Maintenance Dredging Research Articles

Evaluating Environmental Programs: Long-Term Monitoring of Crustacean Assemblages in a Polluted Estuary

We assessed the environmental quality of the Odiel-Tinto estuary, one of the most polluted in the world, by analysing the spatial variation of subtidal soft-bottom crustacean assemblages from 2000 to 2016. Our primary goal was to evaluate whether corrective measures implemented since 1986 have resulted in significant ecological improvement. The assemblages were structured according to the natural gradient from the estuary to the marine environment. Throughout the study, the assemblages exhibited low species richness and abundance (e.g., over 3 species and 180 individuals/m2 in the inner areas; 19 species and 510 individuals/m2 in the mouth zone). However, 2016 saw an increase in both species number and total abundance (e.g., over 5 and 24 species in the inner and mouth areas, respectively). Despite these observations, the Odiel-Tinto system harboured fewer species (24 species) compared to nearby estuaries like the Guadiana and Guadalquivir (over 50 species). Although there were signs of changes in the estuary over the sampling periods (e.g., a slight increase in richness and diversity in 2016 compared to 2002 and 2004), these fluctuations are likely characteristic of a highly dynamic environment rather than indications of genuine ecological recovery. These findings highlight the need for a long-term monitoring program, which should also encompass intertidal mudflats due to their higher density and biomass, easy accessibility, and reduced exposure to the impacts of recurrent maintenance dredging of the navigation channel.

Disconnected Flows, Eroded Landscapes: A Case Study of Human Impact on a Judean Desert Water System

The Bir el-Umdan cistern, a prominent archaeological site in the Judean Desert, is one of the largest and best preserved water systems in the region. Hewn in chalk, the cistern area measures 114 m2 and has a ~700 m3 volume. Two massive columns, each with a base diameter of 2.5 m, support the ceiling within the cistern’s interior. This impressive structure is estimated to date back to the Hellenistic to Late Antiquity periods based on its architectural characteristics. Historical records indicate that the cistern was documented on 19th-century maps but disappeared from the 1935 and 1943 British Mandate maps. Its reappearance on the 1967 Survey of Israel map includes an upstream road disconnecting the cistern from its natural drainage basin. Despite its renovation in the 2010s, the cistern’s water supply remains limited due to its reduced catchment area, which now constitutes only 25% of its original size. Runoff coefficients calculated for the cistern’s drainage basin are relatively low (1.4% to 8.1%) compared to other desert regions. We analyzed the 21st-century runoff coefficient and recurrence interval over the original drainage basin (0.12 km2) to estimate the water volumes in antiquity. Our analysis suggests that using an 8.1% runoff coefficient, the estimated water volume is 806 m3, implying a cistern overflow every 6–7 years. A more conservative estimate using a 5% runoff coefficient yields a water volume of 500 m3 and a 15-year recurrence interval. Sediment analysis reveals that silt particles dominate the sediment accumulated in the cistern and its upstream sedimentation basins. The consistent grain size distribution throughout the system indicates rapid water flow during flood events. Reconstructing the sedimentation history is challenging due to potential maintenance and possible dredging and cleaning operations.

Channel Effects: The Political Afterlife of Maintenance Dredging on Tangier Island, Virginia, USA

Channel Effects: The Political Afterlife of Maintenance Dredging on Tangier Island, Virginia, USA

The Hybrid System of Fluidization and Sediment Flushing for Maintenance Dredging Technique

The Hybrid System of Fluidization-sediment flushing is a dredging technique that combines the functions of fluidization and suction in the same fluidization pipe using a perforation pipe. The purpose of this study was to address an easier dredging method using fluidization pipes. 2-dimensional (2D) experimental physical modeling research and multiple linear regression analysis were used to process the test result. The results found that for optimal sediment flushing after the sediment layer was agitated by fluidization, the influence parameter was analyzed must follow the limitations of the experimental result, such as the hole diameter (Df) is not more than 5 mm (Df < 5 mm), the hole distance (ɑ) is less than 5 cm (ɑ/db < 5 cm), the pump head (HP) is small, and the fluidization pipe depth/sediment thickness (db) can be larger. The research findings are presented in the correlation equation which indicates the relationship of dimensionless parameters was Vs/Vw = 1/Df ((ɑ/db), (HP/db), (t.(g×0.5)/(db0.5)), (v/(g.db(S – 1)0.5)) which can be applied to 3-dimensional experiments and field experiments. One of the advantages of the hybrid system of fluidization-flushing sediment is its ease of use and lack of impact on the aquatic environment as a dredging technique. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-07-013 Full Text: PDF

