Maize Gluten Research Articles

Degradation of Anti-Nutritional Factors in Maize Gluten Feed by Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis: A Focused Study on Optimizing Fermentation Conditions

Degradation of Anti-Nutritional Factors in Maize Gluten Feed by Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis: A Focused Study on Optimizing Fermentation Conditions

Ensiling sugar beets: Effect of mixer feed used for co-ensiling on fermentation products and losses when ensiled in vacuum bags

Co-ensiling beets with other feeds allows for year-round feeding of beets and reduces the risk of dry matter (DM) loss as effluent from the silage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of co-ensiling high DM beets with maize and grass/clover silage, grass seed straw, fresh beet pulp, and high DM concentrates (dried beet pulp, wheat distillers’ grain solubles; DDGS, wheat bran, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, soybean hulls, and maize gluten feed) on gaseous weight loss (GWL), loss of effluents, and silage quality. Beets from harvest year 2021 were used to produce two sets of silages in laboratory silos, resulting in a total of 2 pure beet silages and 12 mixed beets silages. GWL was measured by weighing the laboratory silos until 181 days of ensiling. Fermentation was terminated by freezing after 30, 92, and 181 days of ensiling where loss of effluent was also measured. Total GWL was highest in the two pure beet silages (mean ± SEM; 282 ± 5.47 and 250 ± 7.94 g/kg DM, respectively), and differed among the mixed silages depending on mixer feed. Effluent was only observed in the pure beet silage in Set 1. Silage DM content at 181 days of ensiling was lowest for the two pure beet silages (180 ± 10.9 and 165 ± 5.95 g/kg). For all silages, pH was below 4.25 by 30 days of ensiling. Ethanol concentrations at 181 days of ensiling were highest in the two pure beet silages (345 ± 11.5 and 287 ± 11.8 g/kg DM). L-lactate content of pure beet silages was 38.4 ± 1.85 and 31.1 ± 1.21 g/kg DM at 181 days of ensiling. In Set 1, L-lactate content was lower in beets ensiled with maize silage, grass seed straw, dried beet pulp, or DDGS compared to pure beet silage. In Set 2, L-lactate content was higher in beets ensiled with maize gluten feed compared to pure beet silage. Silage concentration of NH3 varied depending on mixer feed. The NH3 content at 181 days of ensiling was 0.817 ± 0.626 and 2.05 ± 0.601 g/kg DM for pure beet silages and was highest in beets ensiled with grass/clover silage in both silage sets (16.4 ± 0.63 and 17.6 ± 0.60 g/kg DM). Co-ensiling beets with forages, high DM concentrates, and protein-rich feeds included in this study lowered fermentation weight loss, eliminated the loss of effluent, and resulted in silages of good fermentation quality.

Nutritional value of extracted soybean, full fat soya and maize gluten meal proteins in comparison to a fish meal based reference diet for fingerling tilapia

A two-month investigation evaluated potential selected plant protein sources compared to fish meal protein in scientifically formulated diets for fingerling tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Six nutritionally balanced diets: one reference (control) diet (fish-meal-based diet), three selected plant proteins (solvent extracted soybean, full fat soybean, and maize gluten) were substituted in the LT (Low Temperature dried) fish-meal-based control diet protein at 50 % respectively, and the remaining diets were replaced with 75% inclusion of solvent extracted soybean and maize gluten meals. Results showed that SESB50, FFSB50 and MG50 fed tilapia did not appreciably differ in their growth performance (final mean weights of 12.07, 10.75 and 9.18% respectively) with a final mean weight of 14.95g being significantly superior for the fish meal control (CO) group. Substitution of fish meal diet with solvent-extracted soybean and maize gluten at levels of 75% gave the poorest growth performance and Feed Efficiency (FE) (7.01g final weight, 51% FE). However, the MG50 dietalso showed some inferior feed utilisation performance. However, tilapia fed on a full fat soybean diet (FFSB50) did not vary significantly from the control (CON) diet in terms of Apparent Net Protein Utilisation (ANPU) at 34.20 and 37.53 percent respectively. Whilst this preliminary study concluded that limitations on the use of the selected plant proteins in diets for tilapia are apparent, several approaches that could result in the future improvement of the nutritional value of soybean and maize gluten products for use in fish diets are also stated.

