Maintenance Of Water Quality Research Articles

Advancing aquaculture: fuzzy logic-based water quality monitoring and maintenance system for precision aquaculture

Aquaculture plays a vital role in global food production, and maintaining optimal water quality is essential for the health and growth of aquatic species. This research addresses the need for an efficient, adaptive solution by introducing an innovative water quality monitoring and maintenance system for aquaculture ponds. Unlike conventional systems, our approach uniquely integrates fuzzy logic with IoT technologies to optimise the precision and adaptability of pond management. The system stands out with its continuous monitoring of critical parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), weather conditions and salinity and its ability to autonomously adjust operational controls, such as aerators and water pumps, based on dynamic environmental changes. This ensures ideal water conditions without manual intervention, providing a reliable and effective solution for aquaculture pond management. This work’s novelty lies in applying fuzzy Logic to handle the complexity and variability of aquaculture environments, allowing for nuanced control decisions that improve water quality management. The system’s efficiency was demonstrated through a 72-h operational test, where it maintained optimal DO and salinity levels, showcasing its reliability and effectiveness in real-world conditions. The fuzzy logic model has demonstrated a commendable accuracy rate of 98%. These results validate the system’s performance and underscore its practical benefits, meeting the demands of aquaculture production and significantly enhancing operational efficiency by enabling remote monitoring and rapid issue identification. This research contributes a robust technological solution for aquafarmers, offering a promising advancement in aquaculture management by improving productivity and ensuring the health and growth of aquatic species.

Comparative microbial community occurrence pattern, growth attributes, and digestive enzyme indices of Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850), Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) and Heteropneustus fossilis (Bloch, 1794) under freshwater biofloc based polyculture system

BackgroundThe biofloc system (BFS) provides a sustainable aquaculture system through its efficient in situ water quality maintenance by the microbial biomass, besides continuous availability of these protein-rich microbes as feed to enhance growth and immunity of the reared organism. This study explores the gill architecture, growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal microbial composition, and histology of three freshwater fish species, Puntius gonionotus, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, and Heteropneustus fossilis reared in biofloc based polyculture system.ResultsThe three species in T2 showed significantly higher WG and SGR, followed by T1 and T3. The wet mount of gill architecture showed smaller inter-filament gaps in gill arches of silver barb followed by stinging catfish and stripped catfish, but showed no correlation with the weight gain. However, silver barb being an omnivore and filter-feeder, accumulated a more diverse microbial community, both in T1 and BFS (T2 and T3), while the bottom feeder H. fossilis exhibited unique gut bacterial adaptability. The presence of floc in T2 and T3 enhanced bacterial abundance in water and fish gut, but their microbial diversities significantly reduced compared to T1 receiving only feed. Next-generation sequencing revealed that the Pseudomonas dominated in gut of P. gonionotus and P. hypophthalmus in T1, Enterobacterales and Fusobacterium prevailed in those of T2 and T3, respectively. In contrast, gut of H. fossilis had the highest proportion of Clostridium in T1, while Rhizobiaceae dominated in T3. Similarly in floc samples, Enterococcus dominated in T1 while Micrococcales and Rhizobiaceae dominated in T2 and T3, respectively. A positive correlation of enterobacteria, with the digestive enzyme activities and growth patterns was observed in all treatments.ConclusionThe present study revealed feeding behaviour to play crucial role in distinguishing the gut microbial composition patterns in fishes reared in Biofloc System. Further it revealed the requirement of supplementary feed along with floc in these three species for higher growth in the biofloc system.

