Majapahit Research Articles

Ancient Disaster, the Cause of the Burial of the Kumitir Archeological Site

The Kumitir site, associated with the Majapahit Empire, is a significant archeological discovery. Archeologists from the East Java Cultural Heritage Preservation Center (BPCB), uncovered a structure at this site, buried beneath boulder-sized rocks. According to historical literature, the collapse of Majapahit was caused by volcanic eruptions from the Anjasmoro, Arjuno, or Welirang complexes. Therefore, this study aimed to recreate the gravity-driven mass flow covering the Kumitir Site. Geological surveys, including sediment structure analysis and grain orientation measurements, were conducted to provide new information on paleocurrent and ancient sedimentary processes at the site. Digital Elevation Map (DEM) and the Laharz simulation tool facilitated the creation of reconstructed lahar flow maps using open-source DEM data with an eight-meter resolution. The results of the boulder analysis showed that a paleochannel played a significant role in the burial site, with two sources identified, namely Mount Welirang (Welirang alluvial fan) and the Anjasmoro complex (Old Jatirejo alluvial fan). Meanwhile, the combination of methods applied signified the direction of the Welirang alluvial fan (ESE-NNW) and the Jatirejo Tua alluvial fan (SSW-NNE). Volumes of 9 million m3 and 65 million m3 were the most relevant parameters for estimating the lahar flows of the western and eastern craters, respectively.

Pelestarian Gapura Wringin Lawang Sebagai Potensi Sarana Edukasi di Trowulan

This research focuses on the preservation of the Wringin Lawang Gate, a cultural heritage site in Trowulan, Mojokerto, which has historical value as a relic of the Majapahit Kingdom. A descriptive qualitative approach is used to evaluate the physical condition, accessibility, community participation, and educational potential contained in this site. The findings show that although the arch structure is still sturdy, there is damage to certain parts due to age and weather factors. Access to this site is quite good, but the supporting facilities are still limited. Educational activities at the Wringin Lawang Gate are still not optimal and require the development of a more structured program. The participation of local communities in site preservation already exists, but needs to be increased through active involvement in education and conservation activities. Recommendations for site managers include improving educational programs through modern technology such as augmented reality, as well as the development of supporting facilities to maximize the potential of the Wringin Lawang Gate as an effective and sustainable educational facility.

KAJIAN STILISTIKA BERORIENTASI DIKSI YANG BERINDIKASI NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER PROFIL PELAJAR PANCASILA PADA KUMPULAN PUISI BULAN TERTUSUK LALANG KARYA D. ZAWAWI IMRON SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF BAHAN AJAR DI SMK

This research aims to describe how D. Zawawi Imron manipulates or utilizes diction that indicates the character education value of the Pancasila Student Profile as well as the effects caused by the use of this diction in the collection of poems Bulan Tertusuk Lalang and used as an alternative for Indonesian teaching material in vocational schools. This research applies a qualitative descriptive method using a stylistic approach. This research uses data from the poetry collection Bulan Tertusuk Lalang by D. Zawawi Imron and Indonesian language teaching materials at vocational schools. Data collection was carried out using library study techniques. The results of this research are, D. Zawawi Imron manipulates or utilizes language in ways, namely: (1) using words that contain denotational and connotative meanings through expressions (2) using word data with the Pancasila Student Profile as an indirect way of expressing reality. The effect of D. Zawawi Imron's use of diction in the collection of poems Bulan Tertusuk Lalang is that readers can find out the meaning and message of the collection of the poems as well as provide characteristics of the language used by D. Zawawi Imron. As an alternative Indonesian language teaching material in vocational schools because it meets the requirements and criteria for good teaching material or materials. Interestingly, apart from the meaning of connotation and denotation, in these poems we also find archaic diction (ancient words that are no longer commonly used).One of the functions of this archaic diction is as a means of generating visual images for readers and the value of character education with the Pancasila Student Profile. Apart from that, you can also find understanding related to the holy book Al-Quran, stories of the prophet, history of the Majapahit kingdom, and philosophical theories. The results of data analysis also show that this stylistic study can be used as teaching material for Indonesian language and literature in module form.