Effects of different traditional and commercial feed on growth, survival and proximate composition of Rohu (Labeo rohita) reared in the semi-intensive composite culture system.

This study was investigated to assess the effects of different traditional and commercial aqua feed on proximate composition, growth performance and survival rate of Labeo rohita reared in the composite semi-intensive culture system. The aqua feeds of various companies (AMG, Supreme, Aqua, Star Floating, Hi-Pro and Punjab feed) used as commercial feed. Farm made feeds were maize gluten and rice polish. For confidentiality, these feeds were randomly given code labels T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 which were only known to investigating staffs. There were two replicates for each treatment. In this experiment, higher growth rate was observed in T3 as compared to other treatments. Lesser weight gain was observed in the T1 ( 270.30 ± 0.5 ). The maximum body length ( 19.25 ± 2.19) was found in T3. Similarly, the minimum body length (5.97 ± 2.94) was seen in T2. FCR ratio (2.36 ± 0.01 ) was recorded in T3. Simultaneously, FCR (1.86 ± 0.002 ) was also recorded in T4 that is the perfect ratio for farmers. Higher SGR was noted in T3 (1.62 ± 0.05 ). Overall, T4 showed lesser SGR (1.05 ± 0.001 ). T4 showed the higher crude protein ( 28.66 ± 0.24 % ). In the body composition higher level of fat content was recorded in T3 ( 5.46 ± 0.33 %). These outcomes also proved that the rise in the dietary protein level and lipid content can improve the fish's body crude fats and protein level. Thus, based on growth performance, survival and proximate composition. It is concluded that T3 and T4 may be recommended for commercial culture of L. rohita.

Effects of Different Aquafeed Sources on Growth Performance, Oxidative Capacity, and Fatty Acid Profile of Three Carps Reared in the Semi-Intensive Composite Culture System.

The current experiment is designed to evaluate the effect of different aquafeeds (farm-made versus commercial) on growth, body composition, oxidative capacity, and fatty acid profile in the semi-intensive composite culture system. For this, 1,100 fingerlings/acre having initial body weight and length, Labeo rohita (61.34 g, 171 mm), Catla catla (71.45 g, 181 mm), and Cyprinus carpio (30.80 g, 91 mm) were randomly distributed to 16 ponds and randomly fed on eight different diets (n = 2 pond/diet) in a completely randomized research design. Aquafeed were farm-based diets (D1-D2) and commercial aquafeed (D3-D8). The farm-made diets contained various crude protein levels of maize gluten (24.9%) and rice polish (7.3%), whereas commercial diets were procured from commercial feed plants (AMG, Supreme, Aqua, Star Floating, Hi-Pro, and Punjab feed). The growth performance of carps (L. rohita and C. catla) was significantly improved (p < 0.05) by feeding D3 as compared to other diets. Similarly, white blood cell concentration was greater (p < 0.05) in all species fed by D3 than in those fed on D7, D8, D5, D6, D1, and D2 fed groups, respectively. Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine phosphatase activities were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the D3-fed L. rohita, C. catla, and C. carpio compared with those fed on the rest of the treatments. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were also higher (p < 0.05) for the D3 fed L. rohita, C. catla, and C. carpio than those fed on the rest diets. The groups fed on D3 and D4 had greater (p < 0.05) concentrations of myristic (14), palmitic acid (16), and stearic (18) acids than those fed on the rest of the commercial diets. However, meat chemical composition was similar (p > 0.05) across the treatments. These results also prove that the increase in the dietary protein level and lipid content can improve the fish's body's crude protein and fat levels. Feeding D3 improved the production performance, oxidative status, and fatty acid profile in composite major carps culture systems. Thus, based on growth, survival, and body composition, it is concluded that D3 and D4 may be recommended for a commercial culture of major carps. Dietary treatments had no significant impact (p > 0.05) on water's physical-chemical properties. Calcium content and alkalinity varied (p < 0.05), with D5 showing the lowest calcium and the highest alkalinity.

