Major Bridge Research Articles

Deformation and internal force of multitower suspension bridges: Numerical modeling and analytical analysis

An analytical model for predicting the deformation and internal forces of multitower suspension bridges is proposed in this paper. Equilibrium differential equations and deformation coordination equations are established based on deflection theory and coupling analysis of bridge components, in which the vertical stiffness contribution of girders and the longitudinal stiffness of all towers are considered. The equations for the deformation and internal forces of the bridge components, including towers, hangers, cables, and girders, are derived taking into account the live loads to which the multitower suspension bridge is subjected. The equations capture the mechanical characteristics of the bridge components, and the results can be obtained explicitly with the proposed model, notably improving the calculation efficiency. The applicability and efficiency of the proposed model are verified by two finite element model examples featuring two and three towers. A parametric analysis is performed to investigate the impact of major bridge parameters using the proposed model. The analysis results indicate that the longitudinal stiffness ratio of the mid-tower to the main cable plays an important role in the key design indices, including girder deflection and safety factor of anti-slipping of the saddle. A suitable stiffness range for the mid-tower is obtained by the proposed model.

Sampling Strategies for Assessing Male Clients of Female Sex Workers in Public Health Research: A Compilation of Global Evidence.

Clients of Female Sex Workers (FSWs) are major bridge population in HIV transmission. Any research among them remains challenging because they are hidden within society. The objective of this review was tocompile the global evidence on different sampling strategies used to access male clients of female sex workers for research purpose, the challenges faced during the sampling process andpossible sources of bias. Original articles and reports published globally in last 10years, in English language and those with full text freely available online were included in this scoping review. A comprehensive search was carried out among the electronic peer-reviewed literature database (Pubmed and Web of Science) using a pre-designed peer reviewed search strategy. Narrative synthesis was applied out across all such articles. A total of 36 articles were finally included in this review. The common sampling techniques used include convenience sampling, referral by FSWs/ pimp/brothel manager/clients, time location cluster sampling, use of virtual network, anonymous telephone survey, referred by clinicians of STI clinic etc. Overall response rate varied between 35 and 90%. Major challenges in participant recruitment included non-response, feasibility issue specially to cater non-brothel-based clients, safety issue for investigators, over-representation of clients with lower socio-economic status, higher refusal rate for known HIV positive clients to provide biological sample etc. As different sampling techniques have comparable response rate, it can be recommended that a pilot study should be carried out in local context to finalise appropriate participant recruitment technique for a given population.

Depression and Anxiety among Migrant Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Network Analysis of Continuous Cross-Sectional Data.

Many Chinese migrant older adults are more prone to mental health problems due to their "migrant" status. During the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions on their mobility exacerbated these conditions. Mental health is a crucial dimension of healthy aging. Network analysis offers a novel method for exploring interactions between mental health problems at the symptom level. This study employs network analysis to examine the interactions between comorbid depressive and anxiety symptoms across different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Surveys were conducted from September 2019 to January 2020 (T1), September 2020 to January 2021 (T2), and September 2021 onwards (T3). Depression and anxiety symptoms were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A). Expected Influence (EI) and Bridge Expected Influence (Bridge EI) were used to identify central and bridge symptoms in the network. Network stability and accuracy tests were performed. Among the Chinese migrant older adults, the anxiety prevalence was 18.50% at T1, 21.11% at T2, and 9.38% at T3. The prevalence of depression was 26.95% at T1, 55.44% at T2, and 60.24% at T3. The primary central symptoms included 'Afraid something will happen' (A2), 'Irritability' (A6), 'Panic' (A7), 'Feeling of worthlessness' (D6), 'Anhedonia' (D1), and 'Feeling of fear' (A5). The major bridge symptoms included 'Feeling of fear' (A5), 'Panic' (A7), 'Irritability' (A6), 'Fatigue' (D4), 'Anhedonia' (D1), and 'Depressed or sad mood' (D2). Differences in network structure were observed across the periods. The network analysis further revealed the evolving relationships between central and bridge symptoms over time, highlighting the importance of targeted intervention strategies for central and bridge symptoms of comorbid depression and anxiety at different periods.