Trend analysis of water quality in the irrigation districts of southern Alberta, Canada

AbstractIrrigation is essential for high agricultural production and crop diversity in semi‐arid regions such as southern Alberta, Canada. Nearly 75% of Canada's irrigation takes place in Alberta's irrigation districts, making the management and maintenance of irrigation water quality highly important in this region. In this study, temporal water quality trend analysis was conducted on southern Alberta irrigation water from 2006 to 2023. The trends of 19 water quality parameters, including nutrients, salinity, physical characteristics, Escherichia coli, and pesticides, were evaluated at 74 sites. Of the total number of parameter‐by‐site tests (902) conducted, 36.5% had statistically significant decreasing trends, 1.3% had statistically significant increasing trends, and 62.2% had no trend. This indicates stability and improvement in water quality during the study period at the resolution of individual sites. Regional trend analysis revealed trends in 11 out of the 19 parameters tested: 9 decreased, 2 increased, and 8 exhibited no trend, which also indicated stable and improving water quality. Continued monitoring is important for areas and parameters showing increasing trends to guide mitigation action. This information can be used to focus water and land management decisions and direct resources to priority areas and parameters to ensure excellent quality irrigation water for all users.

ANALYSIS OF TRAINING NEEDS OF FISH FARMERS IN IKORODU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA

This study investigated the training needs of fish farmers in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State. 80 out of 150 fish farmers currently operating in the Fish Farm Estate, Ikorodu were randomly selected and data was collected with structured interview schedule. Result show that the following practices were practised by farmers in the study area: pond/vats/fibre glass/tank cleaning, water quality maintenance and management, pond fertilisation, brood stock production, spawning, fingerlings sourcing/production, disease prevention, control and management, feed formulation and production/sourcing, record keeping, fish feeding, fish processing, fish storage, fish sorting, pest and predator control, fry care, transfer and feeding, siphoning, and fish transportation. The mean age of the fish farmers was 45±13.0 years with 63.8% being male. Majority (78.8%) were married with mean family size of 4±2. Majority (82.5%) of the farmers had more than twelve years of formal education. The mean farming experience was 8±3 years with average mean income of 1.4 million naira. 58.8% of the farmers had high level of knowledge of the practices. Training was needed in seven out of the seventeen practices thus: pond/vats/fiber glass/tank cleaning, pond fertilization, record keeping, fish feeding, fish sorting, fry care, transfer and feeding, and siphoning. The major constraints to fish production are high cost of feed and lack of capital. It is recommended that training by extension agents should focus on the needs of the farmers.

Role of Freshwater Mussels Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck, 1819) in Pond Water Quality Maintenance

Freshwater mussels are recognized as ecosystem engineers because they perform water filtration through filter feeding. This study aimed to quantify the changes that occurred in pond water after filtration by freshwater mussels Lamellidens marginalis. Specimens of L. marginalis were gathered from a small pond near Palghar in January. Mussels are hand-picked and stored in buckets of water. Twenty-five individuals of this species were used to assess the changes in various water parameters, including Biological oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity, hardness, and pH. Before the estimation, the mussels were acclimatized to laboratory conditions for approximately 7 days to ensure they adapted to the pond water parameters before filtration evaluation. The water parameters were examined before filtration while acclimatization was occurring. After the acclimatization period, the mussels were housed in a fish tank with about 4 liters of pond water for 2 days. The water parameters were then examined again, which revealed a difference. The BOD was nearly half of its initial value, dropping from 2.4mg/l to 1.2mg/l, and the turbidity fell by 8 NTU. However, the hardness of the water was 16mg/l lower than the starting value, and the pH was dropped from 7.46 to 7.16. This suggests that mussels play a significant part in freshwater filtration to preserve good water quality.

