Major Depression In Men Research Articles

The Influence of Pressure Level on the Behavioral Risk Level of Correctional Inmates

The results of mental health disorders research by the University of South Wales showed that 36% experienced mental health disorders in the form of anxiety and women, the incidence rate was higher than men, 61%: 39%. The study was conducted 62 surveys in 12 countries covering 22,790 correctional prison residents found that every 6 months there was a prevalence of psychosis in men 3.7% and women 4% major depression in men 10% and women 12% and personality disorders in men 65% men and 42% women. From these data, many Penitentiary Citizens experience mental health disorders such as stress and sexual deviations. Deviations committed by Penitentiary Members include such as hallucinating / fantasizing, masturbating, and biological violation activities carried out by men and women in Correctional Institutions. This study uses the General Strain Theory theory by Robert Agnew using a quantitative approach. The data collected uses primary data in the form of distributing questionnaires to a predetermined sample of Penitentiary Guards. From the results of the study above the level of risk of deviant behavior of Correctional Guidance Citizens continues to increase along with the increasing level of pressure experienced by Correctional Guidance Citizens

Brief assessment of male depression in clinical care: Validation of the Male Depression Risk Scale short form in a cross-sectional study of Australian men

ObjectivesTo develop and validate a short form of the Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS-22) for use in primary care, examining associations with prototypic depression symptoms, psychological distress and suicidality.DesignCross-sectional study...

Effect of Pressure Levels on Risk Levels of Deviant Behavior of Correctional Prisoners

The results of recentt study abaout mental health disorders status showed that 36% experienced mental health disorders in the form of anxiety and women, the incidence rate was higher than men, 61%: 39%. The study was conducted 62 surveys in 12 countries covering 22,790 correctional prison residents found that every 6 months there was a prevalence of psychosis in men 3.7% and women 4% major depression in men 10% and women 12% and personality disorders in men 65% men and 42% women. From these data, many Penitentiary Citizens experience mental health disorders such as stress and sexual deviations. Deviations committed by Penitentiary Members include such as hallucinating / fantasizing, masturbating, and biological violation activities carried out by men and women in Correctional Institutions. This study uses the General Strain Theory theory by Robert Agnew using a quantitative approach. The data collected uses primary data in the form of distributing questionnaires to a predetermined sample of Penitentiary Guards. From the results of the study above the level of risk of deviant behavior of Correctional Guidance Citizens continues to increase along with the increasing level of pressure experienced by Correctional Guidance Citizens.

The Genetic Epidemiology of Treated Major Depression in Sweden

The authors examined the heritability of treated major depression in a twin and full/half-sibling design, to describe key genetic epidemiological features of major depression and to determine which clinical indices of genetic liability optimally predict risk of depression in relatives. The authors examined all treated cases of major depression in Sweden recorded in inpatient, specialist, and primary care registries and, using OpenMx, estimated the etiologic role of genetic and environmental factors from monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs and full and half siblings reared together and apart (total N=1,718,863 pairs). Eight indices of genetic risk were examined in 875,010 proband-relative pairs. The heritability of major depression in men and women was estimated at 0.41 (95% CI=0.21, 0.49) and 0.49 (95% CI=0.31, 0.56), respectively, in the twin design and 0.36 (95% CI=0.31, 0.38) and 0.51 (95% CI=0.51, 0.53), respectively, in the independent full/half-sibling design. The best estimate of the correlation in genetic effects across sexes was 0.89 (95% CI=0.87, 0.91). The results also showed evidence of modest shared environmental effects (0.02-0.05). Seven of the eight indices predicted risk for major depression in relatives, with stronger effects in those more closely related. The strongest indices were early age at onset, recurrence, comorbid anxiety disorder, and measures of clinical severity. In a large national sample, the heritability of major depression was similar when estimated from twin and full/half-sibling designs. The heritability of major depression was greater in women than in men, with the two sexes sharing most but not all genetic risk factors. In affected individuals, genetic risk for major depression could be meaningfully assessed from commonly available clinical indices.