Effects of partially defatted larvae meal of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) on caecal microbiota and volatile compounds of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata domestica)

The present study explored the effects of substituting maize gluten meal with increasing levels of partially defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) in Muscovy ducks’ diets on their caecal microbiota and organic volatile compounds. The ducks were divided into four groups, each receiving a diet containing 0%, 3%, 6%, or 9% BSFLM (HI0, HI3, HI6, and HI9, respectively). At slaughter (50 days of age), caecal samples were collected and analysed. The alpha diversity indexes were lower in the HI9 than in the HI0 and HI3 treatments that did not differ between them. Bacteroidetes in the HI0 and Firmicutes in the HI6 treatment showed a higher abundance than in the HI9 treatment. Faecalibacterium and Megamonas were more abundant in the HI6 than in the HI9 treatment. Abundance of Clostridium and unclassified Coriobacteriaceae were higher and lower, respectively, in the HI9 than in the HI0 treatment. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that Faecalibacterium, unclassified Victivallaceae and Megamonas in relation to Ruminococcus would separate the HI6 and HI9 treatments, while unclassified Coriobacteriaceae in relation to Streptococcus and Faecalibacterium would distinguish the HI0 and HI3 from the HI6 and HI9 treatments. Eleven volatile compounds were more abundant HI9 than in the HI6 treatment. Five of them were negatively correlated with Faecalibacterium and two with Megamonas. These findings indicate that diets with 6% and 9% BSFLM alter the caecal microbiota in Muscovy ducks, while a diet with 3% BSFLM has no effect. The distinct abundance of several volatile compounds in the 6% and 9% BSFLM treatments suggests a relationship between their characteristic microbiota profile and those compounds that warrants further investigation.

Protein from whole-body crayfish homogenate may be a high supplier of leucine or branched-chain amino acids - A call for validation on genus Procambarus sp.

Essential proteinogenic branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), particularly leucine (Leu) have been investigated for their role in enhancing human myofibrillar protein synthesis and biomedical research on tumor models. However, only a few protein sources in our current food system have high enough BCAA or Leu coefficients (% of total amino acids) to be considered as supplements for food, sport, or biomedical research. Mostly dairy-sourced proteins such as casein and whey or rarely plant source such as maize gluten are typically regarded as the gold standards. This study hypothesized that protein isolates derived from the whole-body homogenate (including the chitinous exoskeleton) of procambarid crayfish might exhibit unusually high BCAA and Leu content. The study provides open-access data on the amino acid compositions of two procambarid crayfish (Procambarus virginalis and P. clarkii), as well as a comparison with casein. The mentioned crayfish species could offer 6.36-7.39g Leu 100g-1 dry matter (at 43-48% protein only). Crayfish whole-body protein isolates exhibit a Leu coefficient (18.41±2.51% of total amino acids) and a BCAA coefficient (28.76±2.39% of total amino acids), which is comparable to or higher than of casein (Leu coefficient 8.65±0.08%; BCAA coefficient 20.03±0.73%). However, it is important to interpret these results with caution, due to the challenges associated with leucine and isoleucine separation, as well as potential interactions within the sample matrices. Hence, international validation of these findings is recommended. NOVELTY STATEMENT: Protein isolates from whole-body homogenate (including chitinous exoskeleton) of P. virginalis and/or P. clarkii are hypothesized to be dense in BCAA and Leu. For potential use in biomedical research or as additives in supplements for BCAA and Leu.

