Main Water Supply Research Articles

Experimental evaluation of solar collectors

The purpose of the present work was to investigate the association of two important engineering devices, the two-phase thermosyphon and the solar collector. A cycle to obtain high vacuum was set up to manufacture thermosyphons, which were inserted into evacuated glass tubes to compose the structure of a solar collector prototype. The prototype was operated over a period of eight months, during which two other solar collectors were tested simultaneously for comparison purposes. The other two collectors were purchased on the market, one of which already included the thermosyphons, while the other operated without them. Temperature readings were taken at the manifold inlet and outlet, as well as in the main water supply, and in the storage tank. The temperature data were analyzed and could be condensed into just two 24-hour periods, as they showed reproducible behavior. A calorimeter allowed estimating the amount of stored energy, which in this case used twenty 24 hour periods for analysis. It was concluded that the solar collector that uses the thermosyphon can reach higher temperatures at the manifold outlet, but the storage tank can interfere, causing a decrease in the temperature of the water that reaches the consumer.

PEMETAAN POTENSI SUMBER DAYA AIR UNTUK PERTANIAN LAHAN PRODUKTIF (STUDI KASUS: DESA KAMBUHAPANG DAN DESA KAMBATAWUNDUT)

Desa Kambuhapang and Desa Kambatawundut are villages located in the Lewa District of East Sumba Regency. This area is characterized by arid conditions and experiences an 8-month-long dry season. Most of the population in this region is engaged in agriculture, particularly dryland farming. The main water supply for agriculture in this area comes from low rainfall, resulting in limited water availability. The purpose of this study is to assess the water discharge potential in these two villages. Secondary data, including rainfall data, was obtained from two stations: the Waingapu meteorological station and the Lewa Paku rain station. Additionally, climatological data from 2012 to 2021 was used. ArcGIS 10.7 software was employed to map the area using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. The Modified Penman method was used to determine evapotranspiration, while the F.J. Mock method was applied to calculate the reliable discharge. The results showed that the average annual water availability, according to the F.J. Mock method, is 16.45 m³/s for the Lay Mbeda River and 16.54 m³/s for the Wai Wei River. The villages of Kambuhapang and Kambatawundut have sufficient water availability, with a total of 74.18% across an area of 63.12 km². The adequate water availability in these two villages is evident from the minimum discharge during the dry season, ranging from 6.60 to 7.12 m³/s. This indicates that the villages have sufficient water resources to support the expansion of productive agricultural land for the local community. The utilization of these water resources could be further optimized by providing supporting infrastructure to increase runoff storage, such as water reservoirs, small ponds, or retention basins.Keywords: mapping, water potential, water availability, waingapu, lewa paku

Trends in planted native tree biomass established in a tropical Andes city water basins

Studying tree growth processes helps us evaluate the success of restoration efforts in recovering ecosystem processes such as carbon accumulation. Here, we study aboveground biomass dynamics in four common‐endemic tree species from the tropical Andes (Quercus humboldtii, Retrophyllum rospigliosii, Citharexylum subflavescens, and Croton magdalenensis), established in the main water supply basins of Medellín, Colombia. We use measurements from 19 permanent plots from five censuses between 2010 and 2023 to develop biomass equations as a function of t for each species (B = f[t]) by combining tree growth models of diameter (D) as a function of time (t) and pre‐existing allometric equations of biomass (B) developed in the same site as a function of D and wood density (ρ). We found that, because of initially higher growth rates characteristic of species belonging to the fast‐growing end of the fast‐slow growth economic spectrum, C. magdalenensis and C. subflavescens were the species with higher biomass accumulation at 13 years (142 and 132 kg, respectively). However, the potential of the slow‐growing species (Q. humboldtii and R. rospigliosii) for carbon sequestration initiatives in the long term was highlighted. To our knowledge, this is the first study in the region examining the dynamics of aboveground biomass in Andean restoration programs. It combines growth models and allometric equations, which can be useful for measuring the success of the implementation of ecological restoration programs and evaluating the need to apply adaptive management strategies.

Analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment of vertical heavy metal pollution in the water environment of reservoir in the west coast new area of Qingdao, China

The West Coast New Area is a typical city in China where water supply is predominantly sourced from reservoirs. Heavy metal pollution in these reservoirs directly impacts the safety of drinking water and human health. Therefore, this study comprehensively evaluated the status of heavy metal pollution in the water environment and sediment of the main water supply reservoir in the study area, revealing the interaction relationship and pollution sources, as well as assessing the probabilistic health risks to human beings. The results show that there are different degrees of pollution in the main water supply reservoirs in the study area, and the pollution increases with the increase of water depth. The heavy metal pollution index was up to 2681, indicating heavily pollution. The main polluting elements were Mn and Fe, and the maximum contents were 4.11 mg L−1 and 0.68 mg L−1, respectively, which far exceeded the Class III standard limit of drinking water in China. The main source of pollution is human activities, and Mn release from sediment aggravates deep water pollution. The non-carcinogenic risk index of heavy metals in the reservoir, ranging from 4% to 14%, is higher than 1, indicating a potential non-carcinogenic threat. Furthermore, heavy metals have a much greater impact on children compared to adults, among which Mn is the main contributor to human non-carcinogenic risk, contributing more than 60%. Therefore, controlling the content of Mn and Fe can effectively reduce the heavy metal pollution of reservoir and human health risk. The research results are of great significance for the utilization of reservoir water resources and the protection of the ecological environment in the study area.

NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS OF ESTABLISHING A CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER SUPPLY NETWORK ACCIDENTS AND THE CONDITIONS FOR PRESERVING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

Accidents on water supply networks have the most significant negative consequences on the state of the historical and architectural heritage, which was formed over many centuries. The paper analyzes the cause-and-effect relationship between accidents of water-carrying networks and the conditions of architectural heritage preservation using the example of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. The results of determining waterlogging zones and their factors by non-destructive monitoring methods on the territory of the Metropolitan Garden of the Upper Lavra are given. This area combines complex engineering and geological conditions and technogenic mastering, creating conditions for developing dangerous engineering and geological processes and emergency situations. In terms of danger, the garden’s territory belongs to unstable areas for preserving historical monuments of the UNESCO world heritage. The last accident on the water supply networks occurred in October 2022. It caused sinkholes on the surface, rising groundwater levels, significant destruction of an underground structure of historical importance – the Metropolitan Cellar. The research was carried out using the methods of electrotomography and natural electric field. The results of electrotomography were interpreted using two- and three-dimensional models. The existence of an anomalous dome (soils of low resistance), which is observed in the central part of the site, is probably the focus of waterlogging of the soil massif as a result of an accident on the heating network. The analysis of the adapted 3D model based on the results of non-destructive methods of monitoring the geological environment made it possible to indirectly establish the places of unsatisfactory technical condition of engineering networks (cold water supply), where a wetted section with low values of apparent resistance was recorded. Research has confirmed the presence of an inflow of man-made waters (leaks) from main water supply networks in the western part of all profiles as a constant source and factor of waterlogging of the array of soil bases of architectural monuments – Monastyrski walls, Kushnyka tower, etc. Based on the research results, the need to develop compensatory measures to strengthen part of the fortress walls was proposed, and a safe distance for moving networks from historical objects was substantiated to preserve them.

Comparative Physiochemical Appraisal of Groundwater and Drinking Water Quality Assessment in Hisar District

Having access to clean drinking water is crucial, especially in rural areas where groundwater is the main water supply. This study has assessed the physicochemical quality of the groundwater in hisar District, Haryana, India. The following physiochemical parameters were determined on 30 samples samples that were gathered from thirty different locations: pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrate, fluoride, and sulfate. These findings were compared to the standards set by the Indian Council of Medical Research, the Bureau of Indian Standards, the World Health Organization, and other regulatory authorities. The majority of the required parameters were found to be within allowable bounds; but, total hardness, calcium, and magnesium were shown to be higher than advised in several locations. According to the Water Quality Index, groundwater in certain regions is becoming unsafe for human consumption due to its diminishing quality. This study emphasizes the need of routine monitoring in addition to providing vital information to support mitigation efforts and guarantee the supply of sustainable and clean water resources for the residents of the hisar district in the state of Haryana

Groundwater Balance Estimation and Quality For Irrigation In The Food Estate Area, Central Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract Food estate in Central Sumba Regency is one of Indonesia’s Nasional Strategic Projects that aim to increase the national food supply. Groundwater has been the main water supply by residents around the food estate area in Central Sumba Regency. Groundwater exploitation in the research area uses dug wells, bore wells, and springs. They mostly use groundwater for domestic use and irrigation purposes. Aquifer depletion and declining groundwater levels can occur as groundwater is exploited too much due to the growing need for groundwater. Hence, determining the groundwater budget is required to ensure the basin’s sustainability. This study aims to determine groundwater quality for irrigation in the food estate and estimate the groundwater budget. Besides, water quality is also an important feature of groundwater, and it expresses how sufficient the water is for various needs, each having its requirements represented as water quality standards. Groundwater samples were taken from various areas in the research area, and groundwater’s physical-chemical properties, such as TDS, EC, temperature, and pH, were measured in the field and compared with Government Regulation no. 22, 2021, and FAO for irrigation water quality standards. The results show that the research area has a low to medium groundwater potential. The result of physical-chemical properties measurement are as follows TDS value is 183 mg/L on average, EC value is 366 μS/cm on average, the temperature value is 25.4°C on average, and pH value is 7.3 on average. It can be concluded that all of the samples met the standards.

Post liquefaction effect on 1 and 2-dimensional model: a case study of Pasigala raw water transmission structure

Abstract The Liquefaction phenomenon that occurred in Central Sulawesi in September 2018 was triggered by a powerful earthquake that caused extensive destruction and loss of life. Due to its location close to the most active fault in Central Sulawesi, Palu Koro fault, there is still a high probability of recurrence of liquefaction near the area. Ikhsan et al (2023) found that near Sigi regency, certain spots are susceptible to liquefaction occurrence, especially near Maranatha village. This research aims to find the effect after the liquefaction near the Pasigala raw water bridge transmission construction in Sigi Regency if a similar earthquake occurred. It needs to be done because Pasi gala raw water transmission is one of the main raw water supplies to central Sulawesi. Some geotechnical data were carried out in this research such as stratigraphy, SPT, groundwater level, and seismic data. The Post liquefaction analysis was carried out using Idriss and Boulanger (2008) to define one-dimensional settlement potential from the spatial distribution of the liquefaction zone. Numerical models were compared to analyze the settling behavior in a two-dimensional model. The Empirical and Numerical results indicate that the settlement near the abutment’s structure over the 2018 earthquake simulation exceeded the permissible limit of 15 centimeters. This finding may lead to the prediction of damage to the entire structure.

EVALUATION OF NGABEAN SECONDARY CANAL IRRIGATION NETWORK, NGAWI DISTRICT PART OF SALURAN INDUK MADIUN IRRIGATION AREA

The SIM Irrigation Area has an area of 10,860 Ha and a primary canal length of 27,022 m, which passes through the Regencies of Madiun, Magetan, Ngawi, and Madiun City. One of the secondary canals in the D.I SIM is the Ngabean Secondary Canal, located in Ngawi Regency. This canal receives the main water supply from Jati Dam, 25% of the primary dam discharge and water withdrawal from the Ngabean Dam intake of 0.45 m3/ha. However, this value only meets the water needs of some of the irrigation areas. Due to the limited supply from the Jati Bendung, the government is working on rehabilitation work at the Jati Bendung. Apart from that, the Ngabean Secondary Canal also experienced a reduction in the irrigation area from 1840 ha to 1818 ha, to be precise in the NG3 Ki tertiary plot, which had an initial area of 120 ha to 98 ha. Therefore, an evaluation of the Ngabean Secondary Canal is needed to determine the value of water demand, water availability before and after rehabilitation and land reduction, and increasing agricultural profits.From the results of the analysis that has been carried out, it was concluded that the highest dependent flow at Ngabean Dam was 5.00 m3/s, and the lowest was 0.01 m3/s. Meanwhile, in conditions before rehabilitation, the highest dependent flow of Jati Dam was 1.01 m3/s, and the lowest was 0.00 m3/s with water withdrawal at the intake of 25%, able to fulfill the planting pattern of paddy (15%)-crops (75%)-crops (50%) generated a production profit of IDR 8.794.123.880,00. Meanwhile, after rehabilitation, the highest was 5.93 m3/s, and the lowest was 3.21 m3/s with an intake of 32%, able to fulfill the planting pattern of paddy (100%)-paddy (100%)-paddy (100%), resulting in a production profit of IDR 83, 564,115,480.00 with the highest irrigation water requirement value of 3.10 m3/sec. Apart from that, the existing canal dimensions still meet the requirements after land reduction, so no changes to the canal dimensions are required.

Development of high‐resolution monthly precipitation datasets for geomorphological applications in the Tianshan Mountains from 2000 to 2050

AbstractPrecipitation has a fundamental influence on landscape evolution and erosion rates. Accurate predictions of precipitation changes are crucial for landscape evolution modelling and erosion modelling. The Tianshan Mountains are known as the ‘Water Tower in Central Asia’, where precipitation is the main water supply for the surrounding lakes and rivers and also supports the population and economic development in the plain areas. This study developed a global climate model (GCM) and digital elevation model (DEM)‐based downscaling method and simulated high‐resolution monthly precipitation in Tianshan from 2000 to 2050, with a resolution of 90 m. The datasets developed from 30 surface observation stations had a high degree of precision and simulated the precipitation processes well in the historical period. The simulation results indicated that precipitation will increase at a rate of 11 mm/decade under the SSP245 scenario and 5 mm/decade under the RCP4.5 scenario from 2022 to 2050. Spatially, precipitation was projected to increase in the central and eastern regions and decrease in the western region. In the Kaidu, Urumqi and Manas river basins in the central Tianshan Mountains, precipitation was projected to increase at a rate of 20 mm/decade. The datasets developed here have important theoretical and practical implications for water resource management, and sustainable development in Central Asia.

Monitoring domestic water consumption: a comparative study of model-based and data-driven end-use disaggregation methods

ABSTRACT Monitoring the water usage of different appliances and informing consumers about it has been shown to have an impact on their behavior toward drinking water conservation. The most practical and cost-effective way to accomplish this is through a non-intrusive approach, that locally analyzes data received from a flow sensor at the main water supply pipe of a household. In this work, we present two different methods addressing the challenges of disaggregating end-use consumption and classifying consumption events. The first method is model-based (MB) and uses a combination of dynamic time wrapping and statistical bounds to analyze four water end-use characteristics. The second, learning-based (LB) method is data-driven and formulates the problem as a time-series classification problem without relying on a priori identification of events. We perform an extensive computational study that includes a comparison between an MB and an LB method, as well as an experimental study to demonstrate the application of the LB method on an edge computing device. Both methods achieve similar F1 scores (LB: 71.73%, MB: 71.04%) with the LB being more precise. The embedded LB method achieves a slightly higher score (72.01%) while enhancing on-site real-time processing, improving security and privacy and enabling cost savings.

EPR核电厂主给水调节阀FUM280 增加冗余配置方案研究

EPR核电厂主给水调节阀FUM280 增加冗余配置方案研究

Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Fluoride and Nitrate in the Groundwater of the Xilin Gol Grassland in the Inner Mongolian Plateau: A Case Study of the Shengli Basin, China

Groundwater is the main water supply source especially in arid/semiarid regions, whose quality has been widely concerned. To clarify the spatial distribution, occurrence and the impacts of fluoride (F−) and nitrate (NO3−) in groundwater, 26 groundwater samples were collected from domestic water wells and agricultural irrigation wells in Xilinhot city, a famous tourist city on the Xilin Gol grassland of China. The integration of statistical analysis and hydrochemical diagrams and the model of health risk assessment recommended by the USEPA were carried out in the study. The analysis reveals that the groundwater is weakly alkaline, and the hydrochemical facies are mainly HCO3‐Ca·Mg and SO4·Cl‐ Na + K, which are controlled by natural processes and anthropogenic factors in the study area. Groundwater with high fluorine is chiefly located in the west of the study area, and high‐nitrate groundwater is chiefly located in the middle and southern parts of the study area. Fluoride in groundwater is predominantly derived by the weathering and dissolution of fluoride‐bearing minerals and ion exchange. The values of hazard index (HI) of 65.38% groundwater samples were greater than the recommended limit for noncarcinogenic risk (HI = 1) for children, followed by 38.46% for adult females and 30.77% for adult males. The water quality of the urban water supply should be treated. At the same time, contaminant filters and other instruments should be supplied to residents in pastoral area to reduce fluoride and nitrate concentration in drinking water, which will mitigate health risks and ensure the safety of drinking water in the study area.

О ПРОБЛЕМЕ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ ВОССТАЮЩИХ ДРЕНАЖНЫХ СКВАЖИН ПРИ ОСУШЕНИИ МИХАЙЛОВСКОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ (КУРСКАЯ МАГНИТНАЯ АНОМАЛИЯ)

The results of a study of the functioning of the drainage complex of the Mikhailovsky iron ore deposit at the KMA are presented. Due to the significant size of the quarry field, as well as to reduce the volume of overburden, its drainage is carried out using a combined surface and underground method. It has been established that currently the average annual inflow to the mine drainage varies within the range of 2150...2830 m3/h, of which most of the drainage water comes from the Bathonian aquifer (the main water supply reservoir - more than 70 % of the water inflow) along with watering by precipitation, the supra-Callovian aquifer complex and ore-crys talline fractured waters. The relative stabilization of the regime of aquifer complexes and the volume of water inflows into the MGOK quarry over the past decades has been established. The negative impact of the mining enterprise is shown, which led to the formation of depressions on a regional scale and a significant depletion of groundwater reserves in the lower aquifer complex. The main production problems in the operation of the underground drainage complex have been identified, related to the difficulties associated with the operation of the quarry, as well as periodic disruptions to the normal operation of rising drainage wells, up to the complete failure of some of them. For the first time, field studies (downhole video recording) revealed previously unstudied deformations of the casing columns of raised drainage wells. The causes of deformations have been established, and specific measures have been developed to improve the reliability of raised drainage wells. Directions for the development of further research are outlined. The research results can be used for drainage by rising drainage wells not only in the KMA, but also in other fields with similar geological and hydrogeological conditions.

Analysis of Heavy Metals Contaminating Water and Fish Species in Kwanar-Are Dam, Katsina State, Nigeria

This work is aimed to determine the quantities of heavy metals in the water, and three different fish species (Bugrus bayad, Tilapia, and synoduntis) present in Kwanar Are Dam. In the adjacent villages, the dam provides the main water supply for domestic uses, agriculture, fishing, and drinking. Water and fish samples were examined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) to measure the levels of heavy metals. The water sample tested positive for Cd 0.183 mg/l, Cu 0.286 mg/l, Cr 0.233 mg/l, Mn 0.081 mg/l, Ni 0.179 mg/l, Pb 0.166 mg/l, and Zn 0.145 mg/l, according to the results. Cu, Mn, and Ni were below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended levels. However, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn exceeded these limits. The levels of heavy metals in the fish samples ranged from 0.275 to 0.581 mg/kg for Cadmium, 0.520 to 0.837 mg/kg for Copper, 0.205 to 0.512 mg/kg for Nickel, 0.205 to 0.512 mg/kg for Lead, and 0.333 to 0.611 mg/kg for Tilapia, Bugrus, and Synoduntis fish, respectively. Chromium, Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, Zinc, and Manganese levels were lower than copper concentrations. Manganese and nickel concentrations in the fish exceeded what the WHO considered safe. The results of this study show that heavy metals have accumulated in the fish species that live in the Kwanar Are Dam, proving that the dam is contaminated. While some heavy metals in the water and fish samples were within the World Health Organization (WHO)'s (recommended limits), others, including Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn, were over these levels. This suggests a possible health danger for the locals who depend on the dam as their main water source for daily activities.

Provenance and tectonic settings of the lower Permian siliciclastic rocks in central Inner Mongolia: Implications for the evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean

The fine siliciclastic rocks of the Early Permian Shoushangou Formation in West Ujimqin Banner, central Inner Mongolia are a hot spot for Late Paleozoic oil and gas exploration and hold key implications for the tectonic evolution during the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO). Therefore, the sedimentary characteristics of the Shoushangou Formation in West Ujimqin Banner, along with the geochemical and Sm–Nd isotopic characteristics of the clastic rock samples in Well MXD1, were investigated to privde additional constraints on its provenance and tectonic background.The mudstones contain large proportions of quartz, feldspars and igneous debris, and the CIAcorr (0.52–0.66), the A–CN–K plot and the lack of Ce anomalies in REE show a weakly weathered provenance and the chemically unaltered parent rocks, suggestive of the proximal deposition and rapid burial. Slip-roll beddings, gravity flow, Bouma sequences and the (trace) fossil assemblages in the profile indicate that the Shoushangou Formation is mainly a shallow- (semi-)abyssal submarine fan and the lithological information indicates the presence of microfaces including main and lesser water supply channels, interchannels, lobes, natural levees. Furthermore, a narrow continental shelf above the submarine fan and the concentrated zircon age population of the Shoushangou formation suggest that the tectonic background is most likely a retroarc basin.The Al2O3/TiO2 ratio (19–24, average 22), the multivariable principal element source identification diagram and the plots of Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc and Co/Th vs. La/Sc indicate that the source is mainly felsic, with a minor proportion of intermediate rocks. Trace elemental characteristics (e.g., Th, Zr, Sc, Co, Nd, and REE) deomonstrate that the tectonic setting of the Shoushangou Formation is confined by continental arcs.The whole rock Sm–Nd isotopic spectra of the Carboniferous and Permian strata indicate that the Baolidao arc is the main source of central Inner Mongolia. Additionally, the comparison of the Nd model ages and the zircon U–Pb ages of the Baolidao arc and other entities in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is in support of a prolonged subduction of the PAO since ∼510 Ma, suggesting that the Baolidao arc was developed from the southern continental arc of the original South Mongolia microcontinent. Accordingly, it is suggested that the Shoushangou Formation was deposited in a retro-arc basin which was strongly influenced by the steep subduction of the PAO and the results collectively suggest that the PAO terminated no earlier than the middle to late Permian.

An assessment tool to improve rural groundwater access: Integrating hydrogeological modelling with socio-technical factors

Sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources for drinking water provision in rural communities in sub-Sahara Africa remains elusive due to the limited knowledge of these hydrogeological systems. This is exacerbated by poor maintenance of existing infrastructure, limited technical capacity, the socio-economic characteristics of the area and poor governance. Assessing the likelihood of a given individual user experiencing water shortage calls for an interdisciplinary approach. After a preliminary multifactorial analysis incorporating a range of variables from technical to societal, it was found that most of the overall risk of water shortage for an individual household could be attributed to three factors; (1) Proximity, specified as the distance to the closest supply well (determined by geographical parameters), (2) Availability of good quality water in the wells (determined by hydrogeological understanding and modelling), and (3) Sustainability (determined by socio-technical and socio-economic parameters). In the latter case, a distinction was made between hardware functionality- the water point's performance considering a sufficient yield and reliability through time- and software functionality, based on a combination of socioeconomic data from surveys and analysed using Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA). All three factors are eventually mapped onto indicators in the range of [0–1] and then represented in a Geographical Information System based on the partition of the entire spatial domain (e.g., counties, villages, and neighbourhoods). The three indicators are then combined in a final index based on the product of the three factors, thus mapping time-dependent overall risk and allowing the assessment of temporal risk-evolution scenarios. The methodology is applied to Kwale County, Kenya, where community handpumps and groundwater points comprise the main water supply system. Apart from mapping the present situation, the methodology is finally used to assess the impact of future climate scenarios.

Integrated systems for rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse: a systematic review of urban water management strategies

AbstractCombined, decentralized systems for rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse may enhance the water security of urban areas by reducing dependence on the main water supply, in particular during critical periods, such as the dry season. They can also minimize the risk of flooding during the rainy season. The present study assesses the accumulated knowledge of these combined systems based on a systematic review of the literature restricted to academic sources. The review revealed knowledge gaps that must be resolved to better assess the optimum combination of rainwater and greywater recovery, how this affects the need for the treatment of the recovered water, its final quality, potential options for reuse, water economy, and the environmental and economic performance of the system. Further empirical studies are required to determine the most adequate design configuration for these systems, considering their multiple objectives, technological perspectives, and in particular, their potential for improving environmental shortcomings. There is a clear need for widespread use of low-impact technologies to ensure the most effective possible results. Water recovery systems will become increasingly important as a means of tackling the challenges of water supplies in the urban landscape, which are being exacerbated by climate change.

Geospatial model for allocating favorable plots for groundwater-dependent cultivation activities in Egypt

Moving towards horizontal expansion in the vast barren lands to alleviate overpopulation along the Nile River is imperative to Egypt’s 2030 sustainable development strategy. Accordingly, a mega reclamation project was advocated with a key goal of achieving food self-sufficiency. Solar-powered groundwater pumping system was adopted as the main water supply. Planning efforts are therefore inevitable to help locate the most favourable sites for such extensive cultivation activities. Herein, a multicriteria decision analysis was conducted to facilitate the zoning of potential rural communities across the northern portions of the Western Desert of Egypt. For this purpose, data of groundwater exploration, soil characterization, terrestrial accessibility, insolation intensity, and terrain information were fused to produce a high-resolution suitability map. The analytical hierarchy process approach was adopted to set the weighted importance of adopted criteria. The study area was categorized into Best, Good, Moderate, Fair, Poor, and Restricted classes at 1.7%, 13%, 42.6%, 26%, 10%, and 3%, respectively, of the entire region, while the constrained plots were masked out. The implemented and proposed wells fields within the underway national rural development project extend over agriculturally suitable pixels affirming the validity of the developed geospatial model. About 1.5 million ha, representing 7.2% of the undeveloped area, were found to be highly suitable for future expansion of agribusiness activities. The generated priority map will assist the decision-makers in the planning procedures for ongoing reclamation activities throughout Egypt.

Analysis of Intermittent Water Distribution Networks Using a Dummy Emitter Device at Each Demand Node

The pipe component of a water distribution network (WDN) is sized based on the fixed design demand considering a peak factor and design period. Simulation of the designed network by a hydraulic solver provides nodal pressure head, head loss, velocity, and flow in each pipe as the prime outputs for the design demand, and it can also be used for extended-period simulation for a particular demand pattern over the supply hours. But, in reality, the behavior of the network does not match with such a result in an intermittent water supply (IWS) system due to the fact that all house service connections behave as an uncontrolled orifice. This has made it a challenging task in understanding and in predicting the behavior of the networks by the municipal engineer once the water starts flowing through the house service connections (HSCs). Though the municipal engineer provides the same pipe size for HSCs to all residences, the flow received by each house could vary based on the available pressure head at the ferrule point of the main water supply pipeline. In reality, maintaining constant pressure at each HSC is not feasible due to frictional head loss. Hence, variation in flow at the HSC is inevitable even with a small water supply system. This paper illustrates how to simulate the behavior of an IWS system based on the number of HSCs provided to each pipeline using a hydraulic solver. Hydraulic simulation of the water distribution network that provides IWS to consumers can be implemented easily by adding a fictitious node by assigning an appropriate emitter coefficient to each demand node through a fictitious link having a check valve in it. The method for finding the appropriate value of the emitter coefficient that helps in simulating HSCs is illustrated in the present work.