Efficient Model for Waste Load and RouteOptimization

Urbanization frequently gives rise to substantial environmental issues, namely in waste management and water quality maintenance. Gross Pollutant Traps (GPTs) are essential in urban stormwater management as they effectively capture substantial pollutants before they enterthe centralwater bodies. Nevertheless, the irregular buildup of trash caused by fluctuating rainfall intensity hinders the effective transfer of garbage from GPTs to their ultimate disposal locations. This research presents a holistic approach toenhancing the efficiency of waste transportation by improving route and load planning. The model utilizes machine learning techniques to forecast the quantity of waste collected by GPTs. We have created an optimization algorithm that usesthe forecast outcome from a prior research dataset. This algorithm is designed to efficiently plan the routes and loads for trucks responsible for transporting waste to its final disposal location. The optimization process consideredthe estimated amounts of garbage, the capacities of the vehicles, and the locations of the disposal sitesto reduce transportation expenses and save time. The system adaptively optimized routes using real-time data on the vehicle'sorigin and destination, ensuring effective allocation of resources and prompt garbage removal. Installingthis approach resulted in a substantial decrease in transportation expenses and enhanced compliance with waste pickup timetables. The integration of predictive modelingand route optimization is enhancing urban trash management. Accurate garbage quantity forecasts and optimized transportation logistics can enable municipalities to deploy resources more effectively, decrease operational costs, and improve environmental protection. We chose a subset of 7 days, equivalent to one week, from the projected dataset for our experiment.Subsequently, we conductednumerous trials involving various waste disposalfrequencies. The findings suggest that waste disposalevery four(4) days is the most advantageous approach. Still, itperforms similarlyto waste disposalevery three (3)days and has negligible environmental consequences. Hence, we select to execute the optimal solution for three(3) days, as it provides exceptional performancewhen consideringthe influence of natural pollution.

Optimizing yard space for independent food security in Kebonbatur Village

Amidst economic hardships and rising staple food prices, the majority of residents in RT 01 RW III of Kebonbatur Village, Mranggen District, Demak Regency, who work as laborers and farmers, struggle to meet their daily food needs. This community service program aimed to optimize limited yard space by introducing urban farming using the BUDIKDAMBER system (fish and vegetable cultivation in buckets). The training covered equipment preparation, fish distribution techniques, feeding, water quality maintenance, fish harvesting, and vegetable planting using aquaponics methods. Intensive mentoring was provided to ensure practical implementation of the acquired knowledge. The residents' enthusiasm was remarkable, as they immediately applied the learnings in their respective yards. This activity successfully raised awareness and skills among residents in utilizing limited space for self-reliant food security, as evidenced by active participation, satisfaction with harvest results, and the opening of economic opportunities.

Long-Term Impacts of Glacier Retreat on Downstream Water Availability in Ethiopia

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine Long-Term Impacts of Glacier Retreat on Downstream Water Availability in Ethiopia. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study revealed that as glaciers continue to shrink due to climate change, the hydrological systems in mountainous regions of Ethiopia, such as the Simien Mountains and Bale Mountains, face disruptions in water supply, affecting both local communities and downstream users. The reduction in glacial meltwater contributes to decreased streamflow, altered river regimes, and increased variability in water availability, exacerbating water stress in a country already prone to droughts and water scarcity. Moreover, glacier retreat affects ecosystems, biodiversity, and livelihoods dependent on freshwater resources, further amplifying socio-economic vulnerabilities in the region. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Climate Change Theory, Hydrological Cycle Theory & Systems Theory may be used to anchor future studies on Long-Term Impacts of Glacier Retreat on Downstream Water Availability in Ethiopia. Implement cutting-edge technologies for real-time monitoring of glacier melt and downstream water flow. Use satellite imagery, remote sensing, and IoT sensors to gather data that can inform water management practices in real time. Develop and enforce policies that ensure sustainable water use and prioritize the maintenance of water quality and ecosystem health. This includes setting limits on water withdrawals based on sustainability criteria and enhancing the legal frameworks protecting water rights.

The Growth of Crayfish, which Serves as an Indicator of Clean and Healthy Water Ecosystems in the Mediterranean Region

The narrow-fingered freshwater crayfish, also known as Pontastacus leptodactylus in scientific terms and referred to as such in Turkish, is a prevalent species in the inland waters of the Mediterranean region. This crayfish serves as an indicator of clean and healthy water ecosystems due to its high sensitivity to pollution and environmental changes. Its presence signals the maintenance of water quality and a balanced ecosystem. In a study on 283 freshwater crayfish in Hirfanlı Dam Lake during July and August 2023, it was observed that 53.36% were male and 46.64% were female. Length ranged from 80.44 mm to 121.11 mm, and weight varied between 11.61 g and 43.93 g. Average length and weight for males were 95.9874 ± 6.4603 mm and 24.1861 ± 5.3696 g, for females were 95.0981 ± 5.5519 mm and 21.5193 ± 3.4488 g, and for combined sexes were 95.5724 ± 6.0594 mm and 22.9422 ± 4.7579 g. The length-weight relationship (LWR) was established for females (W=0.00166359 ×TL2.0767), males (W=0.00019587×TL2.5651), and all individuals (W=0.00037111 ×TL2.4162). Exponential values "b" for LWR were 2.0767 (r2=0.993), 2.5651 (r2=0.986), and 2.4162 (r2=0.987), respectively. The study compared traditional LWR approaches with artificial intelligence methods for growth analysis, suggesting the latter as a viable alternative in assessing freshwater crayfish growth in aquatic systems.