Young adult cognitive ability and subsequent major depression in a cohort of 666,804 Danish men

BackgroundEarly life cognitive ability (CA) might influence the risk of developing major depression (MD). The aim was to investigate the association between young adult CA and subsequent MD in relation to different MD disease characteristics. MethodsInformation on CA was assessed at conscription board examinations 1957–1984 (mean age 19 years) and information on MD was based on hospital diagnosis retrieved from Danish Patient registers 1969–2015. Associations between CA and MD were examined using Cox regression analyses. ResultsA total of 666,804 men (born 1939–1959) were followed and 25,841 (3.9%) developed MD during a mean follow-up of 40.8 years. Lower CA was associated with an increased risk of incident MD. The association was stronger for early-onset (<60 years) (HRper1SDdecrease = 1.23; 95%CI:1.21,1.24) compared to late-onset (≥60 years) MD (HRper1SDdecrease = 1.14; 95%CI:1.11,1.16), but CA was not related to number of depressive episodes. The association was stronger for single depressive episodes (HRper1SDdecrease = 1.21; 95%CI:1.19,1.23) compared to recurrent depression (HRper1SDdecrease = 1.13; 95%CI:1.09,1.16), while the strength of the association did not differ according to MD disease severity (ICD10: mild, moderate, and severe depression). LimitationsThe study sample only included men and only MD cases diagnosed at hospital were included which limits the generalizability. ConclusionLow CA could be a risk factor for especially early onset MD in men, whereas the influence of CA on re-occurrence seems less strong. Lower pre-morbid CA increases the risk of MD and should therefore be part of the depression risk assessment in clinical practice.

The Relationship Between Serum Lipids and Depression

Objective: Low cholesterol is associated with depression among western countries. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between cholesterol and depression in Korean population with low levels of serum cholesterol. Methods: The data of about 740,000 individuals, aged 30-64 years at entry in the Korean Cancer Prevention Study, were used. Total cholesterol levels were measured in 1992. Depression was measured using the modified DSM-IV (Diagnostic Criteria of Major Depressive Episode in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV) scale. Total cholesterol was classified into four groups (quartile). Odds Ratios of low level of cholesterol were evaluated using multi-variable logistic models. Results: The prevalence of major depression was 7.7% in men and 10.4% in women. After adjustment for various confounding variables, an inverse association was detected between cholesterol levels and depression intensity among men and women. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of the lowest quartile of cholesterol was 1.16 (1.13-1.20) on major depression compared with the highest quartile of cholesterol in men. The corresponding odds ratio among women was 1.09 (1.04-1.15). The strongest association among 9 items of depression was found at decreased appetite and lost weight in both men (OR=1.68) and women (OR=1.43). Conclusion: Low cholesterol is associated with major depression in men and women. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the cross-validation, to explore the biological mechanism, and to identify the clinical implication.

Perinatal depression—The fourth inflammatory morbidity of pregnancy?

Perinatal depression is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. The biological etiology of this disorder remains in question, despite considerable research into the contributions of hormonal imbalance, the role of monoamines, and dysregulation of the HPA axis. Because inflammation is known to be associated with major depression in men and non-perinatal women as well as with other important morbidities of pregnancy (such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, and gestational diabetes), and because these morbidities may correlate with perinatal depression, inflammation may be a common physiological pathway that can also help explain perinatal depression. In this paper, we review the theoretical background of inflammation in perinatal depression and then review the literature concerning immune and inflammatory factors in the etiology and course of perinatal depression. We close with recommendations for future studies in this still relatively unexplored area. Identification and understanding of a common pathophysiology between other pregnancy morbidities and perinatal depression would link physical and mental well-being, likely leading to better treatment and prevention.

Sleep Disordered Breathing and Depression among U.S. Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2008

To determine if symptoms of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) are associated with depression symptomology in a national sample. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. U.S., 2005-2008. 9,714 adults (≥ 18 years). Respondents were asked about frequency of snoring and snorting, gasping, or stopping breathing while asleep and completed the PHQ-9 (a 9-item depression screener). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for SDB symptom-associated probable major depression (defined as a PHQ-9 score ≥ 10) were obtained from sex-specific logistic regression analyses adjusted for body mass index, age, race/ethnicity, and education. Among men, 6.0% reported physician-diagnosed sleep apnea, 37.2% snored ≥ 5 nights/week, 7.1% snorted/stopped breathing ≥ 5 nights/week, and 5.0% had PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10. Among women, 3.1% reported sleep apnea, 22.4% snored ≥ 5 nights/week, 4.3% snorted/stopped breathing ≥ 5 nights/week, and 8.4% had PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10. Sleep apnea was associated with probable major depression (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.5, 3.6 among men; OR = 5.2; 95% CI: 2.7, 9.9 among women). Snoring was not associated with depression symptoms in men or women. Snorting/stopping breathing ≥ 5 nights/week compared to never was strongly associated with probable major depression in men (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.8, 5.2) and women (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.6, 5.4). Frequent snorting/stopping breathing was associated with probable major depression by the PHQ-9 in a national sample of adults. Additional research may be needed to determine whether regular screening for these conditions by mental health professionals and sleep specialists should be recommended.