Analyzing the interaction between maintenance dredging and seagoing vessels: a case study in the Port of Rotterdam

Analyzing the interaction between maintenance dredging and seagoing vessels: a case study in the Port of Rotterdam

Optimal scheduling of maintenance dredging in a maritime transportation system

A maritime transportation system is a network of ports and commercial terminals connected by navigation channels and navigable inland rivers that enables international trade and the global supply chain. The channels and rivers are subject to recurring sedimentation, which reduces available depths, sailing drafts, and volumes of cargo that vessels can transport between ports. To maintain this network at sufficient depths and enable cost-effective maritime transportation, a specialized fleet of dredging vessels, or dredges, periodically remove accumulated sediment and restore capacity. Scheduling dredges to perform work requires simultaneous consideration of factors specific to the location, dredge, and underlying maritime network and, in practice, often results in significant inefficiencies and delays. Previous models proposed in the literature to optimize dredge scheduling are either intractable or consider only limited aspects of the problem. This paper defines the problem of tactical dredging portfolio scheduling, introduces the General Dredge Scheduling Model (GDSM) as a constraint programming model to solve this problem, and applies GDSM to a realistic problem composed of a portfolio of dredging jobs, fleet of dredges, and sets of seasonal and environmental restrictions.

New simple method for calculating large-strain consolidation settlement of layered soft soils with horizontal drains and vacuum preloading with comparison to test data

Prefabricated horizontal drains and vacuum preloading have advantages in the consolidation of ultra-soft dredged sludge and soils for maintenance dredging, reclamation, and ground improvement in coastal regions. While laboratory tests and field trial projects have been reported, a convenient analysis and design method is still unavailable. This study proposes a new simple method for the settlement analysis of soft soils considering horizontal drains, vacuum preloading, creep, and large-strain effects. A unified equation is constructed to account for various layouts of horizontal drains in consolidation. A new explicit method is developed to consider the large-strain deformation with the nonlinear evolution of permeability and compressibility of ultra-soft soils under vacuum preloading. The viscous compression is taken into account using a simplified Hypothesis B method. The proposed solution also facilitates convenient consideration of multiple layers of soils and drains subjected to staged loading. The proposed method is examined by a series of physical model tests with different horizontal drain dimensions. Finally, the method is applied in the analysis of two well-documented field cases in Hong Kong and Japan, which confirms its effectiveness and accuracy.

Feasibility studies on deepening Pondicherry Port to accommodate larger vessels explored

A Union territory in India, Pondicherry was a major trading port with the Chinese during the Chola era, having been active since 100 B.C. About 150 km south of Chennai, it was an open roadstead anchorage port. Until the late 1980s, the old port operated as a lighter-age port during French rule, beginning in the 17th century. From 1986 until 1989, the New Port was developed. An offshore (south) breakwater connected to a north breakwater by a bridge makes up the New Port. The channel, which is 2000 meters long and 40 meters broad, was built between 1986 and 1989. It also has a 150-meter container berth. An undersea tunnel has been built between the north and south breakwaters to facilitate maintenance dredging and allow cargo and fishing vessels to pass through without interruption. The port was in use until 2004, when it was shut down for a lack of maintenance dredging. Since 2004, there has been no freight business; only small fishing boats are currently in use. The viability of enhancing Pondicherry Port's current infrastructure to accommodate feeder-class vessels is investigated in this paper.

