR and PLS scores both showed an inverse association with HbA1c especially with the reduction in rice-based recipes and total calories. Conclusions: The low intake of certain foods, especially white rice, directly decreased the total calories, total carbohydrate, glycemic load, and glycemic index which has a beneficial effect on glycemic control among those with diabetes.

Major Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Dietary patterns play an essential role in vascular diseases; however, the association of specific dietary patterns and the risk of stroke is unknown. We designed the current study to evaluate several dietary patterns and their association with ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 300 subjects, including 150 cases with ischemic stroke admitted to a tertiary referral center in Shiraz, Southern Iran, and 150 age- and sex-matched stroke-free individuals as controls. Using a 62-item Simple Stroke Food Frequency Questionnaire (SS-FFQ), we collected data regarding the dietary habits of all the participants. We extracted the major dietary patterns via principal component analysis using the varimax rotation technique with Kaiser Normalization. Finally, adherence to dietary patterns among the participants was divided into quartiles. We investigated the association between dietary patterns and ischemic stroke using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: One-hundred and fifty ischemic stroke patients (91 males and 59 females, mean age of 63.9±16.04 years) and 150 age- and sex-matched controls (91 males and 59 females, mean age of 61.99±16.04 years) were included. After adjusting five major dietary patterns for vascular risk factors, we found that diets rich in fibers and plant-based proteins (P&lt;0.001) and micronutrients (P&lt;0.001) had a lower odds of ischemic stroke as compared to high-fat proteins (P=0.003) and empty calories (P&lt;0.001) diets, but consuming healthy animal proteins (P=0.115) had no effects on the occurrence of ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Based on our study, we suggest that fibers and plant-based proteins, and micronutrient diets could reduce the odds of stroke, so public awareness about the effects of different dietary patterns should be raised.

Major Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Dietary patterns play an essential role in vascular diseases; however, the association of specific dietary patterns and the risk of stroke is unknown. We designed the current study to evaluate several dietary patterns and their association with ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 300 subjects, including 150 cases with ischemic stroke admitted to a tertiary referral center in Shiraz, Southern Iran, and 150 age- and sex-matched stroke-free individuals as controls. Using a 62-item Simple Stroke Food Frequency Questionnaire (SS-FFQ), we collected data regarding the dietary habits of all the participants. We extracted the major dietary patterns via principal component analysis using the varimax rotation technique with Kaiser Normalization. Finally, adherence to dietary patterns among the participants was divided into quartiles. We investigated the association between dietary patterns and ischemic stroke using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: One-hundred and fifty ischemic stroke patients (91 males and 59 females, mean age of 63.9±16.04 years) and 150 age- and sex-matched controls (91 males and 59 females, mean age of 61.99±16.04 years) were included. After adjusting five major dietary patterns for vascular risk factors, we found that diets rich in fibers and plant-based proteins (P&lt;0.001) and micronutrients (P&lt;0.001) had a lower odds of ischemic stroke as compared to high-fat proteins (P=0.003) and empty calories (P&lt;0.001) diets, but consuming healthy animal proteins (P=0.115) had no effects on the occurrence of ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Based on our study, we suggest that fibers and plant-based proteins, and micronutrient diets could reduce the odds of stroke, so public awareness about the effects of different dietary patterns should be raised.

Association of major dietary patterns with resting metabolic rate and body fatness in middle-aged men and women: Results from a cross-sectional study.

