Major Cardiovascular And Cerebrovascular Events Research Articles

Relationship between pan-immune- inflammation value and in major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in stable coronary artery disease patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery

BackgroundIn this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) with major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in stable coronary artery disease patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data from 527 patients who underwent on-pump CABG surgery for stable coronary artery disease between June 2015 and December 2020. Patients were categorized into two groups based on MACCE development. PIV levels were calculated from blood samples taken on admission. PIV was calculated as [neutrophil count (×103/µL)×platelet count (×103/µL))×monocyte count (×103/µL)]/lymphocyte count (×103/µL). The primary endpoint was long-term major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) at a median follow-up of 4.6 years.ResultsOf the included patients, 103 (19.5%) developed MACCE. PIV was higher in patients with MACCE compared to those without (470.8 [295.3-606.8] vs. 269.8 [184.3-386.4], p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed a significant positive association between PIV and MACCE (HR: 1.326, 95%CI:1.212–1452, p < 0.001). The cut-off value for the PIV in the estimation of MACCE was 368.28 ( AUC: 0.726 with 69% sensitivity, 71% specificity, p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study shows a significant link between high PIV levels and MACCE in stable coronary artery disease patients undergoing on-pump CABG surgery. Our findings suggest that PIV may be a valuable, routinely available, and inexpensive marker for identifying patients at increased risk of MACCE.

Sex and racial disparities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related cardiovascular events: National inpatient sample analysis (2019).

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk irrespective of other risk factors. However, large-scale cardiovascular sex and race differences are poorly understood. To investigate the relationship between NAFLD and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in subgroups using a nationally representative United States inpatient sample. We examined National Inpatient Sample (2019) to identify adult hospitalizations with NAFLD by age, sex, and race using ICD-10-CM codes. Clinical and demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and MACCE-related mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cardiac arrest, and stroke were compared in NAFLD cohorts by sex and race. Multivariable regression analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, hospitalization features, and comorbidities. We examined 409130 hospitalizations [median 55 (IQR 43-66) years] with NFALD. NAFLD was more common in females (1.2%), Hispanics (2%), and Native Americans (1.9%) than whites. Females often reported non-elective admissions, Medicare enrolment, the median age of 55 (IQR 42-67), and poor income. Females had higher obesity and uncomplicated diabetes but lower hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and complicated diabetes than males. Hispanics had a median age of 48 (IQR 37-60), were Medicaid enrollees, and had non-elective admissions. Hispanics had greater diabetes and obesity rates than whites but lower hypertension and hyperlipidemia. MACCE, all-cause mortality, AMI, cardiac arrest, and stroke were all greater in elderly individuals (P < 0.001). MACCE, AMI, and cardiac arrest were more common in men (P < 0.001). Native Americans (aOR 1.64) and Asian Pacific Islanders (aOR 1.18) had higher all-cause death risks than whites. Increasing age and male sex link NAFLD with adverse MACCE outcomes; Native Americans and Asian Pacific Islanders face higher mortality, highlighting a need for tailored interventions and care.

Prognostic Impact of Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction After Endovascular Therapy for Lower Extremities.

The mechanism underlying a poor prognosis in patients with lower-extremity artery disease (LEAD) with heart failure is unknown. We examined the prognostic impact of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients with LEAD who underwent endovascular therapy (EVT).Methods and Results: From August 2014 to August 2016, 2,180 patients with LEAD (mean age, 73.2 years; male, 71.9%) underwent EVT and were stratified into low-LVEF (LVEF <40%; n=234, 10.7%) and not-low LVEF groups. In the low- vs. not-low LVEF groups, there was a higher prevalence of heart failure (i.e., history of heart failure hospitalization or New York Heart Association functional class III or IV symptoms) (44.0% vs. 8.3%, respectively), diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, below-the-knee lesion, critical limb ischemia, and incidence of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) and major adverse limb events (MALEs) (P<0.001, all). Low LVEF independently predicted MACCEs (hazard ratio: 2.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.63-3.03; P<0.001) and MALEs (hazard ratio: 1.85, 95% confidence interval: 1.15-2.96; P=0.011), regardless of heart failure (P value for interaction: MACCEs: 0.27; MALEs: 0.52). Low LVEF, but not symptomatic heart failure, increased the incidence of MACCEs and MALEs. Intensive cardiac dysfunction management may improve LEAD prognosis after EVT.