Body Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Carps under the Influence of Ammonium Nitrate and Feed Supplementation

Aquaculture plays a significant role in the food requirements of an increasing population. Fertilization, composition of diet and its feeding rates affect the fish meat quality. Objectives: To observe the body composition and fatty acid profile of carps towards rice polish and maize gluten supplementation in ammonium nitrate fertilized ponds. Methods: Two earthen ponds containing total 55 fishes were selected with each pond stocked with Rohu (Labeo rohita), Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Mori (Cirrhinus mrigala) at the final ratio of 2:1:1 respectively. Ammonium nitrate and rice polish was the feed in pond 1 while ammonium nitrate and maize gluten were the feed in pond 2. Results: Proximate analysis of fish meat samples showed that Labeo rohita showed maximum moisture contents in P1 (78.51%) and minimum in P2 (77.27%) in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Maximum crude protein was recorded as (17.93%) in L. rohita, under P2 whereas minimum crude protein was observed in P1 (16.81%) in L. rohita. C. mrigala remained well-known with minimum fat contents (1.71%) in P2 but maximum (1.96) in Labeo rohita in P2. H. molitrix gave the major ash contents of (1.85%) in P1 as compared to other experimental fish species. Highest position of carbohydrate contents in P1 was occupied by H. molitrix. The most abundant fatty acids recovered were monounsaturated fatty acids (37%) followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (33%) and saturated fatty acids (29%). Conclusions: The body composition and fatty acid profile of carps varies depending upon their diet and feeding rate.

Intake, Growth and Carcass Traits of Steers Offered Grass Silage and Concentrates Based on Contrasting Cereal Grain Types Supplemented with Field Beans, Peas or Maize By-Products.

The study objective was to determine intake and performance of beef cattle individually offered perennial ryegrass-dominant grass silage ad libitum supplemented with 4 kg dry matter daily of, rolled barley or maize meal-based concentrate rations containing supplements of flaked field beans, flaked peas, maize dried distillers grains (MDD) or maize gluten feed (MGF) for 110 days (Experiment 1), rolled barley or rolled oats with or without supplements of flaked field beans or flaked peas for 146 days (Experiment 2), and to quantify the nitrogen balance of diets similar to those offered in Experiment 2 (Experiment 3). The protein supplements were formulated to have similar crude protein concentrations. Cereal type or protein source did not affect intake, growth, feed efficiency and carcass traits in Experiment 1 or 2. Inclusion of a legume protein supplement with barley or oats had no effect on intake or growth performance (Experiment 2), whereas their exclusion decreased nitrogen intake, plasma urea concentrations and urinary and total nitrogen excretion (Experiment 3). The feeding value of barley was similar to oats and maize meal, and flaked beans and peas were similar to MGF and MDD, as supplements to grass silage. Excluding protein ingredients from a cereal-based concentrate did not affect animal performance and reduced nitrogen excretion.

Determination of standardised ileal digestibility of amino acids in high-fibre feedstuffs and additivity of apparent and standardised ileal amino acids digestibility of diets containing mixtures of maize, sorghum, and soybean meal