Identification of River Ecosystem Services through Water Utilization at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia

Merapi volcano is renowned as one of the world’s most active and densely populated volcanoes. Despite the constant high risk it presents, local residents continue to inhabit the Merapi slopes, primarily due to the ecosystem services that sustain their lives. River ecosystem services in this area are particularly vulnerable to landscape changes, largely driven by volcanic eruptions and human activities. This study aims to define the river ecosystem services by exploring the water utilization in Krasak River, which has been affected by Merapi eruptions from 2010 to 2023. The evaluation of water utilization was conducted using an ecosystem services approach, involving semi-structured interviews with 42 informants in six villages located along the upstream, middle stream, and downstream of the Krasak River. Content analysis was employed to explore water utilization practices and categorize river ecosystem services. The results revealed that water utilization in Krasak watershed comprises the use of springs and wells for supplying drinking needs and domestic needs as well as the use of rivers for irrigation water, fish ponds and recreation activities. Variations in Krasak River water utilization in different segments were influenced by water quality, quantity, accessibility, and the availability of alternative water sources. Based on local perspectives, the prominent river services encompass provisioning (e.g., irrigation, fish ponds, rural water supply, sand and stones), regulating (e.g., water quality maintenance, groundwater quantity), supporting (e.g., primary productivity), and cultural (e.g., recreation, aesthetic value) services. Challenges to river ecosystem services include concerns about river water utilization’s impact on perceptions of the river’s value and the roles of local communities and government in Krasak River management. These findings would contribute valuable insights for enhancing sustainable water resource management in the Merapi area.

Cyanobacterial Contribution to Annual Cycles of Phytoplankton in Lake Murray, SC

Freshwater lakes provide valuable recreational and tourism resources and are a major source of municipal drinking water for local communities. A primary management goal for lake systems is the maintenance of good water quality and a healthy aquatic ecosystem. Blooms of harmful or noxious species of cyanobacteria can result in severe water quality degradation. The purpose of this project was to provide baseline data on phytoplankton community composition, with special emphasis on cyanobacteria, and water quality parameters for Lake Murray, SC. The objective of this study was to determine the annual cyanobacterial contribution to total phytoplankton biomass in the lower reaches of Lake Murray. Measurements for this study were obtained at weekly to biweekly intervals from May 2021 to August 2022 on the northeast side of Lake Murray Dam, SC. Phytoplankton community composition was determined using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ChemTax methods to measure the relative abundances of different algal groups. The phytoplankton community in Lake Murray is composed of a diverse assemblage of primarily green algae, diatoms, cyanobacteria, cryptophytes, and dinoflagellates. Community structure varied seasonally and annually. Total phytoplankton biomass remained below 7 μg of chl a l-1 and never reached “bloom” proportions (e.g., > 40 μg of chl a l-1). Planktonic cyanobacteria were present year-round in the lower reaches of Lake Murray and comprised 5–40% of the total phytoplankton biomass. Peaks in cyanobacteria abundance occurred during the late summer months. Even at the peak in August 2021, concentrations of cyanobacteria were low (1.79 μg chl a l-1). Over annual cycles, cyanobacteria had a median chl a concentration of 0.63 μg l-1 and a median contribution of 14.9%. Although we were unable to identify any specific causal mechanisms for the fluctuations in cyanobacterial biomass, we demonstrated that cyanobacteria are a consistent component of the phytoplankton community in lower Lake Murray. Baseline measures of phytoplankton during “good” water quality conditions provide invaluable data essential for managers to establish criteria for early prediction of bloom events and evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Departures from the norm, especially during the summer and early fall, may signal the beginning of a cyanobacterial (or other algal group) bloom and provide an early warning for recreational users and municipal water intakes.

