Mainstream Practice Research Articles

Nothing to hide: How governments justify the adoption of ag-gag laws.

Mainstream practices for producing meat, eggs, and dairy raise numerous concerns regarding public health, animal welfare, and environmental integrity. However, governments worldwide have expanded anti-whistleblower legislation that constrains informed public debate. Since 2019, several Canadian provinces have adopted so-called "ag-gag" laws designed to prevent hidden-camera investigations on farms and meat processing facilities. How do governments across Canada justify ag-gag laws as serving the public interest? To what extent do agricultural industry interests shape government adoption of ag-gag laws? Using Freedom of Information requests and debate records from provincial legislatures, we find that biosecurity is the most prominent justification for ag-gag laws, and that governments exhibit a close, collaborative relationship with industry actors. This case demonstrates that when it comes to contested sites of capital accumulation, governments are drawing on new spatial-legal tools to protect the status quo interests of private industry by dissuading dissent, debate, and public scrutiny.

Redefining Science for Sustainable Development the Nexus of Endogenous Knowledge Systems and Scientific Paradigms

This article explores the integration of Western scientific paradigms and endogenous knowledge systems as a pathway to more inclusive and sustainable development. While Western science, rooted in positivism and empiricism, has driven technological progress, it often overlooks the socio-cultural and ecological contexts specific to local communities, particularly in the Global South. Endogenous knowledge, with its holistic and relational approaches, provides valuable insights for sustainable development. Through a theoretical and conceptual analysis, this paper advocates for epistemological pluralism, which fosters the co-production of knowledge across disciplines and cultures. The study also examines the decolonisation of science, addressing the historical marginalisation of indigenous knowledge and proposing institutional reforms that validate these systems in mainstream development practices. It highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and participatory research to ensure local communities play an active role in shaping sustainable development strategies. The findings emphasise the need for policy shifts, interdisciplinary research, and institutional changes to ensure equitable inclusion of indigenous knowledge in global sustainability agendas, offering a more culturally sensitive and resilient approach to development.

Iron-MOFs for Biomedical Applications.

Over the past two decades, iron-based metal-organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) have attracted significant research interest in biomedicine due to their low toxicity, tunable degradability, substantial drug loading capacity, versatile structures, and multimodal functionalities. Despite their great potential, the transition of Fe-MOFs-based composites from laboratory research to clinical products remains challenging. This review evaluates the key properties that distinguish Fe-MOFs from other MOFs and highlights recent advances in synthesis routes, surface engineering, and shaping technologies. In particular, it focuses on their applications in biosensing, antimicrobial, and anticancer therapies. In addition, the review emphasizes the need to develop scalable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective production methods for additional Fe-MOFs to meet the specific requirements of various biomedical applications. Despite the ability of Fe-MOFs-based composites to combine therapies, significant hurdles still remain, including the need for a deeper understanding of their therapeutic mechanisms and potential risks of resistance and overdose. Systematically addressing these challenges could significantly enhance the prospects of Fe-MOFs in biomedicine and potentially facilitate their integration into mainstream clinical practice.

Comprehensive Review on Nilofar (Nymphaea alba Linn): Unani Perspectives and Therapeutic Potentials

Nilofar (Nymphaea alba Linn) is commonly known as the white-water lily. It is a hydrophyte with enormous medicinal properties, renowned for its alluring white flowers. It is distributed worldwide in ponds, lakes, and marshy areas. Its various parts have been extensively utilized in Unani medicine globally, particularly in the Indian subcontinent, to prevent and treat a variety of ailments. Numerous research findings have documented its therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatitis C, anti-diarrheal, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, antiurolithiatic, uterotonic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, CNS depressant, anticonvulsant, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant activities. In Unani medicine, Nilofar is used to treat various illnesses such as palpitations, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity, inflammation, migraines, anxiety, depression, and convulsions. Nilofar contains a variety of chemical constituents, including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic content, glycosides, aglycons, phenolic acids, cardiac glycoside nymphalin, and others. This review explores the therapeutic potential of Nilofar, shedding light on its pharmacological properties, traditional uses, and emerging research. By combining traditional knowledge with the latest scientific findings, this review aims to encourage further research and facilitate its integration into mainstream healthcare practices.

Nigerian Audience Views on Mainstream Media and Moulding of Public Opinion in the 21st Century

The mass media have been long known to shape and mould public opinion in every human society. However, with the influence of web 2.0 technologies that have affected mainstream journalism practice in the 21st century, this study investigated the extent to which mainstream media still mould public opinion in Nigeria. The paper was anchored on agenda-setting and media dependency theories as it investigated journalism’s ability to mould the views of people on issues of public concern. The survey research design was used where the multi-stage sampling technique was adopted and an online Australian Calculator was used to draw the sample size of 371, the questionnaire was deployed as the instrument for data collection. The results among other things revealed that, though social media and blogs’ usage have influenced mass media and public communication generally, mainstream journalism still moulds public opinion in Nigeria. This was revealed as respondents disclosed that in making decisions, they believe and use more information they obtained from mainstream media platforms than information they got from blogs and social media sites. Keywords: blogs, information, mainstream media, public opinion, public agenda, social media

No thanks: How an ideology of sharing, not reciprocating, ensures abundance in the forests of south‐eastern Cameroon

Abstract Reciprocity and relationality are themes which frequently emerge with respect to human–nature associations in Indigenous groups around the world. But many hunter‐gatherers have been shown to reject systems of reciprocity, instead favouring unconditional sharing both between each other and their environment through egalitarian social structures. Investigations of human–nature reciprocity in Central African hunter‐gatherers has been neglected. In this article, we investigate how Baka‐forest relationships intersect with concepts of reciprocity and what the implications are for forest managers. The work is the result of a collaboration between local knowledge holders and an anthropologist who carried out extensive ethnographic fieldwork in a Baka village in south‐eastern Cameroon. Through the examples of three phenomena—origin stories, human–animal shapeshifting, and forest and ancestral spirits—we show that the Baka hold a complex and deeply rooted relational connection with the forest, whereby the two are closely tied. The common notion of direct human–nature reciprocity whereby ‘giving back’ or ‘giving thanks’ that appears in such a diversity of contexts is not present in the case of the Baka. Rather, the focus is on celebrating the abundance of the forest experienced, expressed through sharing properly with others. There is no expectation that this will lead to getting something in return, but instead is known as the ultimate way to achieve joy. As the Baka consider themselves as part of the forest, ensuring their own well‐being is ensuring the well‐being of the forest, an ideology dependent on close relational ties. Extractive industries and mainstream conservation practices in south‐eastern Cameroon are often based on inappropriate approaches which may cause harm to forest communities and jeopardise the state of the forest in the long term. The social‐ecological philosophy we describe, which insists on caring for forest people as the primary means for caring for the forest, provides guidance for forest managers in the tropics and more widely in how to secure a sustainable future for both forests and people. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bacteriophage therapy: a review with a focus on multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections.

SUMMARYDespite the early recognition of their therapeutic potential and the current escalation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, the adoption of bacteriophages into mainstream clinical practice is hindered by unfamiliarity with their basic pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties, among others. Given the self-replicative nature of bacteriophages in the presence of host bacteria, the adsorption rate, and the clearance by the host's immunity, their PK/PD characteristics cannot be estimated by conventional approaches, and thus, the introduction of new considerations is required. Furthermore, the multitude of different bacteriophage types, preparations, and treatment schedules impedes drawing general conclusions on their in vivo PK/PD features. Additionally, the drawback of acquired bacteriophage resistance of MDR pathogens with clinical and environmental implications should be taken into consideration. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of the field of PK and PD of bacteriophage therapy with a focus on its application against MDR Gram-negative infections, highlighting the potential knowledge gaps and the challenges in translation from the bench to the bedside. After reviewing the in vitro PKs and PDs of bacteriophages against the four major MDR Gram-negative pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii complex, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, specific data on in vivo PKs (tissue distribution, route of administration, and basic PK parameters in animals and humans) and PDs (survival and reduction of bacterial burden in relation to the route of administration, timing of therapy, dosing regimens, and resistance) are summarized. Currently available data merit close scrutiny, and optimization of bacteriophage therapy in the context of a better understanding of the underlying PK/PD principles is urgent to improve its therapeutic effect and to minimize the occurrence of bacteriophage resistance.

A citation analysis of (f)MRI papers that cited Lieberman and Cunningham (2009) to justify their statistical threshold.

In current neuroimaging studies, the mainstream practice is to report results corrected for multiple comparisons to control for false positives. In 2009, Lieberman and Cunningham published a highly cited report that promotes the use of uncorrected statistical thresholds to balance Types I and II error rates. This paper aims to review recent studies that cited this report, investigating whether the citations were to justify the use of uncorrected statistical thresholds, and if their uncorrected thresholds adhered to the recommended defaults. The Web of Science Core Collection online database was queried to identify original articles published during 2019-2022 that cited the report. It was found that the majority of the citing papers (152/225, 67.6%) used the citation to justify their statistical threshold setting. However, only 19.7% of these 152 papers strictly followed the recommended uncorrected P (Punc) < 0.005, k = 10 (15/152, 9.9%) or Punc < 0.005, k = 20 (15/152, 9.9%). Over half (78/152, 51.3%) used various cluster-extent based thresholds with Punc, with the predominant choices being Punc < 0.001, k = 50 and Punc < 0.001, k = 10, mostly without justifying their deviation from the default. Few papers matched the voxel size and smoothing kernel size used by the simulations from the report to derive the recommended thresholds. This survey reveals a disconnect between the use and citation of Lieberman and Cunningham's report. Future studies should justify their chosen statistical thresholds based on rigorous statistical theory and study-specific parameters, rather than merely citing previous works. Furthermore, this paper encourages the neuroimaging community to publicly share their group-level statistical images and metadata to promote transparency and collaboration.

Integrating traditional practitioners within primary healthcare teams: Development of an accreditation framework.

While the work of Traditional Healing and its practice is centuries old, many mainstream healthcare providers do not recognize its value. A priority for the Indigenous Primary Health Care Council (IPHCC) is to support Indigenous people, communities, and partners in the work of reclaiming safe spaces for Traditional Healing within primary healthcare settings. The primary goal of this IPHCC-led initiative was to understand barriers for organizations to integrate Traditional Healing and cultural services and from this information design an accreditation model for Traditional Healing Practitioners. This included the protection and maintenance of the experiences and knowledge of our Traditional Healing Practitioners through promoting and delivering Traditional Healing training and mentorship opportunities for the next seven generations of practitioners; and the creation of curriculum that will embed the concept of Two-Eyed Seeing as it relates to integrated Traditional Healing within mainstream practice.

Understanding the caring professional dispositions of the early childhood education teacher assistants in Chile

Despite their crucial global importance in the daily work within classrooms, teacher assistants are barely addressed in early childhood education (ECE) teaching policy and research. In this context, little is known about features of their role – more commonly studied in the case of lead teachers – such as their professional dispositions. This paper analyses the discourses of a group of Chilean ECE teacher assistants about their dispositions, exploring possible intersections and dissonances of an ethics of care and mainstream technical practice approaches in ECE. Sixteen assistants from two ECE centres located in an urban suburb of Santiago de Chile took part in focus groups and interviews, and their discourses were analysed through a Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Findings show that teacher assistants address their role by producing a discourse informed by an ethics of care, but also drawing marginally on a mainstream technical perspective. The findings may help inform future ECE teaching policy in Chile, embracing new approaches to ECE professionalism that foreground caring practices and acknowledge the diversity of the workforce.

The prevalence of herbal medicine among Sudanese adults: a cross-sectional study 2021

BackgroundThe use of herbal medicine has a long history in Sudan and is widely practiced among the general population. However, there is a lack of studies examining the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of herbal medicine usage in Sudan. Thus, this study was conducted to bridge this gap.MethodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between January and February 2021. It included Sudanese adults residing in Omdurman, Sudan, using systematic and simple random sampling methods. Data were collected using a structured, adapted questionnaire comprising: the socio-demographic characteristics and the knowledge of herbal medicine and its usage. Moreover, it investigated the commonly used herbal remedies and the participants’ sources of information and procurement of such products. Additionally, we examined the correlation between socio-demographic factors, cultural beliefs, and the use of herbal medicine. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages. Associations were assessed using chi-square, Fisher’s exact tests, and binary logistic regression (p < 0.05).ResultsThis study included 381 participants, of which 48.1% were females and 31.4% were aged 20-30. The majority of participants were aware of the practice of herbal medicine and the prevalence of its usage was 85.9%. Peppermint, acacia, hibiscus, ginger, and fenugreek were the most commonly used remedies. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact testing revealed that the participants’ gender and beliefs in the safety and effectiveness of herbal medicines were significantly associated with herbal medicine usage (p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that only the perception of herbal medicine’s safety was an independent predictor of its usage (p-value 0.038).ConclusionThis study reported a very high prevalence of herbal medicine usage, highlighting the acceptability of Sudanese adults towards herbal medicine usage. This prompts further studies to explore their safety, efficacy, and the possibility of their integration into mainstream healthcare practices and policies.

Hearing the Voices: Embracing Diversity in the Study of Language in Society

ABSTRACT We have all heard or read about “embracing diversity” in our professions, but what does this look like in practice? In this presentation, we will take you on a journey through our First Nations-led collaboration to study Australian Aboriginal English, an Indigenised variety of English spoken by approximately 80% of First Nations people in Australia (Rodríguez Louro & Collard, 2020, 2021a, b). Our sociolinguistic research into Aboriginal English as spoken in Nyungar country, Southwest Western Australia allowed us to record and analyse the way that people use language in everyday contexts. Our use of “yarning” as a method of data collection made it possible to engage with community in a culturally safe fashion (Rodríguez Louro & Collard, 2021c). We also applied a diversity lens when we worked with the Heart Foundation to decolonise medical media for First Nations communities (Collard & Rodríguez Louro, Submitted; Rodríguez Louro & Collard, 2021d). In this presentation, we demonstrate how working together can ensure that we “hear the voices” of those at the margins of mainstream practice and how, with every minute decision in the right direction, we can make the world a better place.

Advertising in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

This article explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the advertising industry, detailing its evolution from traditional to AI-driven methods. Advertising has historically been a crucial medium for promoting messages, with its impact magnified during public health crises. The integration of AI has revolutionized advertising by automating functions such as ad optimization, media buying, and personalized ad creation. AI's ability to analyze large data sets and predict consumer behavior has enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of advertising campaigns, leading to higher returns on investment (ROI). Using a case study methodology, the article examines the social and demographic impacts of AI-driven advertising, particularly on youth and the elderly, and addresses the ethical implications and challenges associated with AI's pervasive use in advertising. Additionally, the case study of Being Patient, an online platform for Alzheimer's disease, illustrates the significant impact of well-crafted AI advertising on business success and community engagement. The article concludes with a call for further research to evaluate AI advertising's reception across different age groups and to develop strategies for its broader acceptance and integration into mainstream practices.

The Morality of Schooling: Women's Education as an Arena for Social Tension in Cabo Delgado

In this article, I reflect on education as a continuing arena of tension for people in Cabo Delgado. The tension between formal (state-sponsored) and religious education as a backdrop of the conflict in Cabo Delgado has been widely mentioned but largely misunderstood. Scholars have consistently mentioned poverty and people's lack of access to formal education as drivers of the disenfranchisement that has led to violent extremism in the province. There are also references to how the insurgent movement has shunned formal education in favour of Islamic teachings. The existing literature about the insurgent's rejection of state-sponsored education, especially for girls, fails to address a trajectory whereby formal (state-sponsored) education has been a field of tension for a long time. Similar tensions happened across the Swahili coast in both English and French colonies. From interviews focused on women's relationships and experiences with both the colonial and postcolonial state, it emerged that Muslim populations in Cabo Delgado, particularly on the coast, have a long history of suspicion towards state-sponsored education. This includes showcasing a locally established practice for women's education that predated and existed alongside formal education. This follows that cultural and religious dynamics do not preclude women's influence in society, particularly education. In fact, it relies on her active participation. At the same time, despite potential violent cooptation, in the context of the conflict, the insurgent movement is able to tap into the existing tensions, including that around state-sponsored education. Evidence from the field indicates that, despite the disadvantages of resisting formal education, religious education remains central to most people, not just those following the extremist movement. What may appear to be an extremist rupture from mainstream practice should be understood within a logic operating on shared and familiar values.

Robotising vitreoretinal surgeries.

The use of robotic surgery in ophthalmology has been shown to offer many potential advantages to current surgical techniques. Vitreoretinal surgery requires complex manoeuvres and high precision, and this is an area that exceeds manual human dexterity in certain surgical situations. With the advent of advanced therapeutics such as subretinal gene therapy, precise delivery and minimising trauma is imperative to optimize outcomes. There are multiple robotic systems in place for ophthalmology in pre-clinical and clinical use, and the Preceyes Robotic Surgical System (Preceyes BV) has also gained the CE mark and is commercially available for use. Recent in-vivo and in-human surgeries have been performed successfully with robotics systems. This includes membrane peeling, subretinal injections of therapeutics, and retinal vein cannulation. There is huge potential to integrate robotic surgery into mainstream clinical practice. In this review, we summarize the existing systems, and clinical implementation so far, and highlight the future clinical applications for robotic surgery in vitreo-retina.

Psycho-oncology interventions from research to practice: the case of mindfulness-based interventions

Abstract As a past recipient of the International Psycho-Oncology Society (IPOS) Bernard Fox Memorial Award, on the occasion of IPOS' 40th anniversary, Dr. Carlson reflects on the development, evaluation, and uptake of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) over the past 25 years as an example of a psychosocial oncology intervention that has moved from a complementary therapy generally outside of conventional medicine to a therapy endorsed in mainstream clinical practice guidelines. She summarizes the literature on MBIs for people with cancer and her team's contributions to the body of science now supporting the use of MBIs and reviews recent clinical practice guidelines from the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, which include recommendations for the use of MBIs for treating common symptoms in people with cancer including anxiety, depression, and fatigue as an example of a process that IPOS may support for other promising programs.

Traditional health care systems and immunity boosting: exploring plant based indigenous knowledge systems amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 outbreak has highlighted the importance of utilizing traditional Ecological knowledge (TEK) to address the health risks linked to the pandemic. Mountain communities have traditionally relied on wild plant species and indigenous crops to enhance their immune system and maintain nutritional security. Recognizing the significance of indigenous knowledge systems this study was undertaken to explore plant-based traditional healthcare systems to revitalize immunity against COVID-19. A comprehensive survey and interviews of 195 local healers (Vaidyas) and residents were carried out using structured and semi-structured questionnaires following the convenience sampling method. The survey identified 40 plant species traditionally used for treating various ailments and augmenting immune functions. This study revealed a strong interest (over 80%) among the local population in plant-based remedies to enhance immunity for COVID-19. This study underscores the necessity of revitalizing and integrating diminishing traditional knowledge into mainstream healthcare practices, emphasizing the significance of region-specific approaches aligned with local resources and requirements. Therefore, there is an urgent need for exploration and recognition of the value of traditional knowledge and indigenous foods, alongside rigorous clinical trials to ascertain their role in fortifying health resilience against COVID-19.

Roll out and influence of an educational program: Talking about risk, uncertainties of testing in genetics (TRUSTING).

9025 Background: Family history clinics face significant capacity issues making calls for genetic testing of all breast cancer (BC) patients problematic. Mainstreaming of services by health care professionals (HCPs) is needed but many lack confidence and familiarity with genetic counseling. Following successful development and evaluation of the TRUSTING educational program (Fallowfield et al. BJC 2022), facilitators were trained to roll out workshops for BC HCPs. Here we report the workshops’ effect on participants’ knowledge, skills, and self-confidence and influence on mainstreaming. Methods: 1 surgeon, 3 oncologists, 1 nurse specialist facilitated the 8-hr program in pairs. Workshop content included didactic components to enhance knowledge and various exercises to promote self-awareness about individual participants’ tolerance to uncertainty and risk. Groups discussed 6 filmed scenarios showing interactions between surgeons and geneticists with the proband (triple negative BC and BRCA2 pathogenic gene alteration), her sister (BRCA2 +) and their anxious cousin (BRCA2 -). Pre-workshop, participants completed: - 1) an 18-item multiple choice knowledge questionnaire about gene testing in breast cancer 2) a 9-item questionnaire exploring self-confidence when discussing/advising patients about different aspects of BRCA testing, results, and treatments and 3) an Intolerance to Uncertainty Scale. Knowledge and self-confidence together with general feedback questions about overall satisfaction with facilitators and the event were assessed post workshop. Follow-up questionnaires sent 3-12 mths later examined the impact TRUSTING workshops had made on participants’ own practice and implementation of mainstreaming in their clinic. Results: 120 participants (61 surgeons; 41 nurses; 9 oncologists; 9 other) attended 12 UK workshops. There were improvements post workshop in knowledge (mean change = 6.57; 95% CI 5.97 to 7.16; p&lt;0.001) and self-confidence (mean change = 2.64; 95% CI 2.33 to 2.95; p&lt;0.001). Feedback about the facilitators’ approach was uniformly high (mean range 9.65 to 9.90 /10). Most found workshops useful, enjoyable, and informative; 98% would definitively recommend them to colleagues. Follow up data revealed that attendance significantly impacted individuals’ own practice with 59% reporting it had improved their discussions about genetic testing with patients. When asked about mainstreaming more generally 81% reported it as “OK” or “working very well”, others (16%) that it had not yet started or (3%) that it was problematic. Conclusions: Discussing the implications of pathogenic gene alterations on patients’ treatment and risk-reducing interventions is complex when patients are already coming to terms with a BC diagnosis. The TRUSTING educational program is an effective means of helping HCPs now involved in the mainstreaming of genetic testing.

Efficacy of Combination Therapy with External Human Epidermal Growth Factor and Ebastin in 60 Cases of Eczema

Objective: The primary aim of this research endeavor was to meticulously evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of integrating external human epidermal growth factor (EGF) with ebastine in the therapeutic management of eczema, Methods: A comprehensive cohort comprising sixty patients clinically diagnosed with eczema and admitted to our esteemed medical facility during the period spanning from June 2020 to June 2022 was meticulously curated for this investigation. Employing a rigorous randomized allocation procedure, the recruited patients were stratified into two distinct groups: the control group and the study group. The control group, serving as the comparative benchmark, underwent treatment with conventional ebastine therapy, whereas the study group was subjected to a novel therapeutic regimen encompassing the combined administration of external human epidermal growth factor and ebastine. Throughout the study duration, each patient&amp;apos;s response to treatment was diligently monitored and meticulously documented. Results: Upon comprehensive analysis of the treatment outcomes, it was unequivocally evident that the therapeutic regimen involving the concomitant administration of external human epidermal growth factor and ebastine yielded markedly superior outcomes in comparison to the conventional ebastine monotherapy. Specifically, the study group exhibited an impressively high effective rate of 96.7%, which starkly contrasted with the comparatively modest effective rate of 73.3% observed in the control group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Moreover, the incidence of adverse reactions in the study group was notably lower, standing at 13.3%, as opposed to the substantially higher incidence rate of 46.7% documented in the control group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). These compelling findings underscore the profound therapeutic potential and favorable safety profile associated with the innovative combination therapy. Conclusions: In light of the compelling evidence gleaned from this meticulously conducted study, it can be unequivocally concluded that the integration of external human epidermal growth factor with ebastine holds immense promise as a novel therapeutic strategy for the effective management of eczema. These findings advocate for the wider adoption and integration of this innovative therapeutic approach into mainstream clinical practice, thereby signifying a pivotal advancement in the armamentarium against this debilitating dermatological ailment.

Insight into the Functional Dynamics and Challenges of Exosomes in Pharmaceutical Innovation and Precision Medicine.

Of all the numerous nanosized extracellular vesicles released by a cell, the endosomal-originated exosomes are increasingly recognized as potential therapeutics, owing to their inherent stability, low immunogenicity, and targeted delivery capabilities. This review critically evaluates the transformative potential of exosome-based modalities across pharmaceutical and precision medicine landscapes. Because of their precise targeted biomolecular cargo delivery, exosomes are posited as ideal candidates in drug delivery, enhancing regenerative medicine strategies, and advancing diagnostic technologies. Despite the significant market growth projections of exosome therapy, its utilization is encumbered by substantial scientific and regulatory challenges. These include the lack of universally accepted protocols for exosome isolation and the complexities associated with navigating the regulatory environment, particularly the guidelines set forth by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This review presents a comprehensive overview of current research trajectories aimed at addressing these impediments and discusses prospective advancements that could substantiate the clinical translation of exosomal therapies. By providing a comprehensive analysis of both the capabilities and hurdles inherent to exosome therapeutic applications, this article aims to inform and direct future research paradigms, thereby fostering the integration of exosomal systems into mainstream clinical practice.