The Effect of Sediment Transport Models on Simulating River Dune Dynamics

AbstractRiver dunes, dynamic bedforms in the river bed, limit navigable depths during low flows and increase bed roughness. To predict the navigable depth or where maintenance dredging is needed, a numerical dune development model can be a powerful tool. To study the effect of sediment transport on dune shape and propagation, four different sediment transport models were applied in an existing dune development model. Each sediment transport model was able to simulate dune propagation, while only sediment transport models based on the shear stress reshaped the river dunes. The tested sediment transport models can simulate dune celerity similar to observations and realistic, though different, dune shapes for low and median discharges. Implementation of a gravitational bed slope effect combined with a critical shear stress results in low angle dunes, which are representative for river dunes during low river flows. Sediment transport models with spatial relaxation, also result in low angle dunes. However, the relaxation parameters need to be redefined for low flow situation to prevent transition to upper stage plane bed at too low flow velocities. Further analysis of the resulting dune shapes shows that the sediment transport model determines the dune shape in terms of slope angles, while the dune height is related to the total transport capacity.

U.S. Hydrodynamic Dredging Challenges and Opportunities

The issue of sedimentation in navigable waterways continually confronts maritime authorities. Regular maintenance dredging, a costly and arduous exercise, is necessary to ensure safe navigation is achievable throughout the year. Private industry and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) combined to remove roughly 230 million cubic yards of maintenance volume at an estimated cost of $1.7 billion in 2020. The handling and disposal of dredged material are practices affected by numerous regulatory constraints. Once a local or national organization has established the most efficient, lowest-cost dredging alternative with the most flexibility, the next step is identifying and addressing permitting concerns and seeking permits to use the technology. Innovative water injection dredging (WID) has been approved in various locations throughout the U.S.A., including providing a reliable means for the North Carolina State Ports Authority (NCSPA) to provide access to its berths, removing sediment over the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel to minimize potential harm to the existing tunnel structure, and maintaining federal navigational depth in the Mississippi River. This paper aims to provide a summary overview of the current state of WID in U.S. waterways, including the discussion of a successful permitting and procurement effort by the NCSPA that secured a custom-built WID vessel for North Carolina. Recent literature has identified parameters correlated with WID performance, such as median grain size, hydrology of the waterway, Richardson number, and the liquidity index, which are explored.

Dredging of Harbours and Rivers: Review of Practices and Associated Environmental Impacts.

Dredging of harbors and rivers is essential for waterway accessibility and infrastructure enhancement. This review explores key aspects of dredging, including types, applications, environmental concerns, mitigation strategies, and insightful case studies. This paper highlights the importance of dredging in improving water transport and related sectors. It covers diverse dredging types and applications such as Maintenance dredging, Capital dredging, Environmental dredging and Land Reclamation showcasing their adaptability to different project needs. It examines environmental issues linked to dredging and proposes effective mitigation methods. These measures address sediment disturbance, habitat disruption, and water quality degradation. There were two case histories which are The panama Canal Expansion and The Rhine river dredging in Europe illustrating practical dredging applications. These cases offer insights into both successful practices and challenges encountered during project execution. This, summarizes key findings and provides sustainable dredging recommendations. These include enhanced planning, monitoring, and the integration of eco-friendly technologies.

Risk analysis of inland waterways transportation on the Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria

This study aimed at analyzing accidents and risk on inland waterways transport operations in the Niger delta basin, Nigeria. Quantitative data obtained from the dada base of the National Inland waterways Authority (NIWA) were subjected to risk assessment methods. The results reveal an estimated average individual risk (AIR) value of 6.2x10-5, a fatal accident rate (FAR) of 975 fatalities per 8640 exposed hours; and accident frequency rate (AFR) value of 0.7% for the inland waterways of Niger delta. It concludes that waterways of Niger delta have high risk indices and potentials of accident occurrence due to poor maintenance dredging, enforcement of regulations; and thus recommends that NIWA should invest optimally in safety awareness and policy enforcement for sustainable waterways operations in Nigeria.