Effectiveness and safety of clove oil and common salt in the long-term transport of Cyprinus carpio

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of clove essential oil (CEO) in combination with common salt during the long-term transport (24 h) of Cyprinus carpio. The experiment was conducted according to a completely randomized design with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, including four levels of CEO (0, 5, 10, and 15 mg L−1) and two levels of common salt (0 and 3 g L−1). Sampling was carried out before, immediately after, and 96 h after transport. CEO alone was not completely safe for C. carpio during transportation, as indicated by the increase in unionized ammonia in water and oxidative stress in fish gills and liver. Although common salt reduced water ammonia and fish stress responses (blood glucose), its use in isolation is not recommended, as it caused oxidative damage to the liver and gills. These effects had not been previously reported in the literature. However, the use of 5 mg L−1 CEO in combination with salt provided the best results both immediately after and 96 h after transport. In gills, there was a reduction in nitric oxide and carbonylated proteins and an increase in catalase activity at 96 h after transport. In the liver, there was a decrease in nitric oxide and oxidative damage (carbonylated proteins and malondialdehyde) immediately after transport, as well as a decrease in nitric oxide and an increase in glutathione-S-transferase activity at 96 h after transport. Thus, combined use of 5 mg L−1 CEO and 3 g L−1 common salt proved to be effective and safe, resulting in better maintenance of water quality (lower ammonia content) and redox status of the gills and liver in C. carpio during long-term transport.

The selection parameter for the operation and maintenance dam based on activity-based costing

Potential risks to people exist if a dam collapses and has a significant impact on the downstream area. Many countries are now facing the problem of having to deal with deteriorated infrastructure due to a lack of maintenance budgeting. This paper presents the dominant parameter in an Operational and Maintenance (OM) dam to build a cost estimation model to maintain the service life of the dam. The method used to identify cost-triggering parameters is based on activity-based costing and dam performance assessments using a combination of the modified Andersen, International Commission of Large Dams (ICOLD), and Dam Commission. The parameter was collected from fourteen independent variables, namely: dam height, irrigation area, sedimentation volume, grass area, wood vegetation area, corrosion area, concrete area, daily worker, corrosion expert, concrete deterioration, hydromechanical, physical performance, operation performance, and safety performance. The results of the model indicate that height, wood vegetation area, concrete maintenance area, hydromechanical deterioration, and safety performance are variables that affect OM costs. The OM costs can be reduced if the safety performance variable increases. This condition implies that if the safety performance component consists of dam monitoring activities, periodic inspections, green belt maintenance, water quality maintenance, and public awareness, the OM costs will decrease by 10%.

Analysis of the seasonal water quality variation at the hydraulic junction of a dual-source water distribution system.

The implementation of a dual-source water supply system offers an increased level of reliability in water provision; however, intricate hydraulic dynamics introduce apprehensions regarding water safety at the hydraulic junction. In this study, we gathered data of the water quality at the hydraulic junction of a dual-source water supply system (plant A and plant B, sampling site A10 was near plant A, and sampling site A12 was near plant B) for one year in Suzhou Industrial Park. Our findings indicated that seasonal variations and water temperature exerted significant influence on the composition and formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Notably, during the warmer months spanning from June to September, the concentration of trihalomethanes was the highest at the hydraulic junction, whereas the concentration of residual chloride was the lowest. The analysis on DBPs revealed that more Br-containing precursors in water in plant A resulted in the accumulation of more Br-containing DBPs at A10, whereas the highest concentration of Cl-containing DBPs accumulated at A12. The analysis of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition indicated an increase in concentration at A10 and A12 compared with that in plant A and plant B. The highest concentration of humic acids was observed at A10, whereas A12 accumulated the highest concentration of aromatic proteins and microbial metabolites. Owing to the fluctuations in water consumption patterns at the hydraulic junction, the water quality was susceptible to variability, thereby posing an elevated risk. Consequently, extensive efforts are warranted to ensure the maintenance of water safety and quality at this critical interface.