Early tirofiban versus heparin for bridging dual antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing coronary endarterectomy combined with coronary artery bypass grafting: a multicenter randomized controlled trial protocol (the THACE-CABG trial)

BackgroundFor complete revascularization, patients with diffuse coronary artery disease should have a coronary endarterectomy and a coronary artery bypass graft (CE-CABG). Sadly, CE can lead to a lack of endothelium, which raises the risk of thrombotic events. Even though daily dual antiplatelet therapies (DAPT) have been shown to reduce thrombotic events, the risk of perioperative thrombotic events is high during the high-risk period after CE-CABG, and there is no consistent protocol to bridge DAPT. This trial aims to compare safety and efficacy between tirofiban and heparin as DAPT bridging strategies after CE-CABG.MethodsIn phase I, 266 patients undergoing CE-CABG will be randomly assigned to tirofiban and heparin treatment groups to compare the two treatments in terms of the primary safety endpoint, chest tube drainage in the first 24 h. If the phase I trial shows tirofiban non-inferiority, phase II will commence, in which an additional 464 patients will be randomly assigned. All 730 patients will be studied to compare major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) between the groups in the first 30 days after surgery.DiscussionGiven the possible benefits of tirofiban administration after CE-CABG, this trial has the potential to advance the field of adult coronary heart surgery.Trial registrationchictr.org.cn, ChiCTR2200055697. Registered 6 January 2022. https://www.chictr.org.cn/com/25/showproj.aspx?proj=149451. Current version: 20,220,620.

Abstract 17772: The Relationship Between Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibition and Coronary Artery Calcification Evaluated by Intravascular Ultrasound

Introduction: Coronary artery calcification is significantly associated with major adverse cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and severely calcified lesions are significantly associated with poor outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Hypothesis: The relationship between renin-angiotensin system inhibition and coronary artery calcification is unknown. Methods: Five hundred stable CAD patients undergoing PCI were divided into none/mild and moderate/severe calcification groups according to the grade of calcification in the target lesion evaluated by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Calcification with a calcium arch &amp;gt;180° and calcium length &amp;gt;5 mm in the target lesion was defined as moderate/severe calcification. We examined the association between patient’s characteristics and morphology in target lesions assessed by IVUS. Results: One hundred ninety of the 500 patients (38%) showed moderate/severe calcification of the culprit lesion. In the moderate/severe calcification group, the survival rate was significantly lower, and cumulative incidence of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) was higher than in the none/mild calcification group after PCI (p=0.015 and p=0.003, respectively). Age, body mass index, hypertension, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), hemodialysis, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, serum albumin levels were associated with moderate/severe calcification lesion in univariate logistic analysis, but the use of angiotensin II receptor blocker was not. Multivariate logistic analysis identified age [odds ratio (OR); 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.08, p&amp;lt;0.001], use of ACEI (OR; 0.46, 95% CI: 0.23-0.91, p=0.025), and hemodialysis (OR; 6.07, 95% CI: 2.39-15.42, p&amp;lt;0.001) as independent factors of moderate/severe calcification lesions. A comparison of P-value for interaction of use of ACEI and hemodialysis was p=0.51. Conclusions: Using of ACEI was negatively associated with moderate/severe calcification in target lesions assessed by IVUS. ACEI may have a potential for inhibitory effect on coronary artery calcification.

Abstract 13350: Bivalirudin versus Heparin in Patients With Myocardial Infarction, an Updated Meta-Analysis

Bivalirudin and heparin are anticoagulant drugs commonly used in patients with acute myocardial infarction who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We performed this meta-analysis to update the present evidence about the safety and efficacy of bivalirudin versus heparin in myocardial infarction patients who underwent PCI. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception until 1 April 2023. Records were screened for eligible studies, and all relevant outcomes were pooled as the risk ratios (RR) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) in the meta-analysis models using Review Manager (RevMan version 5.4). Pooling data from 9 RCTs (20,036 patients) showed that bivalirudin was superior to heparin in terms of adverse major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACE) (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.99, P=0.04) and stent thrombosis (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.89, P=0.002). However, the overall effect did not favor either of the two groups in terms of all-cause death (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.30, P=0.37), myocardial infarction (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.07, P=0.2), stroke (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.54, P=0.6), bleeding (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.07, P=0.5), and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) scale type 2 (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.06, P=0.3). Ultimately, the current evidence suggests that bivalirudin appears to be an effective alternative to heparin for anticoagulation during PCI in myocardial infarction patients in terms of MACE and stent thrombosis. Further research is needed to determine the optimal anticoagulation strategy.

