Provinces In Mainland Of China Research Articles

Impact of Area-Level Socioeconomic and Environmental Measures on Reduced Visual Acuity Among Children and Adolescents.

To assess the impacts of area-level socioeconomic and environmental measures on reduced visual acuity (VA). This ecological study used the nationally representative cross-sectional data from the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health in 2014 (CNSSCH 2014), which included 261,833 participants aged 7 to 22 years randomly selected from 30 mainland provinces in China. Area-level socioeconomic measures assessed included gross domestic product (GDP), population density, density of hospital beds, and nighttime light data measured as the mean digital number (DN) of each region; environmental factors assessed included latitude, annual sunlight duration, and park green space density. The main outcome measure was the prevalence of reduced VA in each province of Mainland China. GDP (coefficient: 0.221; P < 0.001), mean DN (coefficient: 0.461; P < 0.001), latitude (coefficient: 0.093; P < 0.001), and annual sunlight duration (coefficient: 0.112; P < 0.001) were positively associated with the prevalence of reduced VA, while population density (coefficient: -0.256; P < 0.001), park green space per 10,000 people (coefficient: -0.145; P < 0.001), and number of hospital beds per 10,000 people (coefficient: -0.146; P < 0.001) were negatively associated with reduced VA prevalence. Factor analysis indicated a marginally nonsignificant positive correlation between socioeconomic factors and the prevalence of reduced VA (coefficient: 0.034; P = 0.07). Increased GDP and mean DN, which reflect economic development, were associated with a higher prevalence of reduced VA, while larger park green space and number of hospital beds per 10,000 people seemed to play a protective role, which could be targeted to design preventive strategies for myopia.

Sex differences in association between Internet addiction and aggression among adolescents aged 12 to 18 in mainland of China

BackgroundPrevious studies have reported that Internet addiction (IA) is an important predictor of aggression. However, little is known whether aggression is a risk factor of IA. This study aims to explore whether IA can predict total and sub-types of aggression, whether aggression also can predict IA, and the potential sex difference. MethodA total of 15,977 adolescents aged 12 to 18 were recruited though a stratified cluster sampling across five representative provinces in mainland of China. Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Buss and Warren's Aggression Questionnaire (BWAQ) were used to measure IA and aggression, respectively. ResultsThe prevalence of IA and total aggression was 16.8 % and 25.0 %, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that IAT score was significantly associated with total and five sub-types of aggression (P < 0.001). However, scores of physical aggression, hostility, and indirect aggression were positively associated with IA (P < 0.001), while verbal aggression and anger were not significant (P > 0.05). Moreover, the interaction of sex and IA was significant for aggression. Specifically, females with IA had higher risks of anger and indirect aggression but had lower risks of physical and verbal aggression compared to males with IA. LimitationsCross-sectional design, self-reported information, and only Chinese rural adolescents. ConclusionsIA is a strong risk factor of total and five sub-types of aggression, while not all sub-types of aggression are predictors of IA. Prevention programs for adolescents' IA and aggression should consider different aggression sub-types and sex.

Soil-transmitted helminthiasis in China: A national survey in 2014-2015.

BackgroundBased on two national surveys, the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) in China had decreased from 53.58% in 1988–1992 to 19.56% in 2001–2004. To update the epidemiology and characteristics of STH in China, a third national survey was implemented in 2014–2015.Methodology/Principal findingsThis survey covered rural areas in 31 provinces in mainland of China. Multiple-stage stratified cluster sampling was employed, which included three levels (provinces, ecozones and economical levels). Stool samples were collected and the Kato-Katz method was applied for helminth eggs detection. Samples with hookworm eggs were selected and hatched to differentiate the species based on larval morphology. Between June 2014 and May 2015, a total of 484,210 participants from 604 counties were enrolled. The weighted prevalence of STH overall was 4.49% (95% confidential interval (CI): 2.45%-6.53%), including 2.62% (95% CI: 0.86%-4.38%) hookworm infections, 1.36% (95% CI: 0.49%-2.23%) ascariasis, and 1.02% (95% CI: 0.15%-1.89%) trichuriasis. The estimated population infected was 29.12 million (95% CI: 15.88 million-42.32 million) for all STH; 16.97 million (95% CI: 5.57 million-28.39 million) for hookworm infections; 8.83 million (95% CI: 3.18 million-14.45 million) for ascariasis; and 6.60 million (95% CI: 0.97 million-12.25 million) for trichuriasis. Overall, the prevalence of ascariasis and trichuriasis was relatively high in children, while hookworm infections were more common in the older population, especially those over 60. STH was highly prevalent in western China, and moderately in central areas, but low in eastern and northern regions. Out of 3,579 hookworm cases with species differentiation, 479 cases (13.38%) were infected with only Ancylostoma spp., 2,808 cases (78.46%) with only Necator americanus, and another 292 cases (8.16%) with both species.Conclusions/SignificanceThis survey demonstrated the continuous decrease of STH in rural China. However, endemicity still prevails in the western areas of the country. Hookworm, especially N. americanus, is becoming the predominant species. Older farmers in western China should be prioritized for control due to the high prevalence of hookworm.

Decomposition and allocation of energy-related carbon dioxide emission allowance over provinces of China

China can be regarded as a group of disparate economies, so the responsibilities of reduction have to be decided by considering different development stages over the provinces as well as reaching fairness of allocation. This study analyzed factors that influenced carbon dioxide emission changes due to energy-related consumption of 30 mainland provinces in China from 2005 to 2011, which was to promote carbon emission reduction and allocate carbon emission allowance. First, the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) technique was adopted to decompose the changes in carbon emissions at the provincial level into five effects that were carbon coefficient, energy structure, energy intensity, economic output and population-scale effect. Next, according to the LMDI decomposition results, the overall contributions of various decomposition factors were calculated and applied to distribute carbon emission allowance over 30 provinces in China in 2020. The total effects of economic output, population-scale effect and energy structure on carbon emissions were positive, whereas the overall effect of energy intensity was negative. The allocation of carbon emission allowance can facilitate decision makers to reconsider the emission reduction targets and some related policies.

Estimated HCFC-142b emissions in China: 2000–2050

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b) was both ozone depleting substance under restriction of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) and potent greenhouse gas with high GWP. Controlling its emissions in China will contribute to both mitigating climate change and protecting ozone. A national emission inventory of HCFC-142b for China during 2000–2012 was established and projected to 2050 based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Montreal Protocol, showing that (i) in contrast to the downward trend revealed by existing researches, HCFC-142b emissions kept increasing from 0.1 kt/y in 2000 to the peak of 14.4 kt/y in 2012, making China a crucial contributor to global HCFC-142b emissions and (ii) for future emission projections, a continuous increase from 14.9 kt/y in 2013 to 97.2 kt/y in 2050 was anticipated under the business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios, while a reduction of about 90% of the projected BAU emissions would be obtained by fulfilling the Montreal Protocol, namely an accumulative mitigation of 1578 kt HCFC-142b from 2013 to 2050, equal to 103 kt ODP and 3504 Tg CO2 emissions. Emissions from each province in 2012 were also estimated to identify key emission areas. Among the 31 mainland provinces in China (Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan were not included), Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Guangdong had the highest emission rates in 2012 (2.06, 1.85, 1.52, and 1.04 kt/y, respectively); Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Shanghai exhibit the strongest emission strength (0.83, 0.59, and 0.54 t/km2, respectively), much higher than the average national level of 0.33 t/km2.

Using decomposition analysis to evaluate the performance of China’s 30 provinces in CO2 emission reductions over 2005–2009

This paper aims to evaluate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction performance of 30 mainland provinces in China over 2005–2009. First, the log-mean Divisia index (LMDI) technique is used to decompose the changes in CO2 emissions at the provincial level into 4 effects that are carbon intensity effect, energy mix effect, energy intensity effect and gross domestic product (GDP) effect. Next, two indicators, decoupling index and rescaled decoupling index, are implemented to evaluate the performance of 30 provinces in CO2 emission reduction from 2005 to 2009. The decomposition result shows that the GDP growth is mainly responsible for the CO2 emissions increase, while the energy intensity effect is the key factor for the decrease in CO2 emissions in each province. Moreover, according to the evaluation, the performance of each province in what concerns the CO2 emission reduction varies significantly. Most provinces in China made significant efforts in emissions reduction during 2005–2009, while some provinces only made weak efforts or even no efforts in decoupling progress.

Spatial Analysis on the Contribution of Industrial Structural Adjustment to Regional Energy Efficiency: A Case Study of 31 Provinces across China

Abstract: Energy is an important production factor. When more energy is put into production activities, labor productivity increases and the economy and social development improve. Industrial structural change is an important factor that affects the growth of regional energy efficiency. In modern development, industrial structural improvement is closely related to regional energy efficiency and the status of industrial structure. Energy efficiency can together reflect a country's development level, sustainable development and the direction in which its economy will head. This paper discusses the contribution of industrial structural adjustment to regional energy efficiency growing with a spatial perspective. This study based on 31 mainland provinces in China, uses statistics of industrial structure and corresponding energy utilization data, adopting mathematic model and spatial analysis approaches, reveals that the 31 provinces in China differed in their contribution to industrial structural adjustment to...

Intra-provincial inequalities and economic growth in China

This paper approaches the problem of inequalities in China. It is specifically focused on analyzing the effects of intra-provincial disparities on the development of the 28 mainland provinces in China. Intra-provincial inequalities, as measured by the Theil index, seem positively related to growth, albeit the results are only convincing for the coastal provinces. A case-by-case analysis, however, suggests highly diversified patterns, including linear or an inverted U-shape for the fastest growing coastal provinces and virtually no relationship for the majority of regions. The results corroborate some questions raised earlier about actual policy-making standards in China.

Extended exergy-based fossil fuels resource accounting in spatial distribution in 2007, China

Since the resources from environment are in short supply, it is necessary to alleviate the conflict between high-speed economic construction and limited resources in the Chinese society. This paper aims to analysis the extended exergy based indicators of fossil fuels in 2007 for 30 provinces in mainland of China, and to reveal the spatial distribution of ecological investments. This present situation of distribution may be helpful in recognizing spatial resource depletion and efficiency distinction, so as to make reasonable decision and holistic method as well as path in making planning and regulation with respect to environmental management.