Background: The association of dietary patterns and resting metabolic rate is still unclear. Aim: To study the relationship between the major dietary patterns, resting metabolic rate, and adiposity measures in Iranian adults. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 270 adults aged between 18-45 years old who lived in Tehran. Dietary intakes were achieved using food frequency questionnaire. Resting metabolic rate was measured using indirect calorimetry. Anthropometric measures were recorded using body composition analyzer. Results: Three major dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis labeled as healthy pattern (vegetables, fruits, and fruits juices, legumes, poultry, nuts, fish, egg, low fat dairy product, olive, and olive oil), mixed pattern (non-refined cereals, vegetables, vegetable oils, mayonnaise, high fat dairy product and, pickles), Western pattern (refined cereals, red or processed meat, soft drinks, sweets and desserts, Tea and coffee, salty snacks and French fries). After adjusting for covariates higher score of the Western dietary pattern was associated with lower resting metabolic rate (p = 0.023). There was significant decreasing difference in means for fat free mass across tertiles of mixed pattern when the first tertile was compared to the third tertile (p = 0.046). Higher adherence to healthy pattern was associated with lower body weight (p = 0.034), body mass index (p = 0.021), and higher resting metabolic rate (p = 0.033). Conclusions: Higher adherence to the Western dietary pattern was associated with a lower amount of resting metabolic rate. Also higher adherence to the healthy dietary pattern was associated with higher resting metabolic rate and lower body weight and body mass index. Further studies are required to examine the causal relationship between dietary patterns and resting metabolic rate.

Dietary Patterns among Adolescents Are Associated with Growth, Socioeconomic Features, and Health-Related Behaviors.

Dietary patterns (DPs), usually established in adolescents, are important modifiable risk factors in the etiology of malnutrition and chronic diseases. This study aimed to identify DPs of adolescents and examine their associations with growth, sociodemographic, and lifestyle characteristics. A nationally representative, school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Israeli adolescents aged 11–18 years during 2015–2016. A self-administered survey queried sociodemographics, health behaviors, and diet. Weight and height were measured, and WHO height z-scores and BMI cutoffs were calculated. Food frequency questionnaire data were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA) to identify DPs. Associations between growth, lifestyle, and sociodemographic characteristics and DPs were modeled using multivariable logistic regressions. A total of 3902 adolescents (46% males, mean age 15.2 ± 1.6 years) completed the survey. PCA identified five DPs, accounting for 38.3% of the total variance. The first two prominent DPs were the ‘plant-based food’ DP, which was associated with the female sex, higher socioeconomic status, overweight/obesity, and healthy lifestyle and the ‘junk food’ DP, which was associated with lower SES, unhealthy lifestyle, and lower height z-scores. Our results elucidate major DPs that strongly correlate with lifestyle risk behaviors and suboptimal growth among adolescents. Implementing screening for DPs should be further examined to identify higher risk health factors among youth.

Association between Dietary Patterns and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Korean Adults: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.

In addition to smoking, dietary habits may contribute to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns and lung function in a Korean community cohort. A total of 5436 participants were included from the Ansan–Ansung cohort study. To identify the dietary patterns, we performed principal component factor analysis using the results of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio were measured by spirometry. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between dietary patterns and lung function after adjusting for confounders. We identified four major dietary patterns; ‘prudent’, ‘coffee, fat, and sweet’, ‘westernized’, and ‘white rice’. After adjusting for potential confounders, the ‘coffee, fat, and sweet’ dietary pattern was negatively associated with lung function, particularly the FEV1/FVC ratio. Participants with high scores for the ‘coffee, fat and sweet’ pattern had a higher risk of COPD among men but not women. Therefore, these results indicate that the ‘coffee, fat and sweet’ dietary pattern is inversely related to lung function in Korean adults. Our results indicate that dietary habits may be modifiable risk factors for COPD.

The association between dietary patterns and depression in adolescents: A cross-sectional study.