Long-Term Clinical Impact of Patients with Multi-Vessel Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease.

Non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) is a disease commonly diagnosed in patients undergoing coronary angiography. However, little is known regarding the long-term clinical impact of multi-vessel non-obstructive CAD. Therefore, the object of this study was to investigate the long-term clinical impact of multi-vessel non-obstructive CAD. A total of 2083 patients without revascularization history and obstructive CAD were enrolled between January 2010 and December 2015. They were classified into four groups according to number of vessels involved in non-obstructive CAD (25% ≤ luminal stenosis < 70%): zero, one, two, or three diseased vessels (DVs). We monitored the patients for 5 years. The primary outcome was major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), defined as a composite of cardiac death, stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI). The occurrence of MACCEs increased as the number of non-obstructive DVs increased, and was especially high in patients with three DVs. After adjustment, patients with three DVs still showed significantly poorer clinical outcomes of MACCEs, stroke, and MI compared those with zero DVs. Multi-vessel non-obstructive CAD, especially in patients with non-obstructive three DVs, is strongly associated with poor long-term clinical outcomes. This finding suggests that more intensive treatment may be required in this subset of patients.

Risk factor profile and outcomes of premature acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention: A 1-year prospective design.

The prevalence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among young adults (premature ACS) has dramatically increased in recent years, especially in developing countries. Yet, the data on these patients' attributed risk factors and outcomes are inconsistent. In this study, we aimed to investigate these data in a cohort of premature ACS cases who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared to older patients. We hypothesize that premature ACS patients undergoing PCI will exhibit different risk factor profiles and outcomes compared to non-premature patients. specifically, we anticipate that premature patients do not necessarily have better outcomes than non-premature. Overall, 3142 and 10 399 patients were included in premature and non-premature groups, respectively. Patients' pre-operative, post-operative, and follow-up data were retrieved retrospectively from the Tehran Heart Center PCI databank. The mean age of premature and non-premature cohorts was 48.39 and 67 years, respectively. Patients were predominantly male in both groups. Family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), dyslipidemia, smoking, and opium addiction were more prevalent among the younger cohort. After adjustment, in-hospital mortality in younger patients was considerably higher, with all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) exhibiting no noticeable difference among the two groups. Risk factor profile is different in young patients, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, are more prevalent among older adults. Younger age is not equivalent to a better prognosis; hence, similar or even more caution should be taken into consideration regarding secondary prevention for these patients.

The Relevance of Implementing the Systematic Screening of Perioperative Myocardial Injury in Noncardiac Surgery Patients.

Perioperative myocardial injury (PMI) is a common cardiac complication. Recent guidelines recommend its systematic screening using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn). However, there is limited evidence of local screening programs. We conducted a prospective, single-center study aimed at assessing the feasibility and outcomes of implementing systematic PMI screening. Hs-cTn concentrations were measured before and after surgery. PMI was defined as a postoperative hs-cTnT of ≥14 ng/L, exceeding the preoperative value by 50%. All patients were followed-up during the hospitalization, at one month and one year after surgery. The primary outcome was the incidence of death and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). The secondary outcomes focused on the individual components of MACCE. We included two-thirds of all eligible high-risk patients and achieved almost complete compliance with follow-ups. The prevalence of PMI was 15.7%, suggesting a higher presence of cardiovascular (CV) antecedents, increased perioperative CV complications, and higher preoperative hs-cTnT values. The all-cause death rate was 1.7% in the first month, increasing up to 11.2% at one year. The incidence of MACCE was 9.5% and 8.6% at the same time points. Given the observed elevated frequencies of PMI and MACCE, implementing systematic PMI screening is recommendable, particularly in patients with increased cardiovascular risk. However, it is important to acknowledge that achieving optimal screening implementation comes with various challenges and complexities.