Designing a Game Board to Educate Children in Getting to Know the History of the Majapahit Kingdom

This research aims to design a game board that attracts attention and is educational regarding the introduction to the history of the Majapahit kingdom, which includes the Majapahit kings and the stories of each king. An introduction to the history of the kingdom is a history lesson which is now a mandatory lesson. By studying the kingdom's history, it is hoped that children can understand historical values to form characters who love their homeland. I designed this game board to be an interactive medium as a fun lesson for children. The author designed an educational game board with interesting game components to increase interest and help children learn about the history and kings of the Majapahit kingdom. This game board was designed using a method based on the book 5 Phases of Design Graphic Process 4th. Edition by Robin Landa as follows: (1) Orientation. (2) Analysis and Strategy. (3) Conceptual Design. (4) Design Development. Lastly (5) Implementation. The result obtained in the assessment through a questionnaire that was tested at SD.N.067256 which is located on Jl.Paku.Tanah Six Hundred, kec.Medan Marelan and also for children un the author’s home environment, it can be concluded that more 85% of student and children respondents are interested in playing this educational board game as a medium for learning about the history of the Majapahit kingdom.

A Preliminary Study of Past Geological Disasters in the Trowulan Majapahit Cultural Heritage Area, Mojokerto Regency, East Java

Abstract Numerous sites found buried in the Trowulan Cultural Heritage Area makes the area suspected of being the capital of the Majapahit Kingdom (13-15th century). The condition of the buried site raises an assumption of a past catastrophic event that hit and buried part of Trowulan area, causing the downfall of the Majapahit Kingdom. This assumption is supported by the existence of several books and inscriptions from the Majapahit Kingdom period that record events interpreted as geological disasters. Although there is a lot of evidence, however, what kind of geological disaster that hit the Trowulan area is not known for certain. This study aims to identify what kind geological disasters that buried the Trowulan Capital area based on previous studies and GIS analysis. The results inferred that flash floods and volcanic eruptions contributed to the burial of Trowulan Capital Region, which is supported by the geographical conditions of the capital city of Trowulan where the northern part is a flood plain and the southern part is part of the Jatirejo alluvial fan. Stratigraphic data collection needs to be carried out in the future as supporting evidence to know the detailed sequence of disaster events and the direction of the disaster flow.

The Role of Gunawan Setiawan's Batik Industry in the Education Process and Maintaining Batik Cultural Symbols in the Community

Batik is one of the handicrafts that has high artistic value which has been passed down from generation to generation by the ancestors of the Indonesian nation since the Majapahit Kingdom and continues to be preserved today. However, we have discovered the reality that currently there are still many people who do not fully understand the meaning or philosophy behind batik motifs. Through this, it is necessary to have an educational process for the community, one of which can be carried out by the batik industry. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview regarding how the educational process carried out by Kampung Batik Kauman, especially Batik Gunawan Setiawan, is to provide a comprehensive understanding of batik to the public. This research was conducted in Surakarta, namely in Kauman Batik Village, precisely in Gunawan Setiawan Batik. The research method used is a qualitative research method with a case study approach. The results showed that there were several educational processes carried out by Batik Gunawan Setiawan, such as creating a batik gallery, conducting batik exhibitions and holding batik training. Furthermore, the process of batik education in the community is analyzed using Structural-Functional Theory - Radcliffe Brown as a countermeasure to tensions. As he stated that culture is not to satisfy individuals but to fulfill the social structure of society and emerge to overcome tensions such as theft of cultural identity due to the lack of public concern regarding local culture.

Peran, Fungsi, dan Pengakuan UNESCO dalam MOW Kepada Indonesia Tentang Naskah Negarakertagama sebagai Memori Kolektif

The Negarakertagama manuscript is a historic manuscript that must be preserved since it contains information from the Majapahit Kingdom's era. The problem arose are the threat of the manuscript not to be claimed by other nations, the threat losing documentary heritage due to war and the threat of geographical factors in Indonesia. The aim of the research is analysing the role, function, and recognition of UNESCO to protect the manuscript belongs to Indonesia in the memory of the world program. The research methodologies applied are qualitative (data collection techniques includes observations, visual analysis of literature studies, and interviews) and analytic descriptions. The theory utilized is an international organization and collective memory. The result of this study finds that UNESCO has four international organization roles which are mentioned as information, normative, operational, and rolesupervisory. The dominating function is the operational functions and is an actor to ask for collaboration. The collective memory finds that the manuscript of Negarakertagama is a genuine source of literacy regarding the history of the Majapahit Kingdom which is now safeguarded by the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia after survives the spoils of war with the help of Brandes, a Dutch philologist.

COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM PERSPECTIVE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL TOURISM VILLAGE “KAMPUNG MAJAPAHIT” IN BEJIJONG VILLAGE, TROWULAN DISTRICT, MOJOKERTO REGENCY

This study aims to determine the role of “Gajah Mada” institution in the management of “Kampung Majapahit” Cultural Tourism Village based on the perspective of community-based tourism in Bejijong Village, Trowulan District, Mojokerto Regency. “Kampung Majapahit” Cultural Tourism Village is a tourist village destination that offers local wisdom in the forms of a heritage site of the Majapahit Kingdom. The management of “Kampung Majapahit” Cultural Tourism Village engages local community under an independent institution “Gajah Mada” institution. However, several attractions that are not optimally managed by the Bejijong Village community, one of which is the Majapahit house. In this qualitative research, case study approach was employed to determine the role of “Gajah Mada” institution in the management of the “Kampung Majapahit” Cultural Tourism Village within the perspective of community-based tourism. The results of this research showed that the management of “Kampung Majapahit” Cultural Tourism Village by the “Gajah Mada” institution incorporates several roles that align with a community-based tourism approach, from its structure to its principles. In general, the management was not yet optimal due to some obstacles in the management of Mahavihara Majapahit, temple and Majapahit house. It is expected that “Gajah Mada” institution implement the community-based tourism to enhance the management of the attractions.

Back to the past: The roots of Indonesian middlepowermanship

This article challenges prevalent perspectives on Indonesian foreign policy by delving into the nuanced intricacies of the country's strategic culture, especially from its role as a middle power. The conventional understanding categorizes Indonesia as capable of embracing either a status quo or revisionist stance. However, this analysis proposes a comprehensive re-evaluation through the lens of strategic culture theory to decipher the distinctive approach of Indonesian middlepowermanship. The argument posits that Indonesian leaders draw inspiration from and strategically utilize the historical legacies of pre-modern kingdoms—specifically, the Majapahit and Mataram kingdoms. These ancient empires serve as pivotal references in shaping contemporary foreign policy orientations. The Majapahit kingdom becomes instrumental when Indonesia pursues revisionist-like foreign policies, seeking to assert its influence and challenge established norms. Conversely, the Mataram kingdom's legacy is invoked when the state aims to maintain a status quo, prioritizing stability and regional harmony. By scrutinizing these historical paradigms, this article unpacks the intricate interplay between Indonesia's strategic culture, its historical antecedents, and its foreign policy orientations. It seeks to provide a more nuanced understanding of Indonesian middlepowermanship, elucidating the adaptive utilization of historical narratives in shaping the country's geopolitical behavior on the modern global stage.

Colonial Version of The Chinese Chronicles from Sam Po Kong Temple As a Historical Evidence

This article discusses the result of research on a manuscript called Chinese Chronicles on Sam Po Kong Temple found in a manuscript from Cirebon. This research used a historical method consisting of 4 stages: heuristics, criticism interpretation, and historiography using analytic descriptive method. This research aims to prove that the chronicles are as secondary historical evidence, not a primary one. These Chinese chronicles are a copy of the manuscript. It is estimated that the copy was made in the Dutch colonial era after 1928. The Chronicles tell the life of the Moslem Chinese in Nusantara, especially Java Island, after Cheng Ho’s voyage to Nusantara when it was still under Majapahit kingdom sovereignty.