A twin study of smoking, nicotine dependence, and major depression in men

This study examined the nature of the relationship among lifetime major depression, smoking, and nicotine dependence. Subjects were 8,169 male twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Biometrical modeling demonstrated a genetic influence on daily smoking, nicotine dependence, and major depression, and a family environmental influence on daily smoking. Genetic factors influencing nicotine dependence also strongly influenced major depression. We also compared probands with a history of major depression (n = 398) from pairs discordant for major depression, their nondepressed cotwins (n = 364), and controls (n = 1,863) on a number of secondary smoking outcomes. Major depression was associated with current daily smoking and certain nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Individuals with a familial vulnerability for major depression, even without a personal history of major depression, were more likely to smoke despite a serious illness and to report nervousness, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, and depressed mood during past quit attempts. Among the 237 monozygotic pairs discordant for major depression, depressed probands were more likely to have a lifetime history of nicotine dependence than were cotwins. Findings extend Kendler and colleague's (1993) study of female twins by demonstrating in men that shared genetic factors predispose not only to major depression and daily smoking but also to major depression and nicotine dependence.

The relationship between work stress and mental disorders in men and women: findings from a population-based study

Objectives:This analysis estimated the gender-specific associations between work stress, major depression, anxiety disorders and any mental disorder, adjusting for the effects of demographic, socioeconomic, psychological and clinical variables.Methods:Data from the...

Differential Etiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Conduct Disorder and Major Depression in Male Veterans

Epidemiologic studies reveal that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly comorbid with both conduct disorder and major depression in men. The genetic and environmental etiology of this comorbidity has not been examined. Data were analyzed from 6744 middle-aged male-male monozygotic and dizygotic twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Conduct disorder, major depression, and PTSD were assessed via telephone interview using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for the DSM-III-R in 1992. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate additive genetic, shared environmental, and individual-specific environmental effects common and specific to conduct disorder, major depression, and PTSD. The association between conduct disorder and PTSD was explained primarily by common shared environmental influences; these explained 10% (95% confidence interval: 6%-17%) of the variance in PTSD. The association between major depression and PTSD was largely explained by common genetic influences; these explained 19% (95% confidence interval: 11%-26%) of the variance in PTSD. Our findings suggest that different etiologic mechanisms explain the association of conduct disorder and major depression with PTSD in male veterans. If replicated in other populations, results suggest research aimed at identifying specific genetic and environmental factors that influence PTSD may benefit from starting with those that have been more consistently and strongly associated with major depression and conduct disorder.

A longitudinal study of personality and major depression in a population-based sample of male twins

The relationship between personality and psychiatric illness is complex. It is not clear whether one directly causes the other. In a population-based sample of male twins (n=3030), we attempted to predict major depression (MD) from neuroticism (N) and extraversion (E) and vice versa, to evaluate the causal, scar, state, and prodromal hypotheses. In a longitudinal, structural equation twin model, we decomposed the covariation between N and MD into (a) genetic and environmental factors that are common to both traits, as well as specific to each one and (b) direct causal effects of N at time 1 on subsequent MD, as well as between MD and subsequent N. E was negatively correlated with lifetime and one-year prevalence of MD. N predicted the new onset of MD, and was predicted by both current and past MD. It did not predict the time to onset of MD. All of the covariation between N and MD was due to additive genetic and individual-specific environmental factors shared by both traits and a direct causal path between MD and N assessed later. No genetic factors were unique to either trait. In men, N may be a vulnerability factor for MD but does not cause it directly. However, MD may have a direct causal effect on N. The genetic overlap between N and MD in men may be greater than in women.