Long-term clinical impact of patients with multi-vessel involved non-obstructive coronary artery disease

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Yuhan Corporation, Seoul, Korea. Background Although non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) was a relatively common finding in patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG), it had previously been characterized as "insignificant CAD" and underestimated in importance. However, recent studies have increasingly showed that non-obstructive CAD is also associated with poor clinical outcomes. But the long-term clinical impact of multi-vessel involved non-obstructive CAD are not yet well-known. Purpose The aim of the present study was to determine the long-term clinical impact on patients with multi-vessel involved non-obstructive CAD. Methods A total of 2,083 patients without obstructive CAD and revascularization history were enrolled between January 2010 and December 2015. They were classified into 4 groups according to the number of vessels involved non-obstructive CAD (25%≤ luminal stenosis &amp;lt; 70%): 0, 1, 2, 3 diseased vessel (DV). We followed patients for 5 years. The primary outcome was major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) defined as a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. The secondary outcomes were each component of the primary outcome and all-cause death. Results 2,083 patients were classified into four groups according to the number of non-obstructive DVs (0 DV: 251 [60%],1 DV: 506 [24%], 2 DV: 250 [12%], 3 DV: 76 [4.0%]). The occurrence of MACCEs numerically increased as the number of non-obstructive DV increased, especially in 3 DV (MACCEs, 0 DV: 78 [6.2%], 1 DV: 33 [6.5%], 2 DV: 17 [6.8%], 3 DV: 14 [18.4%], p&amp;lt;0.001). After adjustment, patients with non-obstructive 3 DV still showed significantly poorer clinical outcomes than 0 DV in terms of MACCEs, MI and stroke. (MACCEs: hazard ratio [HR] 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-3.79, p=0.016; MI: HR 15.17, 95% CI 2.37-97.25, p=0.004, Stroke: HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.01-4.16), P=0.049) Conclusions. Multi-vessel involved non-obstructive CAD, especially in 3 DV, was associated with poor long-term (5 years) clinical outcomes. Theses finding suggested that more intensive treatment may be required in this subset of patients.

Rotational Atherectomy in Coronary Heart Disease Patients with Different Rotational Speed: In Hospital and Six-Month Outcomes

Background: Rotational atherectomy (RA) is an important technique for the management of severe coronary calcification. However, optimal rotational speed is yet to be defined. Methods: A total of 372 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients were retrospectively analyzed between February 2017 and January 2022. The patients were divided into four groups based on the maximum RA speed: group 1 (&lt;150,000 rpm, 76 cases), group 2 (150,000 rpm, 156 cases), group 3 (160,000 rpm, 90 cases) and group 4 (≥170,000 rpm, 50 cases). The outcomes analyzed were procedural complications, six-months major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and chronic heart failure. Results: Patients in group 4 had a higher incidence of slow flow during the RA operation (p = 0.025). There was no significant difference in other complications among the four groups, as well as six-month MACCE. After adjusting for confounding factors, increase in rotational speed led to a higher probability of slow flow (p for non-linearity = 0.131; adjusted model) and MACCE (p for non-linearity = 0.183; adjusted model). Logistic regression analysis showed that rotational speed was a predictor of slow flow during RA operation (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.05~1.49, p = 0.01). Moreover, the analysis demonstrated that individuals with lower rotational speed (&lt;150,000 rpm) were at 230% higher risk of vasospasm compared with a higher rotational speed (160,000 rpm) (OR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.08~10.09, p = 0.036). Conclusions: CHD patients treated with a rotational speed of ≥170,000 rpm had a higher risk of slow flow after RA. Rotational speed is an independent risk factor for slow flow in CHD patients. Moreover, a rotational speed of &lt;150,000 rpm was associated with a higher risk of vasospasm compared with rotational speed of 160,000 rpm. There was no significant difference in six-month outcomes in comparison to elective CHD patients with different rotational speeds, and the probability of MACCE was intensified with increase in rotational speed.

Sex Differences in Clinical Profile and Outcome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusion

BackgroundThere are limited data around sex differences in the risk profile, treatments and outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions in contemporary interventional practice. We investigated the impact of sex on clinical and procedural characteristics, complications and clinical outcomes in a national cohort. Methods & resultsWe created a longitudinal cohort (2006–2018, n = 30,605) of patients with stable angina who underwent CTO PCI in the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (BCIS) database. Clinical, demographic, procedural and outcome data were analysed in two groups stratified by sex: male (n = 24,651), female (n = 5954). Female patients were older (68 vs 64 years, P < 0.001), had higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN) and prior stroke. Utilization of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), drug eluting stents (DES), radial or dual access and enabling strategies during CTO PCI were higher in male compared to female patients. Following multivariable analysis, there was no significant difference in in-patient mortality (adjusted odds ratio (OR):1.40, 95 % CI: 0.75–2.61, P = 0.29) and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) (adjusted OR: 1.01, 95 % CI: 0.78–1.29, P = 0.96). The crude and adjusted rates of procedural complications (adjusted OR: 1.37, 95 % CI: 1.23–1.52, P < 0.001), coronary artery perforation (adjusted OR: 1.60, 95 % CI: 1.26–2.04, P < 0.001) and major bleeding (adjusted OR: 2.06, 95 % CI: 1.62–2.61, P < 0.001) were higher in women compared with men. ConclusionFemale patients treated by CTO PCI were older, underwent lesser complex procedures, but had higher adjusted risk of procedural complications with a similar adjusted risk of mortality and MACCE compared with male patients.