Box Type Minor Bridge on Small Rivers in Alluvial Region

Since time immemorial, humankind has been using various techniques to cross the rivers, streams or any depression without closing or obstructing the original flow through a structure called bridge. With the span of time and advancements in civil engineering, several types of bridges have come into existence like wooden, steel, masonry arches, RCC and pre stressed concrete bridges. Indian Roads Congress categorizes three types of the bridges on the basis of length i.e. culverts up to 6.0 m, minor bridges above 6.0 m to maximum 60.0 m length and major bridges above 60.0 m. In present scenario, minor bridges over small rivers has become necessary for development and prosperity of nation as most of the roads have to cross small rivers at several places to connect remotest corner of the country. Bridges, though a manmade structure, over a period become an important part of environment because in most of the cases water flowing below is used for drinking, irrigation and underground recharging. The alluvial region of India spread from Punjab to West Bengal has a peculiar nature because soil is almost soft in nature consisting of mainly sand, clay and silt which is fertile for vegetation. Water retention and its movement condition are high throughout the year. Several type of water bodies which exists in this type of region are pond, small drain, small and medium rivers which drains into the big rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gomati and Sai etc. Since long time, road system on the earthen track and pucca has been introduced for traffic like chart, chariot and motorized vehicle. There were little number of bridges over major rivers i.e. bridge alone to cross over the river Ganga except in few places like Allahabad, Kanpur and Varanasi and over the Ghaghra Algine bridge, Maghighat, Bhatni. Some bridges were constructed over small and medium rivers in medevial period by local rulers and businesspersons, which have now become obsolete. It is found that most of the bridges are of masonry arches wooden and trusses having insufficient water and carriageway. After independence, the road network system has been improved to meet out socio economic needs of people. The new bridges have been constructed with standard road width and sufficient waterway. Study has been conducted for existing new constructed bridge system over small river and alluvial region of Uttar Pradesh to set guidance for future course of action in replacing and providing new bridges to optimize the needs of the people. Bridge system being provided over small & minor rivers for the road network for new and replacement of older bridge at different site is varying from place to place. For this purpose, study has been conducted for sustainable option of minor bridges over small rivers discharge up to 300 m3 /s. It is found that the box type minor bridges are best option on small & minor rivers.

Major Bridges of Bangladesh: Engineering Marvels and Infrastructural Icons

Bangladesh is a riverine nation in South Asia with a 580 km coastline on the northern littoral of the Bay of Bengal. Our country has 213 rivers, and 20 significant bridges have been built. As populations grow and urban and rural landscapes evolve, the demand for innovative and efficient bridge structures becomes increasingly apparent. With its numerous rivers and water bodies, Bangladesh has faced the challenge of providing efficient and safe transportation infrastructure. Over the years, the construction of significant bridges has become crucial for connecting regions, promoting economic growth, and enhancing accessibility. This paper explores the historical background, geographical challenges, and economic significance of major bridge projects in Bangladesh. This paper looks at how bridges in Bangladesh have changed over time, focusing on essential projects that helped shape the country's infrastructure. The paper studies explicitly main bridges like Padma Bridge, Jamuna Bridge, and Shah Amanat, Lalon Shah, and others in Bangladesh. It looks at their designs, how they were built, and how they contribute to the country's development. Factors including the span length, site conditions, aesthetics, and engineering considerations influence the choice of bridge type.

Lessons from Bridge Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and Their Implications for the Development of Cyber-Physical Systems

This paper summarizes the lessons learned after several decades of exploring and applying Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in operating bridge structures. The challenges in real-time imaging and processing of large amounts of sensor data at various bandwidths, synchronization, quality check and archival, and most importantly, the interpretation of the structural condition, performance, and health are necessary for effective applications of SHM to major bridges and other infrastructures. Writers note that such SHM applications have served as the forerunners of cyber infrastructures, which are now recognized as the key to smart infrastructures and smart cities. Continued explorations of SHM in conjunction with control, therefore, remain vital for assuring satisfactory infrastructure system performance at the operational, damageability, and safety limit-states in the future. Researchers in the SHM of actually constructed systems, given their experience in monitoring major structures in the field, are well positioned to contribute to these vital needs. Especially, SHM researchers who have learned how to integrate the contributions from various disciplines such as civil, electrical, mechanical, and materials engineering; computer and social sciences; and architecture and urban planning would appear to be well equipped and could become instrumental in assessing the health and performance of urban regions, which today must function by optimizing and balancing the needs of Livability, Sustainability, and Resilience (LSR).