So far, few studies have examined the relationship between dietary patterns and depression in adolescents. The aim of the present study was to determine this relationship in a sample of adolescent Iranian girls. 347 female high school students aged 14-17 years living in Shiraz, Iran participated in this cross-sectional study. General and physical activity questionnaires, 3-d dietary recalls, and Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) were completed for all individuals and their anthropometric characteristics were measured. The major dietary patterns were then identified using principal component factor analysis. In total, 2 major dietary patterns were identified. After adjusting for potential confounders in multivariate linear regression analysis, the Western pattern (characterized by high consumption of French fries, hydrogenated fats, mayonnaise, sweets and desserts, high-fat dairy, refined grains, red or processed meats, pickles, organ meats and soft drinks and low consumption of low-fat dairy) was positively (standardized β coefficient: 0.510, P<0.001) and the healthy pattern (characterized by high intake of vegetables, legumes, boiled potatoes, poultry, fish, vegetable oils, olives, fruits and fruit juices and low-fat dairy and low intake of refined grains) was inversely associated (standardized β coefficient:-0.508, P<0.001) with BDI-II score. Overall, findings of this study indicate that certain dietary patterns are associated with depression in adolescent Iranian girls. However, more studies are needed to further confirm these findings.

Assessing Dietary Intake Patterns Through Cluster Analysis Among Adolescents in Selected Districts of Bihar and Assam From India: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Background: In the recent decade, dietary pattern assessment has evolved as a promising tool to describe the whole diet and represent inter-correlations between different dietary components. We aimed to derive the dietary patterns of adolescents (10–19 years) using cluster analysis on food groups and evaluate these patterns according to their socio-demographic profile.Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts, each from Bihar and Assam in India. Adolescents (10–19 years) were enrolled from both rural and urban areas. The dietary intake was assessed through a pre-validated single food frequency questionnaire. Cluster analysis was performed by a 2-step procedure to explore dietary patterns, pre-fixed at 2 clusters. Clusters were analyzed with respect to socio-demographic characteristics using binomial logistic regression.Results: A total of 826 girls and 811 boys were enrolled in the study. We found two major dietary patterns, namely a low- and high-mixed diet. The low-mixed diet (76.5% prevalence) had daily consumption of green vegetables, including leafy vegetables, with less frequent consumption of other foods. The high-mixed diet (23.5% prevalence) had more frequent consumption of chicken, meat, egg, and milk/curd apart from green vegetables. Adolescent boys had 3.6 times higher odds of consuming a low-mixed diet compared to girls. Similarly, adolescents with lower education grades and from marginalized social classes had two times higher odds of taking a low-mixed diet than their respective counterparts.Conclusions: The high consumption of a low-mixed diet and relatively less milk consumption limit the comprehensive growth of adolescents. Improvement in dietary intake of adolescents from marginalized sections of society can prove to be an important deterrent in mitigating India's nutritional challenges.

Traditional and Dairy Products and Vegetables Dietary Patterns Are Inversely Associated with the Risk of Cataract in the Middle Age and Aged Population: A Case-Control Study.

Cataract is one of the most common causes of visual impairment and blindness in the world. In the present study, we have been trying to investigate the relationship between major dietary patterns and cataract. This was a case-control study. An ophthalmology outpatient clinic of Khatam al-Anbia Hospital, in Shoushtar city. 336 subjects (168 patients with cataract and 168 healthy ones), from 40 to 80 years old, were recruited. A socio-demographic questionnaire was used to record the demographic information. A food frequency questionnaire was used to determine the foods consumed during the last year. The principal component analysis was used to extract major dietary patterns. The possible relationship between the major dietary patterns and cataract was assessed by multivariable logistic regression models. We tried to eliminate the effect of cofactors. The results showed "dairy products and vegetables" dietary pattern had a negative association with cataract (OR: 0.301, 95%CI =0.137-0.658, P trend =0.002). The fourth quartile of the "traditional" dietary pattern also showed a protective role against the cataract (OR: 0.393, 95%CI =0.184-0.842, P trend = 0.036). The third and fourth quartiles of "carbohydrate and simple sugar" pattern were more related with cataract compared to the first quartile (OR: 3.574, 95%CI =1.665-7.671, and OR: 5.067, 95%CI =2.265-11.335, P trend <0.001 respectively). No significant association was found between «nuts, seeds and simple sugar" dietary pattern and cataract. It seems a dietary pattern rich in proteins and vegetables can decrease the risk of cataract in middle-aged and aged subjects.