Abstract 10314: Clinical Impact of C-Reactive Protein to Albumin Ratio on Prognosis in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background : The C-reactive protein/albumin (CRP/Alb) ratio is known to be a novel marker of inflammation and is associated with outcome in septic patients. However, the effect of CRP/Alb ratio for clinical outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been well evaluated. Methods : The subject comprised 500 consecutive stable angina patients who underwent successfully elective PCI using second-generation drug-eluting stents and intravascular ultrasound. We investigated between the clinical factors including CRP/Alb ratio and the incidences of both all-cause death and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). Results: Median of age was 69 years (62-76) and 356 cases (71%) were male. Thirty-seven patients (7%) died after PCI, and the incidence of MACCE including all-cause death was 47 cases (9%). Age, dyslipidemia, hemodialysis, statin use , estimated glomerular filtration rate and CRP/Alb ratio correlated significantly with all-cause death and MACCEin the univariate cox proportional hazards analysis. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis modeling relevant factors from univariate analysis showed CRP/Alb ratio was significantly associated with both all-cause death (HR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.11-1.35, p&lt;0.001) and MACCE (HR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.09-1.32, p&lt;0.001). The optimal cut-off on the receiver-operating characteristic curve of CRP/Alb ratio for predicting for all-cause death and MACCE were both 0.30 [all-cause death; the area under the curve (AUC) = 0.75, Sensitivity = 57%, Specificity = 87%, p&lt;0.001 and MACCE; AUC = 0.73, Sensitivity = 49%, Specificity = 87%, p&lt;0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly lower survival rate after PCI in low CRP/Alb ratio (&lt; 0.30) group than high CRP/Alb ratio (≥ 0.30) group (p&lt;0.001). Similarly, cumulative incidence of MACCE was significantly higher in the high CRP/Alb ratio group than in the low CRP/Alb ratio group (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The CRP/Alb ratio may have a potential for predicting the all-cause death and MACCE in patients with stable CAD after PCI.

A New Predictive Model for In-Hospital Major Adverse Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Events in Chinese Patients After Major Noncardiac Surgery

Prediction tools focused on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events after noncardiac surgery are lacking, particularly for Chinese patients. We developed and validated what we believe is a new predictive tool for postoperative major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) in Chinese patients in this study. Overall, 401 variables derived from 598 patients who received noncardiac surgery at our center were retrospectively analyzed to develop and validate the new predictive model for MACCEs during hospitalization. The 7 strongest predictors for MACCEs in the development cohort were chronic heart failure, age, atrial fibrillation, general anesthesia, history of coronary heart disease, high-risk procedures, and lymphocyte count. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.698 (95% confidence interval 0.616 to 0.780) for the new predictive tool with the validation cohort. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed the new predictive tool had better performance than the Revised Cardiac Risk Index and the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program scores. This new predictive tool is effective for the prediction of postoperative MACCEs in patients who undergo noncardiac surgery.

Risk Assessment of Major Adverse Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events and Bleeding for Acute Myocardial Infarction With or Without Active Tuberculosis