Analysis of Income from Mujair Fish (Oreochromis Massambicus) Cultivation in Tarpon Ponds (Biofloc) (A Case Study of Biofloc Business in Matungkas Village, Minut Regency)

This research investigates the economic viability of tilapia fish farming utilizing the pond liner method (biofloc) in Matungkas Village, Dimembe Subdistrict, North Minahasa Regency, Indonesia. With the agricultural, animal husbandry, and fisheries sectors playing pivotal roles in supporting Indonesia's economy, the study focuses on the freshwater fisheries potential, particularly tilapia, in North Minahasa. The research delves into the innovative use of biofloc technology, analyzing its benefits such as minimal water and land requirements, efficient feed utilization, and waste conversion into fish feed. Mr. Ronny Lensun's tilapia fish farming business, employing the pond liner method, is examined. Despite the region's rich natural resources, the income calculation method used by the owner is identified as simplistic. The study employs quantitative methods to perform a comprehensive income analysis, considering revenue, production costs, and financial metrics. Results demonstrate the profitability of Mr. Ronny Lensun's business, with a break-even point at a selling price of IDR 1,167,807.9 and a production volume of 33.36 kg. The Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C) is calculated at 1.85, indicating the business's sustainability and profitability. The literature review encompasses the biofloc technology and business analysis, emphasizing its advantages in water quality maintenance, organic matter decomposition, and feed efficiency. The study contributes to understanding the economic feasibility of tilapia fish farming with the biofloc method, suggesting potential for wider adoption and development in the region.

Exploring the diversity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) properties and sources in different functional areas of a typical macrophyte - derived lake combined with optical spectroscopy and FT-ICR MS analysis

Lake Baiyangdian is one of China's largest macrophyte - derived lakes, facing severe challenges related to water quality maintenance and eutrophication prevention. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was a huge carbon pool and its abundance, property, and transformation played important roles in the biogeochemical cycle and energy flow in lake ecosystems. In this study, Lake Baiyangdian was divided into four distinct areas: Unartificial Area (UA), Village Area (VA), Tourism Area (TA), and Breeding Area (BA). We examined the diversity of DOM properties and sources across these functional areas. Our findings reveal that DOM in this lake is predominantly composed of protein - like substances, as determined by excitation - emission matrix and parallel factor analysis (EEM - PARAFAC). Notably, the exogenous tyrosine-like component C1 showed a stronger presence in VA and BA compared to UA and TA. Ultrahigh - resolution mass spectrometry (FT - ICR MS) unveiled a similar DOM molecular composition pattern across different functional areas due to the high relative abundances of lignan compounds, suggesting that macrophytes significantly influence the material structure of DOM. DOM properties exhibited specific associations with water quality indicators in various functional areas, as indicated by the Mantel test. The connections between DOM properties and NO3N and NH3N were more pronounced in VA and BA than in UA and TA. Our results underscore the viability of using DOM as an indicator for more precise and scientific water quality management.

Mineral supplementation in biofloc influences growth and haemato-biochemical indices of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia reared in inland saline ground water