Religious and Cultural Embodiment in the Land of Osing: A Portrait of Hadrami Community in Banyuwangi, East Java

This paper investigates the portrait of Hadrami community in the land of Osing in Banyuwangi, East Java. Banyuwangi is one of the legendary towns where the Majapahit kingdom’s heritage was well preserved. This town is associated with indigenous ethnic people known as Osing, who have their own traditions, language, customs, and culture. Madurese, Javanese, Sundanese, Chinese, Europeans, and Hadramis are among the other ethnic groups that inhabit this region. Its diversity of languages, ethnic groups, and religions made Banyuwangi a welcoming place for Hadramis for centuries. During the Dutch East Indies, Hadramis conducted extensive trade via the island’s South Sea; this area was a trading port in East Javat. Hadrami community have permanently lived in the land of Osing since the early 18th century, bringing their livelihood, inter-ethnic marriage, Islamic teachings, and Arab culture. Therefore, this research examines religious and cultural embodiments between native people and Hadrami community in the land of Osing. The findings of this research show that Hadrami community in the land of Osing adopted local language for Islamic da‘wah. Furthermore, the Hadrami community has had a cultural impact on fashion, food, music, and religious tourism, with umrah and hajj becoming increasingly popular among native people since the late nineteenth century.

Eksplorasi Teks Budaya Hindu di Lereng Gunung Rahung Kabupaten Banyuwangi Kajian Antropolinguistik

One of the ethnic groups that has a long cultural history is the Javanese ethnic group that inhabits on a Mountain Slopes - Raung in the Banyuwangi Regency, East Java. The Javanese ethnic group on the slopes of Mountain Raung is considered that have already known yulis reading since Majapahit kingdom, and therefore this Javanese ethnic group has cultural remained in the form of writing which were known as Cultural texts. The analysis used a qualitative descriptive research. Researchers used an anthropolinguistic perspective or theoretical framework which viewed that text was a cultural phenomenon which was an activityof the language use, language is the main focus of study, which was always connected to the cultural context. The results of the research were the text forms that preferred were (1) oral text forms, (2) written text forms, and (3) symbolic text forms. Noun category, namely Attributive Noun Phrases which had the structure Noun (N1) + Noun (N2). Then, written text was text written on a certain media such as signboards and nomenclature. Then, simbolic text was text that stored in cultural artifacts or sites such as temples, padmasana, and statues.

Hubungan Diplomatik Indonesia-Brunei Darussalam Pada Masa Presiden Suharto & Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, 1984-1998

This research aims to explain how Indonesia's Diplomatic Relations with Brunei Darussalam developed in the 1984-1998 period. The research method used is a historical method consisting of heuristics, source criticism or verification, interpretation and historiography. In collecting sources, the author uses sources from contemporary newspapers and source books related to the discussion. The results of this research are that Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam have had good relations since the time of the kingdoms in the archipelago. One proof of this good relationship is the kinship between the Brunei Royal family and the Majapahit Kingdom. During the Guided Democracy era, Indonesia and Brunei had cold relations due to differences in political views between President Sukarno and the Sultan of Brunei Sir Omar Ali Saifuddin III regarding the movement for the Unitary State of North Kalimantan led by A.M. Azahari. During President Suharto's time, Indonesia restarted diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam which began in 1981 until official diplomatic relations in January 1984. In its development until May 1998, Indonesia's diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam went well with a high spirit of friendship. This can be seen through various collaborations in various fields such as politics, economics, education and tourism. The political and economic fields are the most impressive areas in diplomatic relations between the two countries. One of them is that Brunei Darussalam provided an interest-free loan to Indonesia in 1987.

JEJAK MAJAPAHIT: KOMPOSISI MUSIK PROGRAMA BERDASARKAN CERITA LEGENDA AIR MAJAPAHIT DI NEGERI EMA

The history of Air Majapahit is one of the events of the arrival of Princess Majapahit in Negeri Ema which has been told orally from generation to generation. The history of Majapahit Water can be proven true by the existence of Majapahit kingdom relics in the form of heirloom spears, Gamelan, Betel places and Majapahit springs which are still well preserved in Negeri Ema. Based on this phenomenon, it was then used as a nonmusical concept to work on a musical composition. The composition of Traces of Majapahit is a narrative program musical work which contains elements of the history of Air Majapahit, which was created in the form of varied music and using western instruments. The process of creating the musical composition Traces of Majapahit went through several stages, namely (1) exploration of literature regarding musical disciplines and observation of Majapahit water history; (2) processing the relationship between musical elements and nonmusical concepts as a basis for the construction of musical compositions; (3) cultivating musical elements into variations using the main theme development procedure from Leon Stein’s theory; (4) presentation of the work in orchestra format. This work contains cultural value in the almost forgotten relationship between the Majapahit kingdom and Negeri Ema, so that through this work it is hoped that the history of Air Majapahit will be preserved.