ABSTRACT 1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the coefficients of standardised ileal amino acid digestibility for selected high-fibre feedstuffs (Expt.1) and to assess the additivity of coefficients of apparent (cAIAAD) and standardised (cSIAAD) ileal amino acid digestibility for diets containing combinations of sorghum, maize and soybean meal. 2. In Expt. 1, broiler chickens (324) were allocated to 54 metabolism cages (nine diets with six replicates). In Expt. 2, broiler chickens (315) were allocated to 63 metabolism cages (seven diets with nine replicates). The diets in Expt. 1 were a nitrogen-free diet plus eight semi-purified diets in which soybean meal (SBM), low-protein SBM (LPSBM), soybean hull, wheat bran, maize bran, rice bran, dried sugarbeet pulp or maize gluten feed were the only sources of protein in the respective diets. In Expt. 2, the seven diets were a nitrogen-free diet, and six semi-purified diets consisting of individual feedstuffs (SBM, maize, or sorghum) or combinations (maize and SBM; sorghum and SBM; or maize, sorghum, and SBM) as the only sources of protein. 3. In both experiments, all the broiler chickens received the same maize-SBM diet formulated to meet nutrient requirements according to the breeder’s recommendations from d 0 to 16. Allocated experimental diets were provided on d 16, and ileal digesta were collected on d 21. 4. In Expt. 1, SBM and LPSBM had greater (P < 0.01) cSIAAD for indispensable and dispensable amino acids than the other feedstuffs. The rice bran had greater (P<0.01) cSIAAD values than wheat bran and maize bran, except for Leu, Cys, and Pro. 5. In Expt. 2, predicted cAIAAD values for maize-SBM and maize-sorghum-SBM were generally lower (P<0.01) than actual values. The actual and predicted cSIAAD values for maize-SBM, sorghum-SBM and maize-sorghum-SBM combinations were not significantly different. 6. It was concluded that the standardised amino acid digestibility of sorghum, when combined with other feedstuffs, was additive and that approximately three-quarters of total amino acids in the assayed high-fibre feedstuffs, except for dried sugarbeet pulp and maize gluten feed, were digestible.

Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection damages intestine brush board cells and could negatively impact postabsorptive parameters of Santa Ines lambs

This study aimed to evaluate histological, digestive and postabsorptive physiological parameters in Santa Ines lambs infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and fed different levels of phosphorus. Therefore, eighteen Santa Ines, castrated male, six-month old, healthy lambs (initial body weight 22.4 ± 2.7 kg) were distributed in one of four treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 split-plot arrangement: Sufficient dietary P level and uninfected (SPui; n = 4), Sufficient dietary P level and infected (SPi; n = 5), Deficient dietary P level and uninfected (DPui; n = 4), Deficient dietary P level and infected (DPi; n = 5). Infected lambs received, orally, a single pulse dose of 40.000 T. colubriformis infective larval stage (L3). Animals were fed Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon ssp.; 60%), and cassava meal and maize gluten meal (40%). Measurement of nutrient apparent digestibility and nitrogen metabolism were performed in individual metabolic stalls. To achieve the trial results, it was measured methane emissions in respiratory chambers, urine purine derivatives, ruminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), histological cuts of duodenal mucosal tissues and passage rates fluxes, analyzed by external (Yb, Cr, and Co) and internal (iNDF) markers. Statistical procedures were performed in R studio. The fixed main effects of treatment and the interactions were tested by ANOVA, and means compared by Duncan's test at 5% significance. Apparent digestibility was not affected by treatments, however, nitrogen retained decreased (P < 0.01) and urinary nitrogen losses increased (P < 0.01) in infected animals. Small intestine digesta content, empty segment weight, and length were higher in infected animals (P < 0.05). Passage rate was not majorly affected by infection or dietary P levels. Methane emissions, SCFA concentrations, and purine derivative excretion were also not affected by treatments. Regarding the histology, the vilosity weight (P < 0.05), and crypt depth (P < 0.01) decreased in infected animals. In conclusion, T. colubriformis infection can damage intestinal mucosa and affect nitrogen metabolism, but did not affect the digesta transit, and nutrient digestibility. The P dietary levels did not promote any modification in GIT physiological parameters tested in this study.