PurposeThe underlying ischemic and bleeding risks of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with active tuberculosis (TB) are unknown. The goal of this study was to explore the ischemic and bleeding risks, as well as treatment strategies during hospitalization, in patients with AMI with or without active TB. MethodsPatients were recruited from a tuberculosis hospital from 2014 to 2021. The primary outcomes were major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACE) and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC)-defined type 3 or 5 bleeding. Multivariate logistic regression and propensity score matching were performed for risk adjustment. Subgroups were defined according to AMI with active pulmonary TB and AMI with active TB undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). FindingsA total of 242 patients were enrolled. Compared with AMI without active TB, AMI with active TB had a higher risk of MACE and BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with AMI without active TB, the odds ratio (OR) was 6.513 (95% CI, 2.195–19.331) for MACE in patients with AMI with active TB, and the OR was 16.074 (95% CI 3.337–77.436) for BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding in patients with AMI with active TB. After propensity score matching, AMI with active TB tended to increase the risk of MACE, although not statistically significantly (P = 0.189), and increased BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding (P < 0.001), compared with AMI without active TB. Results of subgroup analyses showed that active TB had outcomes consistent with those of the total cohort. AMI patients with active pulmonary TB who underwent PCI had a lower risk of MACE without an increase in the risk of bleeding compared with those not undergoing PCI. ImplicationsPatients with AMI with active TB have a higher risk of MACE (or severe MACE) and bleeding than patients with AMI without active TB. However, AMI patients with active TB are still advised to undergo PCI for a high net clinical benefit.

Comparison of long‐term outcome of patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction between pre‐COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 era

AimsTo compare major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE ) rates between patients in the pre‐COVID‐19 era and COVID‐19 era, and to assess the impact of the presence of COVID‐19 (+) on long‐term MACCE in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Turkey.MethodsUsing the TURSER study (TURKISH ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction registry) data, the current study included 1748 STEMI patients from 15 centers in Turkey. Patients were stratified into COVID‐19 era (March 11st–May 15st, 2020; n = 723) or pre‐ COVID‐19 era (March 11st–May 15st, 2019; n = 1025) cohorts. Long‐term MACCE rates were compared between groups. In addition, the effect of COVID‐19 positivity on long‐term outcomes was evaluated. The primary outcome was the occurrence of MACCE at long‐term follow‐up, and the secondary outcome was hospitalization with heart failure.ResultsThe MACCE and hospitalization with heart failure rates between pre‐COVID‐19 era and COVID‐19 era were 23% vs 22% (p = 0.841), and 12% vs %8 (p = 0.002), respectively. In the covid‐19 era, the rates of MACCE and hospitalization with heart failure COVID‐19 positive versus COVID‐19 negative patients were 40% vs 20%, (p < 0.001), and 43% vs 11% (p < 0.001), respectively.ConclusionThere was no difference between the pre‐COVID‐19 era and the COVID‐19 era in terms of MACCE and heart failure hospitalization in STEMI patients in Turkey. In the Covid‐19 era, STEMI patients positive for COVID‐19 had a higher rate of MACCE and heart failure hospitalization at the long‐term follow‐up.

Prognostic impact of atrial fibrillation on the outcomes of peripheral artery disease according to preoperative symptoms for endovascular revascularization.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are associated with major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). However, outcomes stratified according to the preoperative symptoms of PAD in patients with AF have not been sufficiently investigated. This was a retrospective study of prospectively collected data pertaining to 2237 patients (1179 patients with intermittent claudication [IC] and 1058 patients with critical limb-threatening ischemia [CLTI]) who underwent endovascular therapy at 34 hospitals between August 2014 and August 2016. AF was present in 91 (7.7%) patients with IC and 150 (14.2%) patients with CLTI. In the CLTI group, patients with AF had a higher event rate of MACCE and all-cause death than those without AF (1-year rates of freedom from MACCE: 0.66 and 0.81 in patients with and without AF, respectively, p < 0.001). In contrast, in the IC group, there was no statistically significant difference in the rates of MACCE between patients with and without AF. In the Cox multivariate analysis, AF was a significant predictor of MACCE in patients with CLTI but not in patients with IC, even after adjusting for covariates. The impact of AF on the outcome of patients with PAD was greater in those with CLTI. Further studies are needed to clarify the possible mechanisms underlying these differences.

Prognostic impact of malnutrition on cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease patients with myocardial damage

BackgroundStable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with myocardial damage have a poor prognosis compared to those without myocardial damage. Recently, malnutrition has been reported to affect the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of malnutrition on prognosis of CAD patients with myocardial damage remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of malnutrition on prognosis of CAD patients with myocardial damage who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).MethodsSubjects comprised 241 stable CAD patients with myocardial damage due to myocardial ischemia or infraction. Patients underwent successful revascularization for the culprit lesion by PCI using second-generation drug-eluting stents and intravascular ultrasound. The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), which is widely used as a simple method for screening nutritional status using body mass index and serum albumin, was used to assess nutritional status. Associations between major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and patient characteristics were assessed.ResultsMean GNRI was 100 ± 13, and there were 55 malnourished patients (23%; GNRI < 92) and 186 non-malnourished patients (77%). MACCE occurred within 3 years after PCI in 42 cases (17%), including 34 deaths (14%), and the malnourished group showed a higher rate of MACCE (38%) compared with the non-malnourished group (11%, p < 0.001). Univariate Cox proportional hazards analyses showed that MACCE was associated with age [hazard ratio (HR), 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–1.07; p = 0.004], prior heart failure (HR 2.35; 95% CI 1.10–5.01; p = 0.027), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.03–1.11; p < 0.001), hemodialysis (HR 2.63; 95% CI 1.51–4.58; p < 0.001) and malnutrition (HR 3.69; 95% CI 2.11–6.42; p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed hemodialysis (HR 2.17; 95% CI 1.19–3.93; p = 0.011) and malnutrition (HR 2.30; 95% CI 1.13–4.67; p = 0.020) as significantly associated with MACCE. Furthermore, Cox proportional hazards models using malnutrition and hemodialysis revealed that patients with malnutrition and hemodialysis were at greater risk of MACCE after PCI than patients with neither malnutrition nor hemodialysis (HR 6.91; 95% CI 3.29–14.54; p < 0.001).ConclusionsIn CAD patients with myocardial damage, malnutrition (GNRI < 92) represents an independent risk factor for MACCE. Assessment of nutritional status may help stratify the risk of cardiovascular events and encourage improvements in nutritional status.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME AFTER CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY

The purpose of this study was to study the gender differences in the frequency of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), cardiac mortality, mortality from all other causes, and to study the relationship between these conditions and risk factors in patients after CABS. Materials and methods. The study included 717 patients after the CABS, of whom 596 were male and 121 female. Patients admitted to hospital with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and only those undergoing CABS surgery participated in the study. All clinical data on demographic characteristics, risk factors, and complications were selected and the survival and mortality analysis was performed retrospectively. The results. In assessing the age indicator, it was found that females (59.9±7.3 years) were significantly older than males (56.3±8.2 years) (p=0.00012). In the estimation of the 30-day mortality rate, it was shown that this indicator was 3.4% for women and 0.5% for men, the differences were statistically significant (p=0.004). Identical differences were also observed for 1-year mortality, as this indicator was 3.5% for women, while for men it was 0.7% and significantly lower (p=0.012). The 5-year MACCE percentage was 19% for women and 16.9% for men, i.e. the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.585). Conclusion. The main finding of this study was the difference between the profiles of female and male populations of preoperative patients after CABS. As in other studies in this area, and in this study, female patients were older, more likely to have AH, DM, obesity and anaemia than male patients.

Non-HDL cholesterol is an independent predictor of long-term cardiovascular events in patients with dyslipidemia after renal transplantation.

Posttransplant dyslipidemia is a common condition in renal transplantation recipients (RTR) and is related to poor cardiac outcomes. We aimed to demonstrate the value of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in predicting long-term major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in RTR with dyslipidemia. Patients who had undergone renal transplantation between 2011 and 2019 were retrospectively analysed and were classified as normal non-HDL-C and high non-HDL-C groups based on first year levels. Development of high non-HDL-C levels was used to predict the occurrence of MACCE (a combination of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and nonfatal stroke) and all-cause death during the long-term follow-up. Overall, 674 patients were included, of whom 470 (69.7%) were male; the mean age was 43.6±13.2years. The mean follow-up duration was 5.5±2.29years 1year after the transplant. MACCE occurred during the follow-up in 102 (61.8%) patients in the high non-HDL-C group and 13 (2.6%) patients in the normal non-HDL-C group (P<.001). High non-HDL-C was a predictor of MACCE in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.02, P<.001). Smoking (HR: 1.92, 95% CI 1.16-3.20, P<.001), cadaver graft (HR: 2.55, 95% CI 1.52-4.26, P<.001), and left ventricular ejection fraction (HR: 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.98, P<.001) were also predictors of MACCE. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that all MACCE components and all-cause mortality were significantly higher in the high non-HDL-C group (P<.001). Non-HDL-C was closely related to long-term cardiac outcomes in RTR with dyslipidemia. Non-HDL-C should be among the primary goals in lipid-lowering treatment in post-transplant dyslipidemia.