Decision Analysis of Offshore Channel Maintenance Dredging in PT. PQR

The offshore channel maintenance dredging completion date, which was performed by PT. ABC (PT. PQR’s contractor) using crane barge XYZ, was delayed to 19 May 2023 (43.4 days delayed). Two main problem were identified using Kepner Tregoe Situation Analysis (KT-SA) based on the company data processing and one most main contributing problem (lack of daily sediment production; the initial plan was 1500 m3/day) then be analyzed using Kepner Tregoe Problem Analysis (KT-PA) and the root cause was constructed using cause-map with brainstorming method included in the process between author and some of PT. ABC dredging crew in crane barge XYZ. Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Modify, Put on another use, Eliminate, Rearrange (SCAMPER) technique then be brought in the brainstorming session with PT. ABC dredging crew on crane barge ABC to bring alternative solutions for the root cause of the problem. Furthermore, the SCAMPER result be brought to brainstorming with PT. PQR dredging operation assistant manager, as the problem holder and matter expert, and filtered to three most possible alternative solutions. These three most possible solutions then examined using Simple Multiple Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) method with eight stages were performed. The criteria used in this method are offshore channel dredging project cost, offshore channel dredging project schedule, coordination with other entity, and permit to work (PTW) & derogation. The objectives of this research are knowing what factors affecting the dredging project in PT. PQR offshore channel case and the alternative solution to be brought in the next offshore channel maintenance dredging.

Fluid mud properties and nautical depth estimation: A case study in navigation channel of Duyen Hai Port, Vietnam

Duyen Hai Port, Tra Vinh province, Vietnam, was used in January 2016, bringing great benefits to the economic development of the Mekong River Delta. In recent years the navigation channel to the port has faced serious sedimentation, which has become a major obstacle for the larger vessel to reach the port. For the safety of port operations, it is necessary to dredge with a relatively large volume and considerable cost. However, fluid mud in the navigation channel and ports induced many difficulties for vessels entering the port and maintenance dredging. This paper presents the fluid mud properties and nautical depth estimation based on observation data of rheology by RheoTune probe and bathymetries measured by multi-frequency echo sounding. Based on the analysis and comparison of water depth at 91 measurement locations, the paper proposed to apply the echo-sounding at 33 kHz and 200 kHz frequencies for measuring the bathymetry in a fluid mud bed. Density, yield stress, and viscosity were selected as combination criteria to determine the nautical depth for the Duyen Hai port and the navigation channel.

Detailed modelling to evaluate the effectiveness of sediment recycling on coastal habitat

In many parts of the world, ports and harbours lie adjacent to ecologically important areas of coastal habitat. In such areas port authorities, coastal managers and regulators are required to negotiate the tension between the demands of making ports ever more efficient, with wider and deeper approaches to accommodate vessels of deeper draft and larger handling areas, and the preservation of coastal habitats which are vitally important for bird and fish populations and which help protect the coast from flooding and erosion. The deepening of approach channels and berths usually results in an increased rate of sedimentation and maintenance dredging. There is an increasing recognition that such dredged sediment is a resource which should be utilised beneficially for human development activities and/or enhancement of ecological habitats. One form of beneficial use of dredged material, is termed “sediment recycling” or “strategic placement”. This form of beneficial use consists of the placement of cohesive sediment into the water column or onto the bed in such a way so that currents and waves then transport the released sediment onto the desired habitats. Sediment recycling is less widely practiced because the changes in bed level resulting from placement are generally of the order of a few centimetres/year or less and it is difficult to demonstrate whether such recycling is successful. This paper describes a methodology for the assessment of the effectiveness sediment recycling, implementing the methodology on a case study of a large-scale sediment recycling scheme in the Stour/Orwell Estuary system in the United Kingdom, designed to offset the identified adverse effects of an approach channel deepening on the estuary system. The study represents a major contribution to the consideration of non-direct beneficial use of cohesive sediment. For the first time a methodology for reliably evaluating the effects of sediment recycling, separating the effects of natural changes in morphology from the beneficial use, has been shown to be effective. This method, which is applicable anywhere where there are sufficient data, allows a robust evaluation of the effectiveness of such methods and crucially enables these methods to be tested and optimised using modelling before implementation.

Change and stasis of distinct sediment microbiomes across Port Everglades Inlet (PEI) and the adjacent coral reefs.