Nutritional elucidation of rice- and maize gluten meal-based diets: in vitro gas production, digestibility, methane and rumen fermentation

This experiment intends to elucidate the nutritional potential of alternative ingredient – rice gluten meal (RGM) with groundnut cake (GNC) and maize gluten meal (MGM) at incremental levels in the complete diets under in vitro system. Nine complete diets were formulated using concentrate mixture, green maize and wheat straw in the ratio of 40:40:20 on a dry basis. The dietary treatments differed in the source of major protein sources used in three concentrate mixtures, i.e., GNC in control, while incremental levels of RGM and MGM – both at 25,50, 75 and 100% substituted GNC on an isonitrogenous basis. These diets were characterised for chemical composition, protein fractions, in vitro gas production profile as well as rumen fermentation attributes. The chemical composition of diets showed a mean crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrient values of 12.9 and 63.6%, respectively. The range of values obtained for various CNCPS protein fractions (% CP) was 11.3-12.4, 9.42-14.0, 40.9-44.4, 19.1-20.1 and 13.6-15.9 for PA, PB1, PB2,PB3 and PC, respectively across the diets. Furthermore, rumen undegradable protein was maximum at 100% MGM inclusion and least for the control. However, intestinal protein digestibility did not differ due to treatments. While the GV24 was maximum (P&lt;0.01)in the control, it was lowest at 100% MGM. Additionally, in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were higher (P&lt;0.01)for 100% MGM diet and lowest (P&lt;0.01) at 100% RGM level. Moreover, the control diet generated maximum (P&lt;0.01) CH4 but was minimum (P&lt;0.01) for 100% MGM diet. The values of PF,MBP and MBP:GV24 were highest(P&lt;0.01) for 100% MGM and lowest (P&lt;0.01) for control diet. The pH of rumen fluid did not differ; however, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acids were recorded to be maximum (P&lt;0.01) in controland minimum (P&lt;0.01) at 100% MGM. Further, the molar concentration of acetic acid was higher (P&lt;0.01) with MGM-based diets than that of control and RGM diets. Lastly, the proportions of both propionic and butyric acids were minimumwith MGM-based diets than with either control or RGM-baseddiets. Therefore, it could be recommended that RGM could substitute 50-75% of GNC, corresponding to 5-8% inclusion in the complete diet of ruminants. In addition, MGM-based diets excelled in terms of greater digestibility, reduced CH4 emission as well as beneficially influenced rumen fermentation

Maize Gluten Meal Used as A Feed for Animal Production

Maize Gluten Meal Used as A Feed for Animal Production

Effect of maize gluten meal extract as natural corrosion inhibitor on steel in mortar corroded by chloride

In this work, we focus on the longterm inhibitive effect on steel corrosion in mortar contaminated by chloride. Especially, when chlorine salt is introduced with mixed water, maize gluten meal extract (MGME) can be preferentially adsorbed on steel during the process of cement setting and hardening, and what is its inhibition effect in mortar? So the influence of MGME on the corrosion rate and surface state of reinforcement was systematically analyzed by electrochemical method, FTIR, Raman and SEM-EDS. During the early cement hydration process, MGME already expelled chloride ions from preferentially adsorbed on steel surface to form a protective layer, which effectively maintained the passivation state even corroded in 3 wt.% NaCl solution for 17 months. Steel surface characterizations further confirmed that MGME in mortar with 3 wt.% dosage could be adsorbed enough on steel surface to shield chloride attack and protect the integrity of FeOOH passive film. Inhibition efficiency of MGME is equivalent to the most commonly used and well-known effectiveness of inhibitors as nitrites and amines, can reach 92.74–97.86%. • MGME was innovatively used as natural inhibitor for reinforced concrete. • MGME could adsorb on steel in the fresh mortar within 2 h hydration time. • MGME expelled chloride ions from preferentially adsorbed on steel surface. • Its inhibition capacity equals to well-known effectiveness of nitrites and amines.