Specificity of Familial Vulnerability for Alcoholism Versus Major Depression in Men

There are various hypotheses regarding comorbidity between alcohol dependence (AD) and major depression (MD). We interviewed 3372 pairs of male twins assessing DSM-III-R MD and AD. Individuals with comorbid MD and AD exhibited greater severity of each disorder than individuals with only one. MD in one twin was associated with risk of MD alone and MD plus AD, but not AD alone in the cotwin. AD in one twin was associated with risk of AD alone and AD plus MD, but not MD alone in the cotwin. The best fitting biometrical comorbidity model was the reciprocal causation model in which AD can cause MD and vice versa. However, a model in which genetic and environmental influences on each disorder were correlated could not be definitively rejected. Our data are most consistent with a mechanism of reciprocal causation, whereby MD increases risk for AD and AD increases risk of MD.

Toward a Comprehensive Developmental Model for Major Depression in Men

The multiple risk factors for major depression are interrelated through poorly understood developmental pathways. In 2002, the authors presented a developmental model for major depression in women. Based on similar methods, they here present an analogous model for men. Using data from 2,935 adult male twins, interviewed twice over a 2-4-year period, the authors constructed, by means of structural equation modeling, an integrated etiologic model for major depression that predicts depressive episodes over 1 year from 18 risk factors conceptualized as five developmental "tiers" reflecting childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence, adulthood, and the last year. The best-fitting model, including six correlations and 76 paths, provided a good fit to the data, explaining 49% of the variance in the liability to depressive episodes. The overall results, similar to those seen in women, suggest that the development of major depression results from the action and interaction of three broad pathways of internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and adversity. Childhood parental loss and low self-esteem were more potent variables in the model in men than in women. Genetic risks for major depression had a broader spectrum of action in men than in women. The pathway to major depression through externalizing symptoms was not more prominent in men than in women. Major depression in men, as in women, is an etiologically complex disorder influenced by risk factors from multiple domains that act in developmental time. The similarities in etiologic pathways to major depression for men and women outweigh the modest differences.

Shared Genetic Contributions to Pathological Gambling and Major Depression in Men

Although pathological gambling (PG) and major depression (MD) frequently co-occur, little is known regarding the relative contributions of environmental and genetic factors to the codevelopment of the disorders. To estimate environmental and genetic contributions to PG and MD as defined in DSM-III-R and the lifetime co-occurrence of PG and MD. Survey data from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry were examined in biometric models. Telephone interview. Of 10, 253 eligible participants, 7869 were successfully interviewed. Estimated genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental contributions to PG and MD and their lifetime co-occurrence in bivariate models. Elevated odds ratios for MD were associated with those of PG (4.06; 95% confidence interval, 2.68-6.13), and the association remained significant following adjustment for sociodemographic and other psychiatric variables (odds ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-3.45). The best-fitting bivariate model indicated that 66% of the variance in PG and 41% of the variance in MD were owing to genetic factors, and 34% of the variance in PG and 59% of the variance in MD were owing to unique environmental factors. There was a substantial correlation between the genetic components of PG and MD (r(A) = 0.58), with 34% of the genetic variance for each disorder also contributing to that of the other. The best-fitting model estimated that 100% of the total overlap between PG and MD was genetic. The correlation between PG and MD in middle-aged men appears to be largely influenced by overlapping genetic factors. Future research is needed to determine the extent to which these findings extend to other groups (eg, women), identify specific genes, and generate improved prevention and treatment strategies.

Genetic risk factors for major depression in men and women: similar or different heritabilities and same or partly distinct genes?

Although women are at consistently greater risk for major depression (MD) than men, it is unclear whether sex modifies the aetiological impact of genetic factors on MD. Is the heritability of MD different in men and women? Do the same genetic risk factors predispose to MD in the two sexes? We obtained a lifetime history of MD by personal interview on two occasions from 6672 individual twins and 2974 complete twin pairs. Three diagnostic criteria of increasing narrowness were employed: DSM-III-R, DSM-III-R plus impairment and Washington University. To increase power by controlling for unreliability of assessment, we evaluated sex differences on genetic risk for MD using a structural equation measurement model. Using DSM-III-R criteria, but not the two narrower definitions, heritability of MD was significantly greater in women than in men. In the three diagnostic systems, the genetic correlation in liability to MD in men and women was estimated at between +0.50 and +0.65. These estimates differed significantly from unity for the two broader definitions. Using broad but not narrower definitions of illness, genetic factors play a greater role in the aetiology of MD in women than in men. The genes that influence risk for MD in the two sexes are correlated but are probably not entirely the same. These results raise the possibility that, in linkage and association studies, the impact of some loci on risk for MD will differ in men and women.