Semiotics of Prohibited Ornaments (Awisan) in Tamanan Ward

Tamanan Ward is a relic building of the Majapahit kingdom era located in the Keraton Yogyakarta area. The existence of Tamanan Ward is supported by physical evidence, such as the sengkalan in the form of Bethara Gana or Ganesha found at the entrance of the ward and resembles Kori Agung. The Tamanan Ward building is historical evidence of cultural acculturation and depiction of royal heritage from time to time as shown by its ornaments. The ornaments in this building include: Praban motif ornaments and Putri Merong motif ornaments which are referred to as prohibited ornaments (awisan). The awisan ornament is a manifestation of the Sultan's power to organize and build palace buildings that have a broad philosophical meaning. Based on this, the two ornaments that decorate the palace buildings have aesthetic and semiotic functions as a marker. This research aims to explain the meaning and philosophy attached to awisan ornaments in Tamanan Ward through a semiotic approach. The research method used was descriptive qualitative method with data collection technique in the form of literature study through relevant books and journals. The results of this study indicated that, first, the building ornaments of Tamanan Ward were influenced by the visual identity that was present due to the power of the Sultan as King, Second, the analysis of the meaning and function of awisan ornaments can be described using a semiotic approach. Third, the Keraton Yogyakarta building is one of Indonesia's cultural assets and its existence needs to be maintained and preserved.

TRACE OF MARITIME CULTURE AND TRADE OF THE MAJAPAHIT KINGDOM

The problem in this research is how the hegemony of the Majapahit kingdom was and how trade was during the Majapahit kingdom, with the aim of the research being to find out the hegemony and trade of the Majapahit kingdom. The research method used is the library study research method, which means collecting information that is relevant to the topic or problem that is the object of research. The research results show that the Majapahit kingdom was the largest Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Indonesia which was founded by Raden Wijaya in 1293-1527 in the 13th to 16th centuries. During the Majapahit kingdom, trade was not carried out freely. To regulate the rhythm of trade, along with taxes, in the royal bureaucracy there was a rakryan kanuruhan or "grand chancellor" who was tasked with managing foreign traders or merchants from other islands in the archipelago. The development of maritime trade in the Java Sea was closely tied to India in the early days, then expanded in the 3rd to 6th centuries with China. Specifically with China, trade is carried out by selling or purchasing unloaded cargo destined for or originating from foreign markets, or selling local products. Trading activities are focused on ports. Most imported goods are channeled into the country through a dense market circulation network.

Eksistensi Cerita Cupak Gerantang Pada Masyarakat Bali dan Lombok

The story of Cupak Gerantang is existence in Bali and Lombok society. This story is a continuation of Old Javanese literature which existed rapidly during the Majapahit Empire. In Bali, this story is written on palm leaves (called ntal) in geguritan form or song story. That’s a continuation of Old Javanese literature which developed rapidly during the glory of the Gelgel Kingdom era. In Lombok, the Cupak Gurantang story is also a continuation of Old Javanese literature, is written in palm leaves too (called takepan) in the Sasak language. The main problem that becomes the topic of discussion include three question. How are existed the Cupak Gerantang story in Bali and Lombok. How are similarties of the Cupak Gerantang story in Bali and Cupak Gurantang story in Lombok. How to use the Cupak Gerantang story for Balinese and Lombok people. Data collection used in-depth interviews, observation, and literature. This method is used to collect qualitative data from primary and secondary data. Based on the results of data collection, the Cupak Gerantang story in Bali and Lombok have similarities. The similarities appear in the origins, storylines, values, and moral messages. The difference lies in the location setting, the names of the supporting characters, and the method of staging. Both, in Bali and Lombok the Cupak Gurantang story used as entertainment, information media, suggestive function, and veiled resistance. In this story contain to as moral values including the value of togetherness, mutual help, and ethics. That are used as a reference for human activity.