Ruminal degradability of bypass fat and protein of certain commonly used feedstuffs in dairy rations

Studies were conducted to determine the rumen degradability of protein of certain commonly used feed ingredients and degradability of bypass fat used in dairy rations. In situ crude protein (CP) disappearance of groundnut cake, soybean extraction, cottonseed cake, maize gluten meal, wheat bran, rice bran, maize, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% (of CP) formaldehyde treated soybean extraction, and in situ fat disappearance of bypass fat in the rumen at different incubation periods were determined by nylon bag technique using 3 adult crossbred steers. The effective degradability was calculated for an assumed outflow rate of 5%/h. The effective CP degradability of groundnut cake, soybean extraction, cottonseed cake, maize gluten meal, wheat bran, rice bran, maize, 0.3, 0.6 and 0. 9% (ofCP) formaldehyde treated soybean extraction was 86, 74, 66, 21, 73, 65, 63, 66, 48 and 26%, respectively. The effective fat degradability of bypass fat was 86%. The results indicated that maize gluten meal is a good source of bypass protein. Soybean extraction although extensively degraded in the rumen, contribute fairly more amount of undegradable protein than rumen degradable protein at an outflow rate of 5%/h, when it is treated with 0.6 and 0.9% (of CP) formaldehyde. The bypass fat supplement prepared from rice bran acid oil is a good source of energy in which about 86% of fat would be available at the lower tract of ruminants. Therefore, maize gluten meal, 0.9% formaldehyde treated soybean extraction and protected fat can be included in the rations of dairy animals forimproved productive performance

Verifying the relationship between δ13C isotope profile variables and individual feed conversion ratio in large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The study aimed to verify the relationship found between individual indicator traits, derived from an isotope ratio of 13C/12C in various tissues (muscle, liver, and adipose), and individual feed efficiency. A 50-day experiment was performed with 46 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) kept in individual tanks after a dietary switch, using an experimental feed based on maize gluten with an enhanced level of 13C, during the grow-out phase. Individual growth, feed intake, and isotope profiles (muscle, liver, fin, and adipose tissue) were recorded. Using a Lasso-regression model, feed efficiency was found to be positively associated with visceral adipose tissue synthesis, meaning that feed efficiency was worsened when visceral adipose synthesis increased. The results indicated that deposition efficiency through lipid metabolism (δ13C in adipose tissue) was the most important determinant of feed efficiency of rainbow trout at this life stage. The results suggest that phenotyping of lipid deposition efficiency is possible through the use of feed ingredients with a natural abundance of stable isotopes.

Potential of raw and fermented maize gluten feed in bread making: Assess of dough rheological properties and bread quality

Maize gluten feed (MGF) is a secondary product of maize processing with rich dietary fiber content, which remains underexploited as an ingredient by the food industry. In this study, the impact of MGF and fermented MGF (FMGF) incorporation on dough properties and bread quality was investigated. The results indicated that both MGF and FMGF demonstrated beneficial effects on the water absorption, dough development time, setback value while exerting a negative impact on the dough stability time. A significant decrease in L value (extensibility) and W value (deformation energy), and a significant increase in P value (elasticity) were observed with MGF or FMGF incorporation in the dough. For fermentation properties, the maximum height of dough and the volume of the gas retained in dough during fermentation decreased with the substitution level increased. The bread incorporated MGF or FMGF decreased the specific volume, deepened the color, led to lower porosity, increased the crumb hardness and chewiness. MGF and FMGF bread showed a slight depreciation in quality with the substitution level below 10 g/100 g. Compared with MGF, FMGF displayed advantages in bread properties at below 10 g/100 g substitution level, indicating that fermentation is a promising technology for improving the processing properties of MGF.

Prospects of Maize (Corn) Wet Milling By-Products as a Source of Functional Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals.