Testosterone and Depression in Aging Men

In men, testosterone secretion affects neurobehavioral functions such as sexual arousal, aggression, emotional tone, and cognition. Beginning at approximately age 50, men secrete progressively lower amounts of testosterone; about 20% of men over age 60 have lower-than-normal levels. The psychiatric sequelae are poorly understood, yet there is evidence of an association with depressive symptoms. The authors reviewed 1) the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and its changes with age in men; and 2) the evidence linking testosterone level and major depression in men. Data on this relationship are derived from two types of studies: observational studies comparing testosterone levels and secretory patterns in depressed and nondepressed men, and treatment studies using exogenous androgens for male depression. The data suggest that some depressed older men may have state-dependent low testosterone levels and that some depressed men may improve with androgen treatment. In men, testosterone secretion affects neurobehavioral functions such as sexual arousal, aggression, emotional tone, and cognition. Beginning at approximately age 50, men secrete progressively lower amounts of testosterone; about 20% of men over age 60 have lower-than-normal levels. The psychiatric sequelae are poorly understood, yet there is evidence of an association with depressive symptoms. The authors reviewed 1) the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and its changes with age in men; and 2) the evidence linking testosterone level and major depression in men. Data on this relationship are derived from two types of studies: observational studies comparing testosterone levels and secretory patterns in depressed and nondepressed men, and treatment studies using exogenous androgens for male depression. The data suggest that some depressed older men may have state-dependent low testosterone levels and that some depressed men may improve with androgen treatment.

A population-based twin study of lifetime major depression in men and women.

Women report higher rates of major depression (MD) than men. Although genetic factors play an important etiologic role in MD, we are uncertain whether genetic factors are of equal importance in men and women, and whether the same genetic factors predispose men and women to MD. We obtained, by telephone interview, a lifetime history of MD, defined by the DSM-III-R, from 3790 complete male-male, female-female, and male-female twin pairs, identified through a population-based registry. Results were analyzed using probandwise concordance, odds ratios, and biometrical twin modeling. The odds ratios (plus tetrachoric correlations) for lifetime MD were as follows: (1) male-male monozygotic, 3.29 (+0.37); (2) male-male dizygotic, 1.86 (+0.20); (3) female-female monozygotic, 3.02 (+0.39); (4) female-female dizygotic, 1.59 (+0.18); and (5) male-female dizygotic, 1.39 (+0.11). In the best-fitting twin model, the heritability of liability to MD was the same in men and women and equal to 39%, while the remaining 61% of the variance in liability was due to individual-specific environment. We rejected, with only modest confidence, the hypothesis that the genetic risk factors for MD were the same in men and women. The best-fitting model estimated the genetic correlation in the liability to MD in the 2 sexes to be +0.57. While we found no evidence to suggest a violation of the equal environment assumption, MD was less common in women from opposite-sex vs same-sex twin pairs. Major depression is equally heritable in men and women, and most genetic risk factors influence liability to MD similarly in the 2 sexes. However, genes may exist that act differently on the risk for MD in men vs women.

Testosterone and Depression in Aging Men

In men, testosterone secretion affects neurobehavioral functions such as sexual arousal, aggression, emotional tone, and cognition. Beginning at approximately age 50, men secrete progressively lower amounts of testosterone; about 20% of men over age 60 have lower-than-normal levels. The psychiatric sequelae are poorly understood, yet there is evidence of an association with depressive symptoms. The authors reviewed 1) the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and its changes with age in men; and 2) the evidence linking testosterone level and major depression in men. Data on this relationship are derived from two types of studies: observational studies comparing testosterone levels and secretory patterns in depressed and non-depressed men, and treatment studies using exogenous androgens for male depression. The data suggest that some depressed older men may have state-dependent low testosterone levels and that some depressed men may improve with androgen treatment.

Differences in the effects of divorce on major depression in men and women.

The authors examined the relationship between marital disruption and major depressive episodes. The analyses were based on longitudinal, community-based data from the New Haven Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program on respondents 18-60 years old. The presence and history of major depression was assessed by using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Martial disruption was associated with higher prevalence rates of major depression in both men and women, but only men had a greater risk of a first-onset major depression. Differences between men and women in rates of major depression were observed only among married subjects. These findings suggest that the relationship between marital disruption and major depressive episode differs for men and women. They also provide further evidence that differences between men and women in rates of depression vary by marital status.