Pandangan Masyarakat Buddha Terhadap Wawasan Buddhayana Dalam Konteks Komunikasi Sosial

Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago located in Southeast Asia. It borders some countries in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia has a diversity of cultures, races, ethnicities, beliefs, religions, and languages. The religions that exist in Indonesia are Christianity, Catholicism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism. Buddhism in Indonesia has developed because of the Buddhayana figures who are very meritorious so we can understand the teachings of Budhayana until now. One of the most influential figures in the development of Buddhism in modern Indonesia is Bhikkhu Ashin Jinarakkhita, better known as Su Kong who was the first person in Indonesia to be ordained as a sangha member after 500 years of the collapse of the Majapahit kingdom in 1953. He brought the concept of Sang Hyang Adi Buddha or the concept of divinity to Indonesia so that Buddhism could be legally recognized in the law. One of the teaching concepts he learned was the concept of Buddhayana. In its development, Buddhayana itself has gone through various dynamics and challenges from various circles of Buddhist society in Indonesia. However, the Buddhayana Movement succeeded in uniting various patterns of Buddhist society. Some of these styles, such as Mahayana, Theravada, and Tantrayana. The view of Buddhayana must be taught to Indonesian people who still do not have a broad insight into Buddhism and the view of Buddhayana itself

Movement of Hindu Religious Education in The Era of The Kingdom of Majapahit

The history of the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms in the Archipelago does not only talk about politics but also about civilization and efforts to improve education. Education is a human need since ancient times. Leaders from various eras attempted to build Educational centers to educate citizens. During the time of the kingdoms in the archipelago, educational centers had been built to develop superior human resources. Majapahit was a large empire in the archipelago that was able to survive for several centuries. As a large empire, Majapahit has a good education system with its institution called mandala kadewaguruan (Education Center). Kadewaguruan is led by a mahāresi who is also called śiddharesi, dewaguru, therefore this education center is called Kadewaguruan. Based on information from various texts, the identifying elements of a religious education center (mandala kadewaguruan ) are: (1) a large place; (2) pottery-ceramics were found; (3) various religious artifacts were found; (4) away from the crowds; and (5) reported in the text. Mandala Kadewaguruan as an educational institution in the Majapahit era divides the education stage into 2 stages, which are called the preparatory stage and the core stage. The article examines in more depth the Hindu education center in the Majapahit era by conducting field research, analyzing research, documents and texts related to Hindu education in the Majapahit era. In this era, education is carried out comprehensively with learning taking place throughout the day. Students can learn various values of life in addition to learning according to the level taught.

KEARIFAN LOKAL TRADISI SADRANAN KALI SEDANDANG DI TLAHAB TEMANGGUNG SEBAGAI BASIS NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER

The study of the Sadranan Kali Sedandang tradition in Tlahab Temanggung as a source of learning local history and character education in the PPK movement in particular has not been carried out in depth by previous researchers. The purpose of the study is to analyze the history of Sadranan Kali Sedandang, the description of the implementation of Sadranan Kali Sedandang, and the values of character education based on local wisdom in the Sadranan Kali Sedandang tradition. The method used in this study is qualitative. The results showed that the history of Sadranan Kali Sedandang in general has a connection with the Shradda tradition that has existed since the time of the Majapahit Kingdom. Sadranan is also carried out as a form of the community's expression of gratitude for the ease of access to water and the abundance of crops. The tradition related to the expression of gratitude for the abundance of water is called Sadranan Kali Sedandang. The implementation of the Sadranan Kali Sedandang tradition begins with cleaning the environment, planting trees, praying together and Slametan. People bring various attributes such as offerings, tumpeng, ingkung from roosters, and market snacks. The Sadranan Kali tradition has the potential to be used as a source of learning local history and character education in the PPK movement.