SUMMARYMaize (corn) consists of germ, endosperm and pericarp, with different chemical compositions. During wet milling, the maize is disintegrated into the main product starch and by-products, including maize germ, maize fibre and maize gluten (the technical term for maize/corn endosperm-specific proteins and not the same as wheat gluten). These by-products are used as low-value animal feed products. The maize germ contains high amounts of tocols and phospholipids, the maize gluten is rich in carotenoids and the maize fibre fraction is rich in phytosterols and complex carbohydrates. Each by-product has a potential to serve as a precursor in the manufacture of functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolaemic, hypolipidaemic and hypoglycaemic properties. These food ingredients/nutraceuticals can be obtained through physical, chemical or enzymatic processes. Some nutraceuticals and food ingredients with market potential include maize/corn fibre gum, oil, arabinoxylans and xylooligosaccharides from maize fibre; maize germ oil and phospholipid ester from maize germ; and carotenoids and oligopeptides from maize gluten. This review focuses on current and prospective research into the use of maize germ, maize fibre and maize gluten in the production of potentially high-quality food ingredients or nutraceuticals.

Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection negatively impacted phosphorus metabolism of lambs

Intestinal endoparasite infection may promote a nutrient competition with host, reducing absorption and performance as consequence. Phosphorus could be more affected due to the main absorption site is the duodenum. Thus, the study measured the performance, phosphorus metabolism, bone density and blood markers in Santa Ines lambs infected Trichostrongylus colubriformis and fed with different phosphorus (P) levels were tested. Eighteen healthy six-month old, castrated male, Santa Ines lambs (initial body weight 22.4 ± 2.7 kg) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 split-plot arrangement. Treatment factors were sufficient (SP) or deficient (DP) dietary P and uninfected (ui) or infected (i) resulting in 4 treatments: SPui, DPui, SPi, and Dpi). Five animals were assigned to each of the infected treatments and 4 to the uninfected treatments. Infection was established using a single oral dose of 40.000 T. colubriformis in the larval stage (L3). All the animals were fed Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.; 60 %) supplemented with cassava and maize gluten meal (40 %). Animals were weighed and blood was sampled weekly. Body composition was estimated twice by computed tomography. P metabolism was assessed by isotope dilution after a bolus infusion of 32P (7.4 M Bq/0.5 mL). Fecal egg counts (FEC) were assessed every 3 days beginning d 18 post-infection, and adult nematodes were counted and characterized (gender, length, and eggs in reproductive tract) at slaughter. The experiment lasted 96 d, and 45 d after infeciton. Statistical procedures were performed using R studio. Infection was successful as evidenced by increased FEC, and the elevated counts were maintained longer with Dpi than SPi. Performance, feed intake, and blood parameters were not affected by treatments. Infected animals had reduced bone density and bone P concentrations as compared to uninfected ones. Endogenous P loss was reduced for DP. Plasma, saliva, and ruminal liquid P concentrations decreased in infected animals. Phosphorus absorption and retention coefficients did not differ by treatment, but the biological half-life (T1/2) of P was reduced for infected animals due to faster blood 32P removal. We concluded that T. colubriformis infection modified P metabolism, and blood P concentrations are an indicator of animal problems, connecting infection and bone mineralization.

Nutritional evaluation of graded levels of fermented maize milling waste (maize gluten) in rabbit diet

A 70-day feeding trial was conducted with thirty-six 7 weeks old weaned rabbits (mixed breed and sexes), with initial average live weight of 0.81kg to evaluate the nutritional effects of replacing maize at 0,25, and 50%with maize or corn gluten in rabbit diets. Maize gluten is fermented maize milling waste sun dried for three days. The diets were offered to the rabbits which were randomly divided into three (3) groups of 12 rabbits each and each group sub-divided into four (4) replicates of 3 rabbits each in a completely randomized experiment. There was a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) of the treatments on the average daily feed intake of the rabbits as the levels of maize gluten increased. The average weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) affected by the dietary treatments, nevertheless, the FCR increased across the treatments. Graded levels of maize gluten had no significant (P&gt;0.05) effect on carcass dressing percentage. The percent pelt decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) as level of maize gluten increased. Furthermore, liver and meat cooking loss percentage values showed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) due to the graded levels of corn gluten fed. The sensory evaluation studies were not statistically affected (P&gt;0.05).