Comparing Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy in Women with Preeclampsia and Healthy Women: A Case-Control Study

Background: Diet and nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy are considered among the significant factors inducing preeclampsia in women. the present study aimed to identify major dietary patterns in women affected with preeclampsia. Methods: The convenience sampling technique was also recruited to select the samples in the case group (namely, women with preeclampsia) from hospitalized individuals with a definite diagnosis of preeclampsia, and those in the control group (viz. healthy subjects) out of pregnant women without preeclampsia referred to the midwifery clinics and the maternity wards of the given hospitals to receive prenatal care. The data analysis was also performed using the SPSS Statistics software (ver. 22) together with Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test. The p-value˂0.05 was also considered significant. Results: there was a significant difference between both study groups with regard to fast-food consumption (p=0.068), which was higher in the case group, but 54% of the individuals placed in the control group had never used fast food during pregnancy. A statistically significant difference was additionally observed considering the intakes of vegetables (p=0.005), carbonated soft drinks (p=0.002), and table salt (p=0.005) (p<0.05). Conclusion: Lower consumption rates of vegetables and increased frequency of fast food, carbonated soft drinks, and table salt intake were also associated with the incidence of this condition. Therefore, encouraging and promoting healthy eating habits and dietary patterns during pregnancy can effectively prevent preeclampsia.

Nutritional and dietary interventions to prolong renal allograft survival after kidney transplantation.

Diet plays an important role in slowing progression of chronic kidney disease in native and transplanted kidneys. There is limited evidence on the association on dietary intake with renal allograft function. Mechanisms of major nutrients and dietary patterns with focusing on a plant-based diet related to kidney transplant health and longevity are reviewed. High dietary protein intake may adversely affect renal allograft. Low protein plant-focused diets such as Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, plant-dominant low-protein diet and Mediterranean diets appear associated with favorable outcomes in slowing renal allograft function decline. The mechanism may be related to a change in renal hemodynamic by decreasing glomerular hyperfiltration from low dietary protein intake and plant-based ingredients. Recent observational studies of association between dietary protein intake and kidney allograft outcomes are conflicting. Although strong evidence is still lacking, a low protein diet of 0.6-0.8 g/kg/day with at least 50% of the protein source from plant-based components in kidney transplant recipients with stable kidney allograft function should be considered as the dietary target. Dietary intervention with low-protein plant-focused meals may improve outcomes in kidney transplant recipients, but the evidence remains limited and further studies are warranted.

Association of dietary patterns with serum vitamin D concentration among Iranian adults with abdominal obesity

<h2>Summary</h2><h3>Introduction</h3> Vitamin D is obtained from dermal synthesis and dietary sources. The serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], may be used to evaluate vitamin D status, and this has been related to different dietary patterns (DPs) in previous studies. The bioavailability of vitamin D may be affected by adiposity. We aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and serum 25(OH)D in an Iranian population sample with abdominal obesity. <h3>Methods</h3> This cross-sectional study was undertaken in 215 adults who were 30–50 years old, and comprised students and employees of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), who had abdominal obesity. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay method. A 65-item validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a principal components factor analysis (PCA) method were used to determine major dietary patterns. <h3>Results</h3> Two major dietary patterns were identified among the study population using PCA, and were termed "healthy" and "unhealthy". The healthy dietary pattern was characterized by a high intake of fruits, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, honey, dairy products, olive oil, nuts, poultry, legumes, and soup and low intake of sugar, tea and solid fats. An unhealthy dietary pattern was characterized by high consumption of carbonated beverages, processed meat, fast foods, snacks, mayonnaise, seafood, red meat, refined grains, pickled foods, coffee, mineral water, potato, liquid fats, and egg. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were directly associated with adherence to the healthy dietary pattern (r: 0.170, <i>p</i><0.05); though, there was no association between unhealthy pattern and serum 25(OH)D level. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Serum 25(OH)D level was significantly associated with adherence to a healthy dietary pattern in a sample of Iranian adults in Mashhad city, Iran.