An experiment for a period of 60 days was performed with species specific mineral supplementation in biofloc system for GIFT tilapia reared in inland saline water. Four different concentrations of formulated mineral mixture (10, 15, 20, 25 g L−1) were supplemented in the subculture of biofloc inoculum for different treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4). In contrast, two control groups (conventional culture system (C) and a standard biofloc control (BC) devoid of mineral supplements) were maintained. Major water quality parameters were optimal except alkalinity and pH, which were fluctuated in the treatment groups, and higher turbidity was noticed only in the T4 group. The minerals supplemented groups had lower levels of TAN, nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) than conventional biofloc system (BC). Floc parameters such as floc volume, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total solids (TS) were higher than the control. Haematological parameters Hb (haemoglobin) and WBC (white blood corpuscles) of fish reared in treatments were higher, ranging from (8.2 ± 0.64 −10.47 ± 0.66 g dL−1) and (187.83–215.17 ± 6.58 per cumm) respectively (P < 0.05) compared to both the controls. Serum parameters of fish was recorded to be higher in T2. The proximate composition analysis revealed an enhanced crude protein content (33.22 ± 1.00%, 67.68 ± 0.2%) and crude lipid (5.24 ± 0.22% & 15.18 ± 0.58%) (P > 0.05) content from BC, but ash content (39.11 ± 0.1% & 20.35 ± 0.21%) from T4 in both dried biofloc and fish samples were higher than rest of the groups. Specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG) were recorded to be significantly higher in the T2 group. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed to be better in all the treatments and the BC group than conventional control. The current investigation showed that subculture of biofloc inoculum supplemented with formulated mineral mix of 15 g L−1 could be effective in terms of water quality maintenance, feed utilization, growth, survival and biochemical parameters of GIFT tilapia reared in inland saline ground water.

Assessment of Water Suitability for Drinking in the Spring in Leśniów (Southern Poland)

Abstract Natural springs are one of the potential sources of water supply. Increasing anthropogenic activity, inadequate sanitary conditions and intense rainfall are important factors that threaten the maintenance of adequate water quality in springs. Physicochemical and microbiological tests were performed in two measurement series for water from the spring in Leśniów (southern Poland). The test results were compared with the permissible limits for drinking water and the Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) value was calculated for these parameters. The average conductivity of water in this spring is approximately 390 µS/cm, pH is about 7 and due to its alkalinity, water can be classified as hard. The NPI values varied, i.e. from about 33 to about 3, which was due to the high mercury content measured in the first sample. Additionally, the number of coliform bacteria reached 35 cfu/100 ml, and the total number of microorganisms at 22±2°C reached 27 cfu/ml in the first measurement series. Such values indicate water contamination, which may pose a significant threat to human health when consuming such water. The second series of measurements showed lower pollution values, but the previously obtained results suggest that it is necessary to control the water quality in the springs and control nearby pollutant emitters.

Cantang Group (Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus &gt;&lt; Epinephelus Lanceolatus) Hatcheries At The Blitok Installation Of Breach Water Cultivation Fisheries Center (BPBAP) Situbondo, East Java

To achieve success in the maintenance of cantang grouper requires mastery of techniques in good hatchery of cantang grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus &gt;&lt; Epinephelus lanceolatus) in order to produce optimal productivity both in terms of quantity and quality. The aims of this study were: 1) To find out the development and growth rates in cantang grouper hatcheries (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus – lanceolatus), 2) To determine the condition of water quality in cantang grouper hatcheries (Epinephelus fuscoguttaus – lanceolatus), and 3) To determine the feasibility of cantang grouper hatcheries (Epinephelus fuscoguttaus – lanceolatus). The data analyzed in this study include data on growth, water quality, and business analysis. The results of the analysis showed that: 1) In a day the average length increase reached 0.074 cm and the percentage rate of increase in length of cantang grouper larvae for 29 days from the age of D30 – D58 was 7.4%. At the beginning of measuring the length of cantang grouper larvae, the average length was 1.12 cm and at the end of the observation the average value was 3.28 cm. 2) From the results of water quality maintenance, the temperature ranged from 29 – 31°C, oxygen dissolved 4.37 – 4.87 mg/L., pH 7.4 – 7.9, and salinity 28 – 30 ppt, 3) In terms of financial or business feasibility the cantang grouper hatchery activity at the Blitok BPBAP Situbondo Installation can be said to be feasible to do and profitable with a net profit of Rp. 665,904,233/year with an R/C ratio of 3.7. Break Event Point (BEP) price of Rp. 111,539,155/year with production BEP reaching 37,179 heads. Payback Period (PP) for 1 year.

Efficacy of probiotics and biofloc system in maintenance of water quality and growth performance in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Efficacy of probiotics and biofloc system in maintenance of water quality and growth performance in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei