Maintenance Of Behavior Change Research Articles

Understanding the Relationship Between Attachment Orientation and Physical Activity Participation: An Exploratory Study.

Physical inactivity is recognized as a global health challenge. Attachment theory may provide insight into individual physical activity (PA) patterns, informing the development of PA interventions to promote the maintenance of behavior change. This study investigated the associations between attachment orientation and why and how individuals engage in PA. Given the association between attachment and sensory processing, this study also investigated the link between sensory processing and PA participation. Participants (N = 141) completed an online questionnaire that included the Modified Experiences of Close Relationships Scale and the Highly Sensitive Person Scale. The relationship between attachment orientation and sensory processing patterns, and preference for PA participation were analyzed using 2-sided independent t tests. Attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, and sensory sensitivity were significantly related to participants' preference for PA participation in theoretically consistent ways. Avoidantly attached individuals were less likely to participate in PA as a form of social interaction (mean = 8.57, SD = 2.87, P = .005, d = 0.48). Anxiously attached individuals were more likely to participate in PA to support weight management (mean = 37.02, SD = 11.54, P = .01, d = -0.46) or if recommended by a health professional (mean = 43.55, SD = 12.45, P = .039, d = -0.88). Sensory sensitive individuals were more likely to participate in PA alone (mean = 124.11, SD = 19.23, P = .005, d = -0.510), and more likely to prefer light-intensity forms of PA (mean = 133.29, SD = 12.67, F3,123 = 5.49, P = .001). Findings highlight the potential value of considering an individual's attachment orientation and sensory processing patterns in the development of PA interventions. This may help to address the challenges of PA participation, by individually tailoring interventions to participants.

Digital behaviour change intervention for weight loss maintenance in adults with obesity: a feasibility pilot study of eCHANGE

ABSTRACT Successful weight maintenance after weight loss is challenging. Digital interventions may facilitate behaviour change to prevent weight regain, however little is known about the acceptance and use of digital interventions in support of weight maintenance. This mixed methods study aims to evaluate user experiences, system use, and preliminary efficacy of eCHANGE, an application based self-management intervention for weight loss maintenance. A 3-month multi-site single group feasibility pilot study was conducted among adults (N = 60) with BMI ≥30 kg/m2, aiming to maintain weight after weight loss of ≥8%. User experiences and system use were examined through validated questionnaires, system use log data, and individual interviews (n = 15). Preliminary efficacy testing included body weight and patient reported outcome measures. Participants rated eCHANGE usability and usefulness as good in support of weight maintenance, with variation in usage. Analysis indicated that higher behavioural engagement scores were statistically significantly associated with frequency of technology usage. Weight loss was maintained by 83% of the participants at 3-months (i.e. defined as weight change of <3% of baseline body weight (kg)). Digital interventions, combining persuasive system design principles and behaviour change techniques, supporting self-regulation and maintenance of health behaviours, have the potential to facilitate weight maintenance after weight loss. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04537988 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04537988

Time-Use Sequences: A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring How, When, and Where Spatiotemporal Patterns of Everyday Routines Can Strengthen Public Health Interventions.

Behavior change interventions are critical for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and for reducing the risk of a repeat event or mortality. However, the effectiveness of behavior change interventions is challenged by a lack of spatiotemporal contexts, limiting our understanding of factors that influence the timing and location in which day-to-day activities occur and the maintenance of behavior change. This study explored how behavior change interventions could incorporate spatiotemporal contexts of patient activities for modifying behaviors. A mixed-methods approach with adapted geo-ethnography techniques was used to solicit detailed descriptions of patients' day-to-day routines, including where, when, and how patients spend time. Data were gathered from patients in one cardiac intervention program in Nova Scotia, Canada, from June to September 2021. A total of 29 individuals (19 men and 10 women) between the ages of 45 and 81 and referred to the program after a cardiac event participated. The results show three key findings: (1) most patients exceeded the minimum guidelines of 30 min of daily physical activity but were sedentary for long periods of time, (2) patient time-use patterns are heterogenous and unique to contexts of individual space-time activity paths, and (3) time-use patterns reveal when, where, and how patients spend significant portions of time and opportunities for adapting patients' day-to-day health activities. This study demonstrates the potential for interventions to integrate tools for collecting and communicating spatial and temporal contexts of patient routines, such as the types of activities that characterize how patients spend significant portions of time and identification of when, where, and how to encourage health-promoting changes in routine activities. Time-use patterns provide insight for tailoring behavior change interventions so that clinic-based settings are generalizable to the contexts of where, when, and how patient routines could be adapted to mitigate cardiovascular risk factors.

Assessing the effectiveness of “BETTER Women”, a community-based, primary care-linked peer health coaching programme for chronic disease prevention: protocol for a pragmatic, wait-list controlled, type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial

IntroductionThe Building on Existing Tools to Improve Cancer and Chronic Disease Prevention and Screening in Primary Care (BETTER) programme trains allied health professionals working in primary care settings to develop...

Psychometric Properties of the Weight Loss Readiness Test in Active Duty Military Personnel Enrolled in a Weight Management Trial.

The Weight Loss Readiness Test (WLRT) was developed to encourage consideration of factors influencing readiness to engage in weight loss. The WLRT is used clinically, most notably to assess motivation before initiating Navy weight management programs, yet little is known about its psychometric properties. This study examined the reliability, convergent and predictive validity, and factor structure of the WLRT in a sample of active duty service members enrolling in a Navy-based weight management program (N = 178, identified as female = 61%, mean age = 29.7 years, mean baseline body mass index = 33.1 kg/m2). All procedures were approved by the respective Institutional Review Boards and research committees. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 5-factor structure explaining 52% of the variance that best fit the data with low to moderate correlations between factors: (1) Motivation, (2) Exercise-Related Confidence, (3) Non-Exercise Confidence, (4) Cues, and (5) Anticipated Satisfaction. Internal reliability of subscales was acceptable to good (α = 0.755-0.903). Generally, convergent validity was found between the identified subscales and other measures of motivation, confidence, and disinhibited eating in expected directions. No relationships were found between the subscales and predictive validity outcomes (weight change, program attendance). Results indicate adequate structural and convergent validity in the WLRT, but that weight loss readiness, as measured by the WLRT, does not provide predictive validity regarding weight loss or attendance outcomes in this sample. Nonetheless, this measure offers clinical utility in fostering thoughtful conversations about weight loss. The WLRT uniquely focuses on long-term maintenance of behavior change and differentiates between exercise-related and non-exercise confidence. Future studies should further probe the utility of this measure in other populations and the contexts in which it is being used.

An mHealth Intervention Promoting Physical Activity and Healthy Eating in a Family Setting (SMARTFAMILY): Randomized Controlled Trial.

Numerous smartphone apps are targeting physical activity (PA) and healthy eating (HE), but empirical evidence on their effectiveness for the initialization and maintenance of behavior change, especially in children and adolescents, is still limited. Social settings influence individual behavior; therefore, core settings such as the family need to be considered when designing mobile health (mHealth) apps. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a theory- and evidence-based mHealth intervention (called SMARTFAMILY [SF]) targeting PA and HE in a collective family-based setting. A smartphone app based on behavior change theories and techniques was developed, implemented, and evaluated with a cluster randomized controlled trial in a collective family setting. Baseline (t0) and postintervention (t1) measurements included PA (self-reported and accelerometry) and HE measurements (self-reported fruit and vegetable intake) as primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes (self-reported) were intrinsic motivation, behavior-specific self-efficacy, and the family health climate. Between t0 and t1, families of the intervention group (IG) used the SF app individually and collaboratively for 3 consecutive weeks, whereas families in the control group (CG) received no treatment. Four weeks following t1, a follow-up assessment (t2) was completed by participants, consisting of all questionnaire items to assess the stability of the intervention effects. Multilevel analyses were implemented in R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) to acknowledge the hierarchical structure of persons (level 1) clustered in families (level 2). Overall, 48 families (CG: n=22, 46%, with 68 participants and IG: n=26, 54%, with 88 participants) were recruited for the study. Two families (CG: n=1, 2%, with 4 participants and IG: n=1, 2%, with 4 participants) chose to drop out of the study owing to personal reasons before t0. Overall, no evidence for meaningful and statistically significant increases in PA and HE levels of the intervention were observed in our physically active study participants (all P>.30). Despite incorporating behavior change techniques rooted in family life and psychological theories, the SF intervention did not yield significant increases in PA and HE levels among the participants. The results of the study were mainly limited by the physically active participants and the large age range of children and adolescents. Enhancing intervention effectiveness may involve incorporating health literacy, just-in-time adaptive interventions, and more advanced features in future app development. Further research is needed to better understand intervention engagement and tailor mHealth interventions to individuals for enhanced effectiveness in primary prevention efforts. German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00010415; https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00010415. RR2-10.2196/20534.

A single-blinded randomised controlled trial incentivising adults to increase public transport for health gain: The trips4health study

Incentives-based strategies can improve health behaviour. Public transport use confers individual- and societal-level public health gain but incentivising public transport has been under-explored. The study objective was to assess the effectiveness of financially incentivising public transport use from a public health perspective. trips4health was a single-blinded parallel group randomised controlled trial (RCT) conducted in Hobart, Australia. Participants were 18 + years and infrequent (<3 times/week) bus users who completed surveys and attended study clinics at baseline and post-intervention. Intervention group participants were set weekly bus use targets increasing over 16-weeks. Smartcard credit was awarded if targets were attained. Weekly text messages and educational materials supported incentives. An active control group received educational materials. 110 participants had been randomised to the control (n = 55) or intervention (n = 55) group when the trial was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic; 65 % (n = 71; 34 intervention, 38 control) completed a 16-week intervention period. The percentage of participants using the bus during the 16-week intervention period was higher in the intervention (69 %) than the control (49 %) group, target attainment (intervention) or their equivalent (control) was higher in the intervention (22 %) than the control (15 %) group, and average weekly bus use was higher in the intervention (2.4 bus trips) compared to the control group (1.7). No intervention related adverse events were reported. Preliminary data from this COVID-impacted RCT to increase bus use through incentives demonstrated some evidence of effectiveness. A sufficiently powered trial that broadens participant reach and examines maintenance of longer-term behaviour change is warranted.

Goal setting as part of a holistic intervention to promote independence in older people with mild frailty: a process evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundFrailty is a condition resulting from a decline in physiological reserves caused by an accumulation of several deficits, which progressively impairs the ability to recover from health adverse events. Following a promising feasibility study, the HomeHealth trial assessed a holistic tailored intervention for older adults with mild frailty to promote independence in their own homes, compared with usual care. We aimed to understand how goal setting worked among older people with mild frailty. MethodsThis study was a process evaluation alongside the HomeHealth randomised trial in older adults with mild frailty. The intervention was delivered at participants’ homes, either in person or by telephone or videoconferencing. We carried out semi-structured interviews with older participants who had received the intervention (between three and six appointments), on average 233 days (range 68–465) after their last appointment, purposively sampled according to age, gender, number of sessions attended, adverse events, ethnicity, Index of Multiple Deprivation, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Barthel scores, research site, and HomeHealth worker. We also conducted interviews with HomeHealth workers who delivered the intervention (n=7). Interviews explored the experience and process of goal setting, benefits and challenges, perceived progress, and behaviour change maintenance after the service had finished. Ethics approval was obtained, and all participants gave informed consent. Interviews were thematically analysed. HomeHealth workers kept formal records of goals set and assessed progress towards goals (0–2 rating scale) during six monthly-sessions, which were descriptively summarised. Findings56 interviews were completed between July 15, 2022, and May 18, 2023. Study participants (n=49) had a mean age of 80 years (range 66–94), including 32 (65%) women and 17 (35%) men. Participants self-identified as White (n=42), Asian (n=3), Black (n=2), Mixed (n=1), and other ethnic (n=1) backgrounds. Findings suggested goal setting could be both a challenge and a motivator for older participants with mild frailty. Goal setting worked well when the older person could identify a clear need and set realistic goals linked to functioning, which led to a positive sense of achievement. Challenges occurred when older people were already accessing multiple resources and health services, or where the terminology of “goals” was off-putting due to work or school connotations. Average progress towards goals was 1·15/2. Most participants set goals around improving mobility (or a combination of mobility and another goal type such as socialising), and there was evidence of participants sustaining these behaviour changes after the intervention. InterpretationOlder people with mild frailty can engage well with goal setting to promote independence. The lapse between receiving the intervention and being interviewed limited recall for some participants. However, the acceptability and adherence to the intervention for older people with mild frailty, and their moderate progress towards goals, should encourage further tailored and person-centred practices to promote their independence. FundingNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment.

O.3.2-6 A computer-tailored physical activity intervention for prostate and colorectal cancer patients and survivors: long-term efficacy and behavior change maintenance of OncoActive

Abstract Purpose To improve the long-term physical and psychological health of prostate and colorectal cancer survivors, physical activity (PA) interventions aimed at maintaining PA are necessary. OncoActive is a print- and web-based intervention that was was able to increase PA of prostate and colorectal cancer patients and survirors shortly after the intervention ended. This study evaluated the long-term efficacy (12-month follow-up) comparing OncoActive and a control group. Furthermore, we explored whether the increased PA was maintained after an 8 month non-intervention follow-up period. Methods Prostate or colorectal cancer patients were randomly assigned to OncoActive (N = 249) or a usual care control group (N = 229). OncoActive participants received 3 times PA advice and a pedometer. PA outcomes (i.e., ActiGraph and self-report MVPA min/week and days with ≥ 30 min PA) and health-related outcomes (i.e., fatigue, depression, physical functioning) that were significantly changed by the intervention at 6-month follow-up, were included. Differences between groups and changes over time were assessed with multilevel linear regressions. Results At 12 months, OncoActive participants did not perform better than control group participants at ActiGraph MVPA min/week, self-report MVPA min/week or ActiGraph days with PA. Only self-report days with PA were significantly higher in OncoActive compared to the control group. Fatigue was the only health-related outcome that was significantly lower in OncoActive compared to the control group at 12-month follow-up. When exploratively looking within the OncoActive group, the previously found PA increase shortly after the intervention (6 months follow-up) was maintained at 12 months and PA improved significantly from baseline to 12 months. The control group showed small but non-significant improvements from 6 to 12 resulting in a decline of differences between groups. Conclusion At long-term follow-up (i.e., 12-months), most significant differences between OncoActive and the control group at short-term follow-up (i.e., 6 months) were no longer significant. Natural improvements in the control group may have contributed to this. Fatigue was significantly lower in OncoActive compared to control group participants at 12 months. Computer-tailored PA advice may give participants an early start to recovery and potentially contributes to improving long-term health. Funding KWF Kankerbestrijding (Dutch cancer society) NOU2012-5585

Measuring intra-individual physical activity variability using consumer-grade activity devices.

Many existing sedentary behavior and physical activity studies focus on primary outcomes that assess change by comparing participants' activity from baseline to post-intervention. With the widespread availability of consumer-grade devices that track activity daily, researchers do not need to rely on those endpoint measurements alone. Using activity trackers, researchers can collect remote data about the process of behavior change and future maintenance of the change by measuring participants' intra-individual physical activity variability. Measuring intra-individual physical activity variability can enable researchers to create tailored and dynamic interventions that account for different physical activity behavior change trajectories, and by that, improve participants' program adherence, enhance intervention design and management, and advance interventions measurements' reliability. We propose an application of intra-individual physical activity variability as a measurement and provide three use cases within interventions. Intra-individual physical activity variability can be used: prior to the intervention period, where relationships between participants' intra-individual physical activity variability and individual characteristics can be used to predict adherence and subsequently tailor interventions; during the intervention period, to assess progress and subsequently boost interventions; and after the intervention, to obtain a reliable representation of the change in primary outcome.

Long-term efficacy of a computer-tailored physical activity intervention for prostate and colorectal cancer patients and survivors: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) can improve the physical and psychological health of prostate and colorectal cancer survivors, but PA behavior change maintenance is necessary for long-term health benefits. OncoActive is a print- and web-based intervention in which prostate and colorectal cancer patients and survivors receive automatically generated, personalized feedback aimed at integrating PA into daily life to increase and maintain PA. We evaluated the long-term outcomes of OncoActive by examining the 12-month follow-up differences between OncoActive and a control group, and we explored whether PA was maintained during a 6-month non-intervention follow-up period. MethodsProstate or colorectal cancer patients were randomly assigned to an OncoActive (n = 249) or a usual care waitlist control group (n = 229). OncoActive participants received PA advice and a pedometer. PA outcomes (i.e., ActiGraph and self-report moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) min/week and days with ≥30 min PA) and health-related outcomes (i.e., fatigue, depression, physical functioning) were assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Differences between groups and changes over time were assessed with multilevel linear regressions for the primary outcome (ActiGraph MVPA min/week) and all additional outcomes. ResultsAt 12 months, OncoActive participants did not perform better than control group participants at ActiGraph MVPA min/week, self-report MVPA min/week, or ActiGraph days with PA. Only self-report days with PA were significantly higher in OncoActive compared to the control group. For health-related outcomes only long-term fatigue was significantly lower in OncoActive. When exploratively examining PA within OncoActive, the previously found PA effects at the end of the intervention (6 months follow-up) were maintained at 12 months. Furthermore, all PA outcomes improved significantly from baseline to 12 months. The control group showed small but non-significant improvements from 6 months to 12 months (and from baseline to 12 months), resulting in a decline of differences between groups. ConclusionThe majority of previously reported significant between-group differences at 6 months follow-up were no longer present at long-term follow-up, possibly because of natural improvement in the control group. At long-term follow-up, fatigue was significantly lower in OncoActive compared to control group participants. Computer-tailored PA advice may give participants an early start toward recovery and potentially contributes to improving long-term health.

Study protocol for an online lifestyle modification education course for people living with multiple sclerosis: the multiple sclerosis online course (MSOC)

BackgroundPeople living with multiple sclerosis (plwMS) seek access to information on evidence-based lifestyle-related risk factors associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). As the internet has made delivery of lifestyle information increasingly accessible and cost-effective, we designed the Multiple Sclerosis Online Course (MSOC) to deliver a multimodal lifestyle modification program for plwMS. Two MS online courses were developed: the intervention course based on lifestyle recommendations of the Overcoming Multiple Sclerosis (OMS) program and the standard-care course representing standard lifestyle recommendations from other MS websites. We examined for feasibility in a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT), where satisfactory completion and accessibility were achieved across both study arms. From this success, a protocol for a larger RCT was developed to examine the effectiveness of MSOC in improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and other health outcomes in plwMS.Methods/designThis single-blinded RCT will recruit n = 1,054 plwMS. Participants in the intervention arm will receive access to a MSOC with seven modules providing evidence-based information on the OMS program. Participants in the control group will receive access to a MSOC of identical format, with seven modules providing general MS-related information and lifestyle recommendations sourced from popular MS websites, e.g. MS societies. Participants will complete questionnaires at baseline and at 6, 12, and 30 months after course completion. The primary endpoint is HRQoL, as measured by MSQOL-54 (both physical and mental health domains) at 12 months following course completion. Secondary outcomes are changes to depression, anxiety, fatigue, disability, and self-efficacy as measured by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Patient-Determined Disease Steps and University of Washington Self-Efficacy Scale, respectively, assessed at each timepoint. Further assessments will include quantitative post-course evaluation, adoption and maintenance of behaviour change from follow-up survey data, and qualitative analysis of participants’ outcomes and reasons for course completion or non-completion.DiscussionThis RCT aims to determine whether an online intervention course delivering evidence-based lifestyle modification recommendations based on the Overcoming Multiple Sclerosis program to plwMS is more effective at improving HRQoL, and other health outcomes post-intervention, compared with an online standard-care course.Trial registrationThis trial was registered prospectively with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, www.anzctr.org.au, identifier ACTRN12621001605886.Date of registration25 November 2021.

Understanding health behavior change by motivation and reward mechanisms: a review of the literature.

The global rise of lifestyle-related chronic diseases has engendered growing interest among various stakeholders including policymakers, scientists, healthcare professionals, and patients, regarding the effective management of health behavior change and the development of interventions that facilitate lifestyle modification. Consequently, a plethora of health behavior change theories has been developed with the intention of elucidating the mechanisms underlying health behavior change and identifying key domains that enhance the likelihood of successful outcomes. Until now, only few studies have taken into account neurobiological correlates underlying health behavior change processes. Recent progress in the neuroscience of motivation and reward systems has provided further insights into the relevance of such domains. The aim of this contribution is to review the latest explanations of health behavior change initiation and maintenance based on novel insights into motivation and reward mechanisms. Based on a systematic literature search in PubMed, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar, four articles were reviewed. As a result, a description of motivation and reward systems (approach/wanting = pleasure; aversion/avoiding = relief; assertion/non-wanting = quiescence) and their role in health behavior change processes is presented. Three central findings are discussed: (1) motivation and reward processes allow to distinguish between goal-oriented and stimulus-driven behavior, (2) approach motivation is the key driver of the individual process of behavior change until a new behavior is maintained and assertion motivation takes over, (3) behavior change techniques can be clustered based on motivation and reward processes according to their functional mechanisms into facilitating (= providing external resources), boosting (= strengthening internal reflective resources) and nudging (= activating internal affective resources). The strengths and limitations of these advances for intervention planning are highlighted and an agenda for testing the models as well as future research is proposed.

The brain health champion study: A health coaching intervention with mobile technology in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or risk factors for dementia – An update

AbstractBackgroundExtensive evidence suggests that adherence to brain‐healthy behaviors can slow the rate of cognitive decline and decrease risk of dementia. We previously demonstrated that a health coaching intervention, including weekly phone calls, facilitated adherence to recommendations for brain‐healthy behaviors in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia. The current study extends this research to include cognitively normal, older adults at risk for dementia and adds a mobile health platform, two‐way texting, and wearable fitness trackers, to the health coaching intervention. Although subjects are still enrolling, the number of participants has increased substantially from our earlier report and data show promising trends.MethodParticipants, age 60‐79, with MCI or dementia risk factors are being randomized to the Brain Health Champion (BHC) intervention or a counseling and education (CE) control. In BHC, with guidance from a health coach, participants set personalized goals, reinforced by weekly video calls, mobile messaging, one dietitian consult, and 30‐minute in‐person or virtual visits every six weeks. In CE, educational materials sent every six weeks supplement usual care. Changes in physical activity, diet, social/cognitive engagement, neuropsychological test scores, and metrics of behavioral health are being measured over six months using questionnaires, wearable fitness trackers, and photographed food logs. Maintenance of behavior changes is also being assessed six months post‐intervention.ResultThirty‐four participants have enrolled in the study, with 27 (15 BHC, 12 CE) completers to date. All participants successfully operated the mobile technology by themselves or with caregivers’ assistance. Current trends show BHC participants increased participation in cognitive activities and adherence to a Mediterranean diet based on photographed food logs compared to CE. Participants in both arms show significantly increased scores on the composite neuropsychological assessment (pre‐ and post‐study), quality of life measures, and an increase in active minutes from pre‐ to post‐assessments.ConclusionTrends in the data indicate that the BHC program may be effective for promoting brain‐healthy behaviors, particularly increasing cognitive activities and Mediterranean diet adherence. Additionally, participating in a brain health study, regardless of intervention, may promote meaningful changes in quality of life and improved cognition.

Sensor-Controlled Digital Game for Heart Failure Self-management: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of hospitalization among older adults in the United States. There are substantial racial and geographic disparities in HF outcomes, with patients living in southern US states having a mortality rate 69% higher than the national average. Self-management behaviors, particularly daily weight monitoring and physical activity, are extremely important in improving HF outcomes; however, patients typically have particularly low adherence to these behaviors. With the rise of digital technologies to improve health outcomes and motivate health behaviors, sensor-controlled digital games (SCDGs) have become a promising approach. SCDGs, which leverage sensor-connected technologies, offer the benefits of being portable and scalable and allowing for continuous observation and motivation of health behaviors in their real-world contexts. They are also becoming increasingly popular among older adults and offer an immersive and accessible way to measure self-management behaviors and improve adherence. No SCDGs have been designed for older adults or evaluated to test their outcomes. This randomized clinical trial aims to assess the efficacy of a SCDG in integrating the behavioral data of participants with HF from weight scale and activity tracker sensors to activate game progress, rewards, and feedback and, ultimately, to improve adherence to important self-management behaviors. A total of 200 participants with HF, aged ≥45 years, will be recruited and randomized into 2 groups: the SCDG playing group (intervention group) and sensor-only group (control group). Both groups will receive a weight scale, physical activity tracker, and accompanying app, whereas only the intervention group will play the SCDG. This design, thereby, assesses the contributions of the game. All participants will complete a baseline survey as well as posttests at 6 and 12 weeks to assess the immediate effect of the intervention. They will also complete a third posttest at 24 weeks to assess the maintenance of behavioral changes. Efficacy and benefits will be assessed by measuring improvements in HF-related proximal outcomes (self-management behaviors of daily weight monitoring and physical activity) and distal outcomes (HF hospitalization, quality of life, and functional status) between baseline and weeks 6, 12, and 24. The primary outcome measured will be days with weight monitoring, for which this design provides at least 80% power to detect differences between the 2 groups. Recruitment began in the fall of 2022, and the first patient was enrolled in the study on November 7, 2022. Recruitment of the last participant is expected in quarter 1 of 2025. Publication of complete results and data from this study is expected in 2026. This project will generate insight and guidance for scalable and easy-to-use digital gaming solutions to motivate persistent adherence to HF self-management behaviors and improve health outcomes among individuals with HF. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05056129; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05056129. DERR1-10.2196/45801.

Which Intervention Strategies Promote the Adoption and Maintenance of Physical Activity? Evidence From Behavioral Trials With Cancer Survivors.

We address four questions about interventions to promote physical activity in cancer survivors: (a) How often is both the adoption and maintenance of behavior change tested in trials? (b) How often do interventions generate adoption-plus-maintenance of behavior change? (c) Are intervention strategies specifically geared at promoting maintenance of behavior change deployed in trials? and (d) Which intervention strategies distinguish trials that promote both the adoption and maintenance of physical activity from trials that promote adoption-only or generate no behavioral changes? Computerized literature searches identified 206 reports of randomized trials that measured physical activity in the wake of the intervention. Only 51 reports (24%) measured both behavioral adoption (postintervention) and behavioral maintenance (≥3 months follow-up). The 51 reports included 58 tests of interventions; 22% of tests observed both adoption and maintenance of physical activity, 26% reported adoption-only, and 52% found no change in behavior. Change techniques designed to promote behavioral maintenance were used much less frequently than adoption techniques or adoption and maintenance techniques. Interventions that aimed to improve quality of life, used supervised exercise sessions, were undertaken in community centers, and deployed fewer behavior change techniques were associated with adoption-plus-maintenance of physical activity in cancer survivors. The present findings offer new insights into the adoption and maintenance of physical activity and highlight the need to routinely assess these forms of behavior change in future trials. More extensive testing of intervention strategies specifically geared at maintenance of behavior change is warranted.

The NIH Science of Behavior Change Program: Looking Toward the Future

The National Institutes of Health established the Science of Behavior Change (SOBC) program to promote basic research on the initiation, personalization, and maintenance of health behavior change. The SOBC Resource and Coordinating Center now leads and supports activities to maximize the creativity, productivity, scientific rigor, and dissemination of the experimental medicine approach and experimental design resources. Here, we highlight those resources, including the Checklist for Investigating Mechanisms in Behavior-change Research (CLIMBR) guidelines introduced in this special section. We describe the ways in which SOBC can be applied across a range of domains and contexts, and end by considering ways to extend SOBC’s perspective and reach, so as to best promote behavior change linked with health, quality of life, and well-being.

Feasibility of RESTORE: An online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention to improve palliative care staff wellbeing

Background: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is a form of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy which uses behavioural psychology, values, acceptance and mindfulness techniques to improve mental health and wellbeing. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is efficacious in treating stress, anxiety and depression in a broad range of settings including occupational contexts where emotional labour is high. This approach could help palliative care staff to manage work-related stress and promote wellbeing. Aim: To develop, and feasibility test, an online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention to improve wellbeing of palliative care staff. Design: A single-arm feasibility trial of an 8-week Acceptance and Commitment Therapy based intervention for staff, consisting of three online facilitated group workshops and five online individual self-directed learning modules. Data was collected via online questionnaire at four time-points and online focus groups at follow-up. Setting/participants: Participants were recruited from Marie Curie hospice and nursing services in Scotland. Results: Twenty five staff commenced and 23 completed the intervention (93%). Fifteen participated in focus groups. Twelve (48%) completed questionnaires at follow-up. Participants found the intervention enjoyable, informative and beneficial. There was preliminary evidence for improvements in psychological flexibility (Cohen’s d = 0.7) and mental wellbeing (Cohen’s d = 0.49) between baseline and follow-up, but minimal change in perceived stress, burnout or compassion satisfaction. Conclusion: Online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for wellbeing is acceptable to palliative care staff and feasible to implement using Microsoft Teams in a palliative care setting. Incorporating ways to promote long-term maintenance of behaviour changes, and strategies to optimise data collection at follow-up are key considerations for future intervention refinement and evaluation.

Assessment of behavioral maintenance for organizational change in the context of Ethiopian commercial banks

Behavior change maintenance can guide the development and evaluation of interventions promoting sustained behaviors in organizational changes. This research aims to examine the factors that influence behavioral maintenance for organizational change in Ethiopian commercial banks. The study developed a comprehensive model to explain the mechanism of behavioral maintenance for organizational change by employees, using self-determination theory with two additional exogenous constructs, value congruence and excessive work demands. Applying mixed-analytical approaches, including SEM and fsQCA, advances the knowledge of how employees motivate to maintain their behavior regarding the organizational change. The target population consists of lower-level managers and 317 valid responses were retained for further analysis. In our findings, the SEM results reveal that perceived relatedness, perceived competency, perceived autonomy, and perceived enjoyment influence employees' behavioral maintenance for organizational change, the fsQCA results indicated that value congruence must always be combined in these variables. The findings suggested an alternative path that might serve as the basis for sustaining organizational change.

Changes in attitudes towards smoking during smoking cessation courses for Turkish- and Albanian-speaking migrants in Switzerland and its association with smoking behavior: A latent change score approach.

Migrant populations usually report higher smoking rates than locals. At the same time, people with a migration background have little or no access to regular smoking cessation treatment. In the last two decades, regular smoking cessation courses were adapted to reach out to Turkish- and Albanian-speaking migrants living in Switzerland. The main aims of the current study were (1) to analyze the effects of an adapted smoking cessation course for Turkish- and Albanian-speaking migrants in Switzerland on attitudes toward smoking and smoking behavior; and (2) to elucidate whether changes in attitudes toward smoking were associated to changes in smoking behavior in the short- and in the long-term. A total of 59 smoking cessation courses (Turkish: 37; Albanian: 22) with 436 participants (T: 268; A: 168) held between 2014 and 2019 were evaluated. Attitudes toward smoking and cigarettes smoked per day were assessed at baseline and 3-months follow-up. One-year follow-up calls included assessment of cigarettes smoked per day. Data were analyzed by means of structural equation modeling with latent change scores. Participation in an adapted smoking cessation course led to a decrease of positive attitudes toward smoking (T: β = -0.65, p < 0.001; A: β = -0.68, p < 0.001) and a decrease of cigarettes smoked per day in the short-term (T: β = -0.58, p < 0.001; A: β = -0.43, p < 0.001) with only Turkish-speaking migrants further reducing their smoking in the long-term (T: β = -0.59, p < 0.001; A: β = -0.14, p = 0.57). Greater decreases in positive attitudes were associated with greater reductions of smoking in the short-term (T: r = 0.39, p < 0.001; A: r = 0.32, p = 0.03), but not in the long-term (T: r = -0.01, p = 0.88; A: r = -0.001, p = 0.99). The adapted smoking cessation courses fostered changes in positive attitudes toward smoking that were associated with intended behavior change in the short-term. The importance of socio-cognitive characteristics related to behavior change maintenance to further increase treatment effectiveness in the long-term is discussed.