Deep water ports are human built coastal structures that by definition welcome ship traffic and disturbance. Evidence is accumulating that enhanced port activities such as dredging or deepening have negatively affected nearby natural habitats. Port Everglades Inlet (PEI) is a large active South Florida cargo port for over two million people and lies adjacent to coral reefs, dwindling mangroves, and recreational beaches. In this study, the microbial communities of PEI and adjacent reef sediments were characterized to serve as indicators for change due to dredging and assess anthropogenic influence on these sensitive ecosystems by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA ahead of a large-scale port deepening event. For the first time, this study established baseline bacterial community characterizations and their patterns of diversity prior to and after a maintenance dredging event. PEI samples were collected for two consecutive years 2020 (Phase I, before maintenance dredging) and 2021 (Phase II, after maintenance dredging) from PEI sediments and adjacent coral reef sediments. In spite of their proximity and tidal connections through the PEI, reef and PEI sediment microbial communities were distinct. Changes in microbial diversity within the intracoastal waterway (ICW), a route for community exchange or transfers, were the greatest after maintenance dredging occurred. Microbial diversity in reef sediments also changed after dredging, indicating potential influence from resuspended sediments due to an associated increase in trace metals and decrease in cyanobacterial diversity. Sediments were identified as a possible source of human and coral pathogens, although dredging did not affect the relative abundances of these indicator microorganisms. This study highlighted the utility and relative ease of applying current molecular ecology methods to address macroscale questions with environmental management ramifications.

Haulover sandbar dredging controversy

Bakers Haulover Inlet in Miami-Dade County, Florida, is an important waterway for recreational boaters connecting Biscayne Bay to the Atlantic Ocean. The dredging of the Haulover sandbar (properly termed the flood tidal delta) by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is very controversial because it has become a major attraction for boaters. This narrow inlet was artificially created for non-commercial watercraft in 1925 to provide access to the Atlantic Ocean, but it also helps promote flushing of Biscayne Bay, which is presently having pollutant problems. Maintenance dredging has occurred every three to five years since the 1960s, with the last project completed in 2017. The Corps of Engineers is providing 100% funding of the forthcoming dredging project in order to provide maintenance of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway and beach nourishment for the downdrift beach of Bal Harbour. Haulover sandbar parties are advertised by Trip Advisor among others as a Miami hot spot for outdoor recreation, drawing hundreds of boats and thousands of people during low tide, especially during the weekend.

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Bed Exchange Characteristics of Fine Sediments From the Weser Estuary

Sedimentation of fine-grained sediments in estuaries is a natural physical phenomenon influenced by biogeochemical processes. In the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM), enhanced net deposition of sediments is observed even in areas with higher hydrodynamic exposure, such as the navigational channel. Maintenance dredging is a common method to maintain the navigational channel, which requires large financial effort and has potential negative impacts on the environment. Research at the Institute for River and Coastal Engineering addresses the challenge of understanding the processes leading to net sedimentation and accumulation in estuarine navigational channels in reach of the ETM. In this contribution, investigations of bed exchange properties of estuarine cohesive sediments conducted in field and laboratory studies are presented. The results provide rarely available and estuary-specific parameters characterizing sediment transport, mainly related to erosion processes. By performing field campaigns within the ETM of the Weser estuary, cores of freshly deposited sediments have been sampled from two sites (Blexer Bogen and Nordenham) along the center of the navigational channel. Sediment characteristics (grain size distribution, water content, loss on ignition, density profiles) have been derived, and the erodibility of the deposits is investigated both quasi in situ and in the laboratory using an erosion microcosm system. Erodibility experiments are run in a closed system so sediment concentration above the lutocline increases during the experiment. This is a unique feature of this study, and it is expected to produce more natural characteristics of net erosion. By proving the reproducibility of the natural structure of the deposited sediments (stratification and density profiles) in the laboratory, systematic studies for analyzing the sensitivity of determined parameters (shear stresses and erosion rates) to varying environmental conditions (settling conditions and density) could be performed. Temporal development of suspended sediment concentration and erosion rates is the main result of the erodibility experiments, from which we derive bandwidths for erosion parameters, like floc erosion rate, critical shear for floc erosion, and critical shear for mass erosion.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND REGULATORY ASPECT STUDY ON THE HARBOR EXTENSION DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

Petroleum and petrochemical industries are those industries involving huge amount of products that shall be transported across regional and even international boundaries. Accordingly, many of these industries have their own special harbor or port to accommodate ships that are in and out of the harbor for the purpose of transporting their products. Industries having their own harbor for example are, among others, Pupuk Kalimantan Timur (PKT) in East Kalimantan that produces Ammonia and Urea, and Pertamina Cilacap in Central Java that produces fuels.As general harbor facilities that need maintenance, this special port has also to be maintained and sometimes extended due to the needs for accommodating bigger ships. Maintenance dredging is one of a harbor maintenance programs for keeping the berth that is always suitable for the ships. When the production of the industries has to be expanded for example due to demand for export purposes, the harbor that supports this activity has also to be extended. Some harbors even need a new area for developing harbor extension, because the old one is not sufficient for accommodating bigger ships.The harbor extension development will involve several activities, namely (i) dredging of the coastal sediments, (ii) coastal reclamation with the use of some of the dredged materials, (iii) dumping of the dredged materials, and (iv) development of ship-waste reception facilities. Every phase in the harbor extension activity will undoubtedly impact in some extents to the environment surrounding the project. The potential impacts of the project to the environment will depend on the scale (area and volume) of each phase and the duration of the activities. The Ministerial Decree of Environment No. 17/20011 describes the scale limit of the project that has to be preceded by the environmental impact analysis (EIA), or AMDAL study in order to get governmental permit before the project can be implemented. This is certainly valid for a new project that its environmental area has not been studied yet.Generally, many of the petroleum and petrochemical industries have been established long before the No.17/ 2001 decree being put into effect. The area of the port extension project in which this study was conducted is located in the area that has been studied through Environmental Evaluation Study, SEL (Studi Evaluasi Lingkungan) 2 . Basically, this environmental study covers all over the sphere that has been intended for the industrial activity. There are questions that may arise concerning with the extension project in this area. Should EIA/AMDAL study be conducted for this extension project? Is UKL/UPL (Environmental Management Effort/Environmental Monitoring Effort) study sufficient for this purpose? Regarding that the project scale may exceed the scale limit as described in the No. 17/2001 decree, shall RKL/RPL (Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan/Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan) – Environmental Management Plan/Environmental Monitoring Plan – be revised?For the purpose of harbor extension, beside the feasibility study which has been covered in the Master Plan Document, it is worthy to describe an environmental review and consideration regarding the activities that might result in an impact to the project surroundings. This environmental review that can be considered as an environmental rapid assessment is beneficial for the project management to have knowledge in making a decision concerning with the selection which the environmental studies (AMDAL, RKL/RPL, or UKL/UPL) that should be conducted prior the implementation of the project.This paper describes a study that has been conducted concerning the port extension of the petrochemical industry in East Kalimantan, where the SEL for that area has been established. The study emphasizes on the discussions on the environmental and regulatory aspects, in order to have background knowledge leading to the detail environmental management and monitoring study that shall be conducted prior the implementation of the project. The review is divided into two basic issues, namely dredging activity and ship-waste reception facilities. Due to related issues in dredging activities, review concerning dredging, coastal reclamation and dredged material dumping are grouped into one paragraph, while those of shipwaste reception facilities in other paragraph.

Multi-year planning for optimal navigation channel dredging and dredged material management

Navigation channels are critical maritime infrastructure that supports economic and recreational activities and intermodal freight supply chains, impacting broad areas of the hinterland. Maintenance of the maritime infrastructure is vital to the operations of the transportation system. This paper studies a strategic-level maritime infrastructure asset management problem: multi-year planning of navigation channel maintenance dredging and dredged material management. A mathematical model called dredging planning optimization model (DPOM) is developed to optimize channel dredging planning and dredged material management in confined disposal facilities (CDFs), accounting for practical constraints and considerations, including channel linkage and dependency, channel bundling, CDF accessibility and capacity, shoaling and navigability deterioration over time, reimbursable costs, channel economic values, etc. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model, with the objective of maximizing the total economic-value-weighted average navigability under fixed budget. The model can be reformulated as an equivalent mixed integer programming (MIP) model, which can be solved by the CPLEX solver, using the branch and bound algorithm. A heuristic algorithm called the dynamic planning prioritization (DPP) algorithm, is proposed in order to solve large-scale problems due to the computational complexity. DPP incorporates a dynamic ranking criterion to overcome the challenge of simultaneously handling all of the practical constraints and considerations, as well as the impact of channel prioritization on future year decisions. Finally, a real-world case study is proposed to illustrate the model results and demonstrate the effectiveness of the MIP model and the DPP algorithm.