Construction Monitoring and Results Analysis of a Certain Major Bridge

The construction method of continuous beam bridges is mostly cantilever casting in place, which has a long construction period and complex process, and is influenced by various factors. Therefore, it can have many adverse effects on the internal forces and deformation of the main beam. To ensure that the line shape of the main beam meets the design and regulatory requirements and that the internal forces of the completed bridge are close to the theoretical design values, ensuring the safe construction of the bridge, it is necessary to monitor the entire construction process of the bridge. This paper takes a certain major bridge as the background, monitors the entire construction process of the main bridge, collects the deflection values at control points and stress values at control interfaces at each construction stage, and compares the measured values with theoretical results. This allows for a comprehensive understanding of the line shape changes and safety conditions of the bridge, assures the reliability and safety of the structure during construction, ensures that the relative elevation deviation of the closure section is less than the permitted values by standards, and makes sure that the line shape of the main beam after completion meets the design specifications.

Application of model updating to a large‐scale hybrid simulation

AbstractModel updating can enhance hybrid simulation by utilizing the experimental data from the physically tested substructure to update the parameters of like‐components in the numerical substructure throughout the test, improving the overall accuracy and reducing the extent of the experimental setup. Identifying and updating parameters can be challenging, especially when coupling between degrees of freedom (DOF) must be considered or the specimen experiences loading scenarios which result in newly observed behavior. To explore the performance of model updating under these challenging conditions, a large‐scale hybrid simulation was conducted using a model of a major toll bridge with seismic isolation lead rubber bearings (LRB). One LRB is physically tested considering axial, shear, and rotational loading, while the remainder of the bearings are simulated and updated with a phenomenological model within the numerical substructure. A weighted adaptive constrained unscented Kalman filter is applied as the online model updating algorithm. The study explored the effect of learning over different loading patterns, the selection of initial model parameters, and the selection of the physically tested substructure. The improvement of numerical model hysteresis performance accuracy of the force prediction demonstrates the benefits of model updating in large‐scale hybrid simulation.

A Case Study for Stability Analysis of Toppling Slope under the Combined Action of Large Suspension Bridge Loads and Hydrodynamic Forces in a Large Reservoir Area

The foundation of a large river crossing bridge is often located on high and steep slopes in mountainous area, and the stability of the slope has a significant impact on the safety of the bridge. Not only the bridge load, but also the hydro-dynamical action in the reservoir area has a significant impact on the stability of the bank slope where the bridge foundation is located, especially for the toppling bank slope. This paper takes the stability of the toppling bank slope where the one major bridge foundation is located at on the Lancang River in China as an example. Through on-site exploration, drilling data and core conditions, and television images of the borehole, the geological structure of the on-site bank slope were conducted. Based on the development of the dumping body obtained from on-site exploration, corresponding indicators have been proposed from the perspectives of rock inclination, deformation, and rock quality to clarify the degree of dumping along the depth of the bank slope. The failure mechanism of the overturned bank slope under the action of a bridge was analyzed from a mechanical perspective. Numerical simulations were conducted using GeoStudio 2018:SEEP/W and FLAC3D 6.0 software to analyze the failure modes of bridge loads and hydrodynamic forces under different water levels and rainfall conditions. The seepage field characteristics, failure modes, and stability characteristics were analyzed from a two-dimensional perspective, while the displacement characteristics, plastic zone, and stress–strain characteristics were explored from a three-dimensional perspective, which revealed the evolution mode of overturned deformation under the action of bridge foundation loads. Finally, the stability of the wide slope was numerically calculated using the strength reduction method, and the stability calculation data was combined with the numerical simulation results to determine the optimal location of the bridge foundation.

Association of risk perception and transport mode choice during the temporary closure of a major inner-city road bridge: results of a cross-sectional study

BackgroundSince air pollution and physical inactivity pose major public health risks, switching from cars to alternatives like public transport, cycling, and walking is important. Therefore, it is beneficial to identify key events for changes of mode choice.MethodsWe examined the association between risk perception and mode choice during the temporary closure of a road bridge between two major German cities in early 2020 using binary and multinomial regression models.Results679 people participated in the survey. We found that 22% of car users switched to alternatives. The higher the perceived health risk from traffic-related air pollution, the more likely car users switched to alternatives (odds ratio [OR] = 1.76, 95% CI [1.14, 2.71]).DiscussionAttitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control were associated with maintaining but not with switching transport modes. In conclusion, the closure of a main road bridge may present a key event. To explain mode choice, risk perception is a potential extension to the theory of planned behavior.

Cryo-EM captures a unique conformational rearrangement in 23S rRNA helices of the Mycobacterium 50S subunit

Structural investigations of the ribosomes isolated from pathogenic and non-pathogenic Mycobacterium species have identified several mycobacteria-specific structural features of ribosomal RNA and proteins. Here, we report structural evidence of a hitherto unknown conformational switch of mycobacterium 23S rRNA helices (H54a and H67-H71). Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures (~3–4 Å) of the M. smegmatis (Msm) log-phase 50S ribosomal subunit revealed conformational variability in H67-H71 region of the 23S rRNA, and manifested that, while H68 possesses the usual stretched conformation in one class of the maps, another one exhibits a bulge-out, fused density of H68-H69 at the inter-subunit surface, indicating an intrinsic dynamics of these rRNA helices. Remarkably, altered conformation of H68 forming a more prominent bulge-out structure at the inter-subunit surface of the 50S subunit due to the conformational rearrangements of 23S rRNA H67-H71 region was clearly visualized in a 3 Å cryo-EM map of the 50S subunit obtained from the stationary phase ribosome dataset. The Msm50S subunit having such bulge-out conformation at the intersubunit surface would be incompatible for associating with the 30S subunit due to its inability to form major inter-subunit bridges. Evidently, availability of active 70S ribosome pool can be modulated by stabilizing either one of the H68 conformation.

The role of signaling crosstalk of microglia in hippocampus on progression of ageing and Alzheimer's disease

Based on single-cell sequencing of the hippocampi of 5× familiar Alzheimer's disease (5× FAD) and wild type mice at 2-, 12-, and 24-month of age, we found an increased percentage of microglia in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice. Blood brain barrier injury may also have contributed to this increase. Immune regulation by microglia plays a major role in the progression of aging and AD, according to the functions of 41 intersecting differentially expressed genes in microglia. Signaling crosstalk between C−C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) and major histocompatibility complex-1 bridges intercellular communication in the hippocampus during aging and AD. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) and colony stimulating factor (CSF) signals drive 5× FAD to deviate from aging track to AD occurrence among intercellular communication in hippocampus. Microglia are involved in the progression of aging and AD can be divided into 10 functional types. The strength of the interaction among microglial subtypes weakened with aging, and the CCL and CSF signaling pathways were the fundamental bridge of communication among microglial subtypes.

Smart bridge maintenance using cluster merging algorithm based on self-organizing map optimization

Bridge structures deteriorate due to various factors, and their maintenance can be made more efficient by utilizing relevant information. This paper describes an algorithm called Self-Organizing Map-based Cluster Merging (SOMCM) using a multi-dimensional matrix composite neural network, and a surface image identification system. The algorithm is designed to investigate the relevance between the main components of bridges and their types of deterioration. 6140 records on bridge maintenance were collected for all bridges in the Taoyuan region of Taiwan in 2021. The SOMCM algorithm involves finding the winner neuron through merging processes. 61 clusters were merged into 8 clusters after a predetermined number of iterations. Clustering analysis of the final 8 clusters revealed 9 major bridge maintenance association rules. Follow-up studies can apply the algorithm to integrate more technologies including GIS coordinates, material availability, real-time traffic conditions, and weather information to be of benefit to engineering practitioners.

Monitoring the dynamic response of a pedestrian bridge by using low-cost GNSS receivers

The development of low-cost GNSS receivers with carrier-phase measurement capacity has led to low-budget GNSS applications of higher accuracy and precision. Recent studies have mainly been carried out with those low-cost receivers for landslide monitoring and achieved promising results. In this study, the performance of two closely-spaced high-rate low-cost GNSS receivers was assessed against the robotic total station (RTS) and geodetic GNSS receiver in monitoring the dynamic response of a major pedestrian suspension bridge at the mid-span. Potential accuracy improvement by the combination of two low-cost GNSS time-series was also examined. It was proved that multi-GNSS solution is required to resolve potential outliers and offsets of the low-cost GNSS time-series, due to cycle slip induced errors. The analysis of the low-cost GNSS time-series showed that the low-cost GNSS receivers can estimate (i) the main dominant frequencies of the bridge with the same accuracy as the geodetic-grade GNSS receiver and (ii) the amplitude of the bridge response with difference of ∼3 mm with respect the geodetic GNSS receiver due to higher noise level. This study revealed the prospect of utilising low-cost GNSS sensors in monitoring dynamic displacement with frequency of 1–3 Hz, corresponding to relatively rigid structures (e.g., short span bridges, etc.).

Seismic Response Analysis of Rock-Socketed Piles in Karst Areas under Vertical Loads

Karst landforms constitute one of the most harmful geological conditions, which have an adverse effect on the deep foundation structures of bridges. During earthquakes, the existence of karst caves can cause serious seismic damage to the bridge pile foundation. In order to investigate the seismic response of rock-socketed piles under vertical loads in complex karst cave conditions, finite element numerical simulation analyses were carried out, referring to the practical major bridge structure rock-socketed pile project in China. The peak strain distributions of rock-socketed pile foundation influenced by single-karst cave factors under the combined action of vertical loads and ground motions were investigated, and the influences of complex multi-caves were further explored. The results showed that the restraint effect of the bedrock near the pile would gradually decrease with the increase of the height of the karst cave and the decrease of the height of the karst cave roof; under the condition of a beaded karst cave, the constraint of bedrock between the karst caves makes the pile present the distribution characteristics of “multi-segment and multi-broken line”; under the condition of an underlying karst cave, the existence of the underlying karst cave would decrease the restraint of the bedrock at the bottom pile and increase the peak strain of the pile to a certain extent. This paper revealed the seismic response law of the rock-socketed pile under vertical loads within various complex karst cave conditions and developed reasonable reinforcement measures aiming at dangerous locations, providing important engineering guidance and a reference for the seismic design of rock-socketed pile foundation in complex karst areas.

Repair of Cracks in Nicol Blocks of a Reinforced Earth Wall

Abstract: Bangladesh's first access-controlled expressway is the Dhaka-Khulna (N-8) Expressway. The project consists of 8 lane road of 55 km length, 54 culverts, 20 underpasses, 2 interchanges, 4 major bridges, 25 minor bridges, and 5 flyovers. Teghoria Interchange of this project is structured with 19 Reinforced Earth Wall, out of which a crack appeared in a wall that has 146 meters length and 7 meters height. Detailed inspection and analysis were followed by repair and rectification work. The aim of this paper was to find out the likely causes of this crack, discuss detailed retrofitting methodology and bring forth some recommendation. This crack may form due to weak workmanship during compaction and installation of tendons of reinforced earth, environmental load, heavy-loaded vehicle travel above the RE wall etc. The specialist team of the consultants of the project and experts from development partner inspected the problem and worked out how to repair the cracked area. The development partner developed repair methodology and executed the crack repair work as well as the treatment plan under strict supervision of consultants. Surface preparation, preparation of precast veneer & epoxy-based mortar, placement and finishing work make up the treatment process.

A review of the FIVA project: Novel windows employing vacuum glazing products

Vacuum glazing products have been in development for the past decades. Such glazing products regularly feature two parallel glass panes that have a small, evacuated gap in their interstitial space. To maintain the vacuum and the form of the glass product, regularly vacuum tight edge seals and a grid of distance pillars are integrated. During the years of development, the major focus was set on the production and durability aspects of the glass products, but relatively few efforts had been conducted towards the integration of such glass products into window constructions. Employing typically used double- and triple glazing windows’ frames does not represent a feasible option. This is due to the specification given by vacuum glazing products, such as their small thickness and the requirement for sufficient glass edge coverage due to the major thermal bridge adjacent to the edge seal.The authors, together with major players from the window producing industry, started a R&D effort that targeted disruptive new concepts for vacuum glass windows. Four different designs were developed that not only integrated vacuum glass products, but also featured unusual opening patterns, the latest generation of electrically driven fitting products, and specific seals. The thermal and acoustical performance of the prototypes was improved during the development via employment of numeric thermal simulation and lab testing. The present contribution illustrates the four prototypes and their performance, which – for instance – pertaining to the UW-value is down to 0.6–0.7 W · m−2 · K−1 at a glass thickness of less than 1 cm.

Effect of Job Security on Employee Performance in Berger Construction Company in Nigeria

Securing and retaining a job is the desire of most, if not every employee, especially in the face of high rates of unemployment occasioned by several factors globalisation, harsh economic conditions, high mobility of labour and so on. On the demand side, organisations also seek to attract high flyers to ensure peak performance in order to attain set objectives. Between these two sides, several determinants are key to the realization of these objectives, chief amongst which is Job Security. One could say it is the major bridge linking the two. The study examined the effect of Job Security on employees performance at Berger Construction Company in Nigeria. The study adopted the survey research design. The population of the study consists of 518 employees of Berger Construction Company in Nigeria which was also used as the sample size. The method of data collection was a questionnaire which was administered to the respondents. The statistical tools adopted for this study were correlation and simple regression models. The findings revealed that there is a positive and significant effect of job security on employees performance in Berger Construction Company in Nigeria. The study recommended that Berger Construction Company should continue to ensure the effective promotion of their employees to higher statuses and higher positions and also ensure they improve their salary system.

Structural Health Monitoring of Large-Scale Bridges: A Synopsis of the Padma Bridge

In the recent decade, the concept of "structural health monitoring," or SHM, has gained prominence due to its promise of reflecting the condition of structures and facilitating the monitoring of their behavior. Bangladesh is a country with a long coastline, thus it is unfortunate that the SHM system has not been more widely deployed on the country's many highway bridges across rivers. Saving money on manpower, remote monitoring allows for accurate, up-to-date assessments of a bridge's structural soundness. Recent developments in sensor, communication, and storage technologies have made a worldwide SHM system for infrastructures possible. The primary goal of this investigation is to assess the performance of the structural health monitoring system on the Padma Multipurpose Bridge. Recent developments in SHM's integration with ITS show the usefulness of ITS devices (such as traffic cameras and traffic detectors) in analyzing bridge responses to multimodal traffic with varying loads or during critical events that cause excessive vibration beyond the normal limit, which can be of great assistance in tackling the Padma bridge's serviceability challenge. Integrating information from an ITS device with SHM may increase the reliability and precision of the SHM system. As a consequence of this integration, the SHM system would be less likely to misdiagnose damages (i.e., vibrations caused by big cars on a bridge may be perceived by a SHM sensor as a structural health concern of the bridge), resulting in decreased maintenance costs. This investigative study provided a summary of the SHM systems now in place for major bridges in Bangladesh, such as the spectacular Padma Bridge, and discussed their use and appropriateness in the near and far future.

Connectedness among El Niño-Southern Oscillation, carbon emission allowance, crude oil and renewable energy stock markets: Time- and frequency-domain evidence based on TVP-VAR model

Understanding the interactions among climate change, carbon emission allowance trading, crude oil and renewable energy stock markets, especially the role of climate change in this system is of great significance for policy makers, energy producers/consumers and relevant investors. The present paper aims to quantify the time-varying connectedness effects among the four factors by using the TVP-VAR based extensions of both time- and frequency-domain connectedness index measurements proposed by Antonakakis et al. (2020) and Ellington and Barunik (2021) [8,48]. The empirical results suggest that, firstly, the average total connectedness among climate change, carbon emission allowance trading, crude oil and renewable energy stock markets is not so strong for the heterogenous fundamentals underlying them. Nevertheless, the time-varying total connectedness fluctuates fiercely through May 2005 to September 2021, varying from about 8% to 30% and rocket to very high levels during the global subprime mortgage crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the total connectedness mainly centers on the short-term frequency, i.e., 1–3 months. Secondly, climate change is generally the leading information contributor among the four factors, although not particularly strong, and its leading role also performs mainly on the short-term frequency (1–3 months). Thirdly, renewable energy stock market and crude oil market show tight interactions between them and they are the two major bridges of information exchanges across various time frequencies (horizons) in this system. Finally, we confirm the evidence that the primary net connectedness contributor and receiver switch frequently across different time frequencies, implying that it is extremely essential for policy makers, energy producers/consumers and investors to make time-horizon-specific regulatory, production/purchasing or investment decisions when facing the uncertain effects of climate change on the interactions among carbon emission allowance, crude oil and